The electron (e− , or β− in nuclear reactions) is a subatomic particle whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge. It is an elementary particle...

Look up electron or Electron in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. An electron is a subatomic particle. Electron may also refer to: Elementary charge or...

An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of electrons as a source of illumination. It uses electron optics that are analogous to the glass...

Electron capture (K-electron capture, also K-capture, or L-electron capture, L-capture) is a process in which the proton-rich nucleus of an electrically...

Electron-rich is jargon that is used in multiple related meanings with either or both kinetic and thermodynamic implications: with regard to electron-transfer...

electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons....

Free electron in physics may refer to: Electron, as a free particle Solvated electron Charge carrier, as carriers of electric charge Valence electron, as...

An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of protein complexes and other molecules which transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors...

An electron orbital may refer to: An atomic orbital, describing the behaviour of an electron in an atom A molecular orbital, describing the behaviour...

chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs...

Electron (formerly known as Atom Shell) is a free and open-source software framework developed and maintained by OpenJS Foundation. The framework is designed...

change. Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in the oxidation state. Reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in the oxidation state...

Tokyo Electron Limited (Japanese: 東京エレクトロン株式会社, Hepburn: Tokyo Erekutoron Kabushiki-gaisha), or TEL, is a Japanese electronics and semiconductor company...

An electron avalanche is a process in which a number of free electrons in a transmission medium are subjected to strong acceleration by an electric field...

electronic engineering, an electron hole (often simply called a hole) is a quasiparticle denoting the lack of an electron at a position where one could...

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen...

In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule (or other physical structure)...

In chemistry and physics, valence electrons are electrons in the outermost shell of an atom, and they can participate in the formation of a chemical bond...

chemistry, an unpaired electron is an electron that occupies an orbital of an atom singly, rather than as part of an electron pair. Each atomic orbital...

The electron affinity (Eea) of an atom or molecule is defined as the amount of energy released when an electron attaches to a neutral atom or molecule...

In astrophysics and condensed matter physics, electron degeneracy pressure is a quantum mechanical effect critical to understanding the stability of white...

In chemistry and atomic physics, an electron shell may be thought of as an orbit that electrons follow around an atom's nucleus. The closest shell to...

cathode ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns, which emit electron beams, which are directed and controlled to display images...

The Acorn Electron (nicknamed the Elk inside Acorn and beyond) was introduced as a lower-cost alternative to the BBC Micro educational/home computer, also...

An electric current is a flow of charged particles, such as electrons or ions, through an electrical conductor or space. It is defined as the net rate...

generally neutrons, surrounded by an electromagnetically bound swarm of electrons. The chemical elements are distinguished from each other by the number...

Electron-beam welding (EBW) is a fusion welding process in which a beam of high-velocity electrons is applied to two materials to be joined. The workpieces...

Electron is a two-stage, expendable orbital launch vehicle developed by Rocket Lab, a publicly traded aerospace manufacturer and launch service provider...

Electron precipitation (also called energetic electron precipitation or EEP) is an atmospheric phenomenon that occurs when previously trapped electrons...

is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge. The charge of an electron is considered to be negative by convention and this charge is equal and...

Reverse electron flow (also known as reverse electron transport) is a mechanism in microbial metabolism. Chemolithotrophs using an electron donor with...

An electron-withdrawing group (EWG) is a group or atom that has the ability to draw electron density toward itself and away from other adjacent atoms...

Electron optics is a mathematical framework for the calculation of electron trajectories in the presence of electromagnetic fields. The term optics is...

Field electron emission, also known as field-induced electron emission, field emission (FE) and electron field emission, is the emission of electrons from...

The Teignmouth Electron was a 41-foot trimaran sailing vessel designed explicitly for Donald Crowhurst’s ill-fated attempt to sail around the world in...

1/2 ħ (the same as the electron), and the same mass as an electron. It is the antiparticle (antimatter counterpart) of the electron. When a positron collides...

describing the location and wave-like behavior of an electron in an atom. This function describes an electron's charge distribution around the atom's nucleus...

Electron diffraction is a generic term for phenomena associated with changes in the direction of electron beams due to elastic interactions with atoms...

emits an electron beam that is attracted to a pillar in the center of the cavity. The pillar has holes the electrons can pass through. The electron beam passes...

The one-electron universe is the hypothesis that all electrons and positrons are actually manifestations of a single entity moving backwards and forwards...

minimum energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron(s) (the valence electron(s)) of an isolated gaseous atom, positive ion, or molecule...

chemistry, electron magnetic resonance (EMR) is an interdisciplinary field that covers both electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR, also known as electron spin...

A vacuum tube, electron tube, thermionic valve (British usage), or tube (North America) is a device that controls electric current flow in a high vacuum...

(period) is started when a new electron shell has its first electron. Columns (groups) are determined by the electron configuration of the atom; elements...

Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory (/ˈvɛspər, vəˈsɛpər/ VESP-ər, və-SEP-ər) is a model used in chemistry to predict the geometry of individual...

A solvated electron is a free electron in a solution, in which it behaves like an anion. An electron's being solvated in a solution means it is bound...

An electron gun (also called electron emitter) is an electrical component in some vacuum tubes that produces a narrow, collimated electron beam that has...

Core electrons are the electrons in an atom that are not valence electrons and do not participate as directly in chemical bonding. The nucleus and the...

The electron neutrino (ν e) is an elementary particle which has zero electric charge and a spin of 1⁄2. Together with the electron, it forms the first...

particle physics, the electron mass (symbol: me) is the mass of a stationary electron, also known as the invariant mass of the electron. It is one of the...

Total electron content (TEC) is a descriptive quantity for the ionosphere of the Earth. TEC is the total number of electrons integrated between two points...

The Electron Lahar, also known as the Electron Mudflow, was a lahar in the U.S. state of Washington that descended from the summit and sunset amphitheater...

classical electron radius is a combination of fundamental physical quantities that define a length scale for problems involving an electron interacting...

Ultrabright electrons are an advanced atomic imaging tool that can allow scientists to view atoms and molecules in motion. They were developed at the...

Electron scattering occurs when electrons are displaced from their original trajectory. This is due to the electrostatic forces within matter or, if an...

Visa Electron was a debit card product that used the Visa payment system. It was offered by issuing banks in every country with the exception of Canada...

In solid-state physics, the electron mobility characterizes how quickly an electron can move through a metal or semiconductor when pushed or pulled by...

relativistic quantum mechanics or quantum field theory. The existence of electron spin angular momentum is inferred from experiments, such as the Stern–Gerlach...

Electron ionization (EI, formerly known as electron impact ionization and electron bombardment ionization) is an ionization method in which energetic electrons...

Look up electron tube or electron tubes in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Electron tube may refer to: Vacuum tube, a device that controls electric current...

Electron wake is the disturbance left after a high-energy charged particle passes through condensed matter or plasma. Ions passing through can introduce...

The 18-electron rule is a chemical rule of thumb used primarily for predicting and rationalizing formulas for stable transition metal complexes, especially...

In chemistry, electron counting is a formalism for assigning a number of valence electrons to individual atoms in a molecule. It is used for classifying...

an electron donor is a chemical entity that transfers electrons to another compound. It is a reducing agent that, by virtue of its donating electrons, is...

A free-electron laser (FEL) is a fourth generation light source producing extremely brilliant and short pulses of radiation. An FEL functions much as a...

A bonding electron is an electron involved in chemical bonding. This can refer to: Chemical bond, a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules...

particle, usually an electron. Specifically, when the photon interacts with a loosely bound electron, it releases the electron from an outer valence...

Electron density or electronic density is the measure of the probability of an electron being present at an infinitesimal element of space surrounding...

An electron acceptor is a chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound. Electron acceptors are oxidizing agents. The...

Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), also known as electron probe X-ray microanalysis, electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) or electron probe analysis (EPA)...

This page shows the electron configurations of the neutral gaseous atoms in their ground states. For each atom the subshells are given first in concise...

Since the mid-20th century, electron-beam technology has provided the basis for a variety of novel and specialized applications in semiconductor manufacturing...

Electron transfer (ET) occurs when an electron relocates from an atom, ion, or molecule, to another such chemical entity. ET describes the mechanism by...

In chemistry, delocalized electrons are electrons in a molecule, ion or solid metal that are not associated with a single atom or a covalent bond. The...

decay in which an atomic nucleus emits a beta particle (fast energetic electron or positron), transforming into an isobar of that nuclide. For example...

semiconductors. The behavior of charge carriers, which include electrons, ions, and electron holes, at these junctions is the basis of diodes, transistors...

electrostatic charge. Atoms that gain electrons make negatively charged ions (called anions). Atoms that lose electrons make positively charged ions (called...

using electron acceptors other than molecular oxygen (O2) in its electron transport chain. In aerobic organisms, electrons are shuttled to an electron transport...

Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique used to study the crystallographic structure of materials. EBSD...

Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is a transmission electron microscopy technique applied to samples cooled to cryogenic temperatures. Developed...

Electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) is a phenomenon observed in plasma physics, condensed matter physics, and accelerator physics. It happens when the frequency...

Electron is an unincorporated community in Pierce County in the state of Washington, US. Electron sits along the Puyallup River just northeast of Lake...

In chemistry, electron deficiency (and electron-deficient) is jargon that is used in two contexts: chemical species that violate the octet rule because...

The Electron E1 is a power efficient CPU designed by Efficient Computer with an innovative architecture. Instead of the von Neumann architecture, the chip...

mechanics that fundamental entities of the universe, like photons and electrons, exhibit particle or wave properties according to the experimental circumstances...

Electron holography is holography with electron matter waves. It was invented by Dennis Gabor in 1948 when he tried to improve image resolution in an...

Electron–positron annihilation occurs when an electron (e− ) and a positron (e+ , the electron's antiparticle) collide. At low energies, the result of...

An electron–ion collider (EIC) is a type of particle accelerator collider designed to collide spin-polarized beams of electrons and ions, in order to study...

Electron crystallography is a subset of methods in electron diffraction focusing upon detailed determination of the positions of atoms in solids using...

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) or electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is a method for studying materials that have unpaired electrons. The...

Secondary electrons are electrons generated as ionization products. They are called 'secondary' because they are generated by other radiation (the primary...

Electron spectroscopy refers to a group formed by techniques based on the analysis of the energies of emitted electrons such as photoelectrons and Auger...

particle and its corresponding antiparticle are annihilated (for example, electron–positron annihilation). In a quantum mechanical model, electromagnetic...

In biochemistry, electron bifurcation (EB) refers to a system that enables an unfavorable (endergonic) transformation by coupling to a favorable (exergonic)...

In physics, electron emission is the ejection of an electron from the surface of matter, or, in beta decay (β− decay), where a beta particle (a fast energetic...

Electron excitation is the transfer of a bound electron to a more energetic, but still bound state. This can be done by photoexcitation (PE), where the...

In chemistry, an electron pair or Lewis pair consists of two electrons that occupy the same atomic or molecular orbital but have opposite spins. Gilbert...

effect is the emission of electrons from a material caused by electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light. Electrons emitted in this manner are...

An electron multiplier is a vacuum-tube structure that multiplies incident charges. In a process called secondary emission, a single electron can, when...

An electron interferometer is generates interference with the wave function of electrons to make measurements. Interferometry uses the principal of superposition...

nuclear beta decay), electron neutrinos only appear together with positrons (anti-electrons) or electron-antineutrinos, whereas electron antineutrinos only...

Electron therapy or electron beam therapy (EBT) is a kind of external beam radiotherapy where accelerated electrons from a particle accelerator are directed...

Electron Kebebew is an American surgeon, educator and scientist. Kebebew is currently the Harry A. Oberhelman Jr. and Mark L. Welton Professor and Chief...

molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons, often in conjunction with other chemical changes. The resulting electrically...

Electron-beam lithography (often abbreviated as e-beam lithography or EBL) is the practice of scanning a focused beam of electrons to draw custom shapes...

screening effect or electron shielding describes the attraction between an electron and the nucleus in any atom with more than one electron. The shielding...

written as electron-volt and electron volt, is a unit of measurement equivalent to the amount of kinetic energy gained by a single electron accelerating...

The Joint Electron Device Engineering Council (JEDEC) Solid State Technology Association is a consortium of the semiconductor industry headquartered in...

Electron (8703/8700/8707) is a discontinued BlackBerry smartphone developed by Research In Motion Ltd and released in 2005. The Blackberry Electron was...

sometimes called the electron heat capacity, is the specific heat of an electron gas. Heat is transported by phonons and by free electrons in solids. For pure...

the proton-to-electron mass ratio (symbol μ or β) is the rest mass of the proton (a baryon found in atoms) divided by that of the electron (a lepton found...

It consists of a small, dense atomic nucleus surrounded by orbiting electrons. It is analogous to the structure of the Solar System, but with attraction...

The Electron T19 is a Ukrainian low-entry trolleybus, mass-produced since 2014. The model is commonly used in many cities of Ukraine. The body of the trolleybus...

Electron-beam processing or electron irradiation is a process that involves using electrons, usually of high energy, to treat an object for a variety...

"Electron Blue" is a song by American alternative rock band R.E.M. It was released as the third single from their thirteenth studio album Around the Sun...

physics, the electron magnetic moment, or more specifically the electron magnetic dipole moment, is the magnetic moment of an electron resulting from...

Electron is a two-stage small-lift launch vehicle built and operated by Rocket Lab. The rocket has been launched to orbit 84 times with 80 successes and...

detector or ET detector) is a secondary electron and back-scattered electron detector used in scanning electron microscopes (SEMs). It is named after its...

called beta ray or beta radiation (symbol β), is a high-energy, high-speed electron or positron emitted by the radioactive decay of an atomic nucleus, known...

Electron Sheep (Korean: 전자양) is a South Korean Folktronica band consisting of members Lee Jong-beom, Yoo Jeong-mok, Ryuji and Jeon Sol-ki. Electron Sheep...

or ion that has at least one unpaired valence electron. With some exceptions, these unpaired electrons make radicals highly chemically reactive. Radicals...

publicly traded aerospace manufacturer and launch service provider. Its Electron orbital rocket launches small satellites and has successfully completed...

also called Lewis dot formulas, Lewis dot structures, electron dot structures, or Lewis electron dot structures (LEDs) – are diagrams that show the bonding...

Fluctuation electron microscopy (FEM), originally called Variable Coherence Microscopy before decoherence effects in the sample rendered that naming moot...

number is also equal to the number of electrons. For an ordinary atom which contains protons, neutrons and electrons, the sum of the atomic number Z and...

Ultrafast electron diffraction (UED), also known as femtosecond electron diffraction, is a pump-probe experimental method based on the combination of optical...

physics, a two-electron atom or helium-like ion is a quantum mechanical system consisting of one nucleus with a charge of Ze and just two electrons. This is...

Electron capture ionization is the ionization of a gas phase atom or molecule by attachment of an electron to create an ion of the form A − {\displaystyle...

Electron resonance imaging (ERI) is a preclinical imaging method, together with positron emission tomography (PET), computed tomography scan (CT scan)...

materials specimens. Electron tomography is an extension of traditional transmission electron microscopy and uses a transmission electron microscope to collect...

An electron-on-helium qubit is a quantum bit for which the orthonormal basis states |0⟩ and |1⟩ are defined by quantized motional states or alternatively...

Electron-beam-induced current (EBIC) is a semiconductor analysis technique performed in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or scanning transmission...

photographic micrograph is a photomicrograph, and one taken with an electron microscope is an electron micrograph. A micrograph contains extensive details of microstructure...

Scanning confocal electron microscopy (SCEM) is an electron microscopy technique analogous to scanning confocal optical microscopy (SCOM). In this technique...

stray electrons already floating in the tube, and bounce or slingshot the electrons into the wall. These stray electrons can be photo-electrons from synchrotron...

An electron bubble is the empty space created around a free electron in a cryogenic gas or liquid, such as neon or helium. They are typically very small...

electron cryomicroscopy (CryoSEM) is a form of electron microscopy where a hydrated but cryogenically fixed sample is imaged on a scanning electron microscope's...

and chemistry, an atomic electron transition (also called an atomic transition, quantum jump, or quantum leap) is an electron changing from one energy...

and its antiparticle from a neutral boson. Examples include creating an electron and a positron, a muon and an antimuon, or a proton and an antiproton....

The condensate of electron quadruplets is a proposed state of matter in which Cooper pairs do not exhibit long-range order, but electron quadruplets do....

Photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM, also called photoelectron microscopy, PEM) is a type of electron microscopy that utilizes local variations in electron emission...

A molecular electron-reservoir complex is one of a class of redox-active systems which can store and transfer electrons stoichiometrically or catalytically...

Pro Electron or EECA is the European type designation and registration system for active devices, such as semiconductors, liquid crystal displays, sensor...

A wet electron in chemistry and physics is an electron in a medium (such as water) that has been excited into a state that is localized but not associated...

attained by charged particles, such as electrons, in a material due to an electric field. In general, an electron in a conductor will propagate randomly...

was the initial source that provided electrons and positrons to CERN's accelerator complex for the Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP) from 1989 until...

elementary charge, usually denoted by e, is the magnitude of the charge on an electron and a fundamental physical constant defined to be exactly e = 1.602176634×10−19 C...

Photoinduced electron transfer (PET) is an excited state electron transfer process by which an excited electron is transferred from donor to acceptor....

from each other by electrons. The free electron model of metals derives their physical properties by considering the conduction electrons alone as a degenerate...

In solid-state physics, the free electron model is a quantum mechanical model for the behaviour of charge carriers in a metallic solid. It was developed...

Cooper pair or BCS pair (Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer pair) is a pair of electrons (or other fermions) bound together at low temperatures in a certain manner...

The d electron count or number of d electrons is a chemistry formalism used to describe the electron configuration of the valence electrons of a transition...

Arrow pushing or electron pushing is a technique used to describe the progression of organic chemistry reaction mechanisms. It was first developed by Sir...

Oxidative phosphorylation or electron transport-linked phosphorylation or terminal oxidation, is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize...

characterize the possible states of the system. To fully specify the state of the electron in a hydrogen atom, four quantum numbers are needed. The traditional set...

beam electron diffraction (CBED) is an electron diffraction technique where a convergent or divergent beam (conical electron beam) of electrons is used...

Electron is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Region F of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality. Prior to the discovery...

originates from methods such as X-ray crystallography, electron crystallography, or cryo-electron microscopy. The resolution is measured of the "map" of...

Rosa 'Electron', also known as Mullard Jubilee, is a bright pink hybrid tea rose developed by Samuel McGredy IV in 1962. Originally named 'Mullard Jubilee'...

Dexter electron transfer (also called Dexter electron exchange and Dexter energy transfer) is a fluorescence quenching mechanism in which an excited electron...

Electron cooling (Russian: электронное охлаждение) is a method to shrink the emittance (size, divergence, and energy spread) of a charged particle beam...

Electron-beam machining (EBM) is a process where high-velocity electrons concentrated into a narrow beam that are directed towards the work piece, creating...

mu (μ) used to represent it) is an elementary particle similar to the electron, with an electric charge of −1 e and a spin of ⁠1/2⁠ ħ, but with a much...

An electron-beam furnace (EB furnace) is a type of vacuum furnace employing high-energy electron beam in vacuum as the means for delivery of heat to the...

Electron-capture dissociation (ECD) is a method of fragmenting gas-phase ions for structure elucidation of peptides and proteins in tandem mass spectrometry...

In chemistry, a lone pair refers to a pair of valence electrons that are not shared with another atom in a covalent bond and is sometimes called an unshared...

atom with one or more electrons that have a very high principal quantum number, n. The higher the value of n, the farther the electron is from the nucleus...

Electron Power Systems, Inc. of Acton, Massachusetts, United States, claims to have developed a technology for maintaining small stable plasma toroids...

A two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) is a scientific model in solid-state physics. It is an electron gas that is free to move in two dimensions, but...

Electron was the computer handle of Richard Jones, a member of an underground hacker community called The Realm. Jones, born in June 1969, was one of three...

particles (electrons and positrons) for particle physics. The design of a linac depends on the type of particle that is being accelerated: electrons, protons...

two complementary models for electrons in solids. The first one is the nearly free electron model, in which the electrons are assumed to move almost freely...

An electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) or electron transfer flavoprotein complex (CETF) is a flavoprotein located on the matrix face of the inner mitochondrial...

In chemistry, charge-transfer (CT) complex, or electron donor-acceptor complex, describes a type of supramolecular assembly of two or more molecules or...

A gas electron multiplier (GEM) is a type of gaseous ionization detector used in nuclear and particle physics and radiation detection. All gaseous ionization...

image acquisition begins, allowing the conversion of incoming photons into electron charges at the semiconductor-oxide interface; the CCD is then used to read...

positively charged proton in the nucleus, and a single negatively charged electron bound to the nucleus by the Coulomb force. Atomic hydrogen constitutes...

An exciton is a bound state of an electron and an electron hole which are attracted to each other by the electrostatic Coulomb force resulting from their...

electron's magnetic moment, ħ/2 is the angular momentum (spin) of the electron, and μB is the Bohr magneton. The gyromagnetic ratio due to electron spin...

nearly free electron model (or NFE model and quasi-free electron model) is a quantum mechanical model of physical properties of electrons that can move...

the electron localization function (ELF) is a measure of the likelihood of finding an electron in the neighborhood space of a reference electron located...

mass of a neutron and approximately 1836 times the mass of an electron (the proton-to-electron mass ratio). Protons and neutrons, each with a mass of approximately...

A Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) is a chemical reaction that involves the transfer of electrons and protons from one atom to another. The term...

In situ electron microscopy is an investigatory technique where an electron microscope is used to watch a sample's response to a stimulus in real time...

are the fluorescence microscope, electron microscope (both the transmission electron microscope and the scanning electron microscope) and various types of...

tunnelling is a quantum mechanical phenomenon in which an object such as an electron or atom passes through a potential energy barrier that, according to classical...

particles, protons and neutrons and a surrounding "cloud" of orbiting electrons that "take up space". However, this is only somewhat correct because subatomic...

Precession electron diffraction (PED) is a specialized method to collect electron diffraction patterns in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). By...

electron affinity as a property of isolated atoms or molecules (i.e. in the gas phase). Solid state electron affinities are not listed here. Electron...

The term runaway electrons (RE) is used to denote electrons that undergo free fall acceleration into the realm of relativistic particles. REs may be classified...

oxidizer, electron recipient, or electron acceptor) is a substance in a redox chemical reaction that gains or "accepts"/"receives" an electron from a reducing...

Electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase (ETF dehydrogenase or electron transfer flavoprotein-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, EC 1.5.5.1) is an enzyme...

orbital electrons of an atom. This causes the electron to be emitted (ejected) from the atom. Thus, in internal conversion, a high-energy electron is emitted...

conductive collection of charged and neutral particles of various species (electrons and ions) that responds collectively to electromagnetic forces. Such particle...

independent electron approximation is a simplification used in complex systems, consisting of many electrons, that approximates the electron–electron interaction...

An electron capture detector (ECD) is a device for detecting atoms and molecules in a gas through the attachment of electrons via electron capture ionization...

Transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD), also sometimes called transmission electron backscatter diffraction (t-EBSD), is a method for orientation mapping at...

an electromagnetic electron wave is a wave in a plasma which has a magnetic field component and in which primarily the electrons oscillate. In an unmagnetized...

Thermo Electron Corporation (NYSE: TMO) was a major provider of analytical instruments and services for a variety of domains. It was co-founded in 1956...

also Auger electrons and characteristic X-rays, as a result of the re-ordering of electrons to fill the place of the missing captured electron). These types...

An electron spectrometer is a device used to perform different forms of electron spectroscopy and electron microscopy. This requires analyzing the energy...

Cryogenic electron tomography (cryoET) is an imaging technique used to reconstruct high-resolution (~1–4 nm) three-dimensional volumes of samples, often...

force between oppositely charged ions, as in ionic bonds; the sharing of electrons, as in covalent bonds; or some combination of these effects. Chemical...

Electron-transfer dissociation (ETD) is a method of fragmenting multiply-charged gaseous macromolecules in a mass spectrometer between the stages of tandem...

There are two types of electron microscopes, the transmission electron microscope and the scanning electron microscope. Electron microscopy is a common...

meaning that the 1s subshell has 2 electrons, the 2s subshell has 2 electrons, the 2p subshell has 6 electrons, and so on. The configuration is often...

IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices (T-ED) is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal publishes original and significant contributions relating to...

Électron Libre is the fourth studio album (fifth overall) from the French R&B singer Nâdiya. The album was released on December 5, 2008 in France. The...

Electron-beam additive manufacturing, or electron-beam melting (EBM) is a type of additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, for metal parts. The raw material...

In nonmetals, the valence band is the highest range of electron energies in which electrons are normally present at absolute zero temperature, while...

amount of energy. The term is commonly used for the energy levels of the electrons in atoms, ions, or molecules, which are bound by the electric field of...

Electron-beam-induced deposition (EBID) is a process of decomposing gaseous molecules by an electron beam leading to deposition of non-volatile fragments...

periodic table. All alkali metals have their outermost electron in an s-orbital: this shared electron configuration results in them having very similar characteristic...

Electron orbital imaging is an X-ray synchrotron technique used to produce images of electron (or hole) orbitals in real space. It utilizes the technique...

A 4-center 2-electron (4c–2e) bond is a type of chemical bond in which four atoms share two electrons in bonding, with a net bond order of 1⁄2. This type...

A high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT or HEM FET), also known as heterostructure FET (HFET) or modulation-doped FET (MODFET), is a field-effect transistor...

Electron spin resonance dating, or ESR dating, is a technique used to date materials, for which radiocarbon dating does not work well, such as minerals...

The Electron Hydroelectric Project, originally known as the Puyallup Project, is a hydroelectric power plant operated by Electron Hydro LLC on the Puyallup...

The fermions involved in such exchanges can be either elementary (e.g., electrons or quarks) or composite (e.g., protons or neutrons), although at the deepest...

leptons exist: charged leptons (also known as the electron-like leptons or muons), including the electron, muon, and tauon, and neutral leptons, better known...

USS Electron (AG-146/AKS-27) -- also known as USS LST-1070 – was an LST-542-class tank landing ship launched by the U.S. Navy, with LT. Richard P. Seem...

Pauli in 1925 for electrons, and later extended to all fermions with his spin–statistics theorem of 1940. In the case of electrons in atoms, the exclusion...

the rates of electron transfer reactions – the rate at which an electron can move or jump from one chemical species (called the electron donor) to another...

proton rest mass. There are three magnetic moments associated with an electron: One from its spin angular momentum, one from its orbital angular momentum...

quantum mechanics, the principal quantum number (n) of an electron in an atom indicates which electron shell or energy level it is in. Its values are natural...

composed of three quarks. A free neutron spontaneously decays to a proton, an electron, and an antineutrino, with a mean lifetime of about 15 minutes. The neutron...

accurate predictions of quantities like the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron and the Lamb shift of the energy levels of hydrogen. It is the most precise...

known as the uniform electron gas (UEG) or homogeneous electron gas (HEG), is a quantum mechanical model of interacting free electrons in a solid where the...

IEEE Electron Device Letters is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published monthly by the IEEE. It was founded in 1980 by IEEE Electron Devices Society...

dioxide 2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents (hydrogen atoms or electrons) used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic...

exclusively intermediates of 18- and 16-electron configuration. The rule is an extension of the 18-electron rule. This rule was proposed by American...

nuclei. The electron behaves as though it has a different effective mass travelling unperturbed in vacuum. Such an electron is called an electron quasiparticle...

the 18-electron rule for transition metals. The valence electrons in molecules like carbon dioxide (CO2) can be visualized using a Lewis electron dot diagram...

also rely on diffraction of high-energy electrons. Transmission electron microscopy, another common electron diffraction method samples mainly the bulk...

and 13 variations, respectively. These 61 elementary particles include electrons and other leptons, quarks, and the fundamental bosons. Subatomic particles...

interaction. For an electron in an electron gas, the exchange symmetry creates an "exchange hole" in its vicinity, which other electrons with the same spin...

Relativistic electron beams are streams of electrons moving at relativistic speeds. They are the lasing medium in free electron lasers to be used in atmospheric...

Gas electron diffraction (GED) is one of the applications of electron diffraction techniques. The target of this method is the determination of the structure...

Electron User was a magazine targeted at owners of the Acorn Electron microcomputer. It was published by Database Publications of Stockport, starting...

conduction electrons (in the form of an electron cloud of delocalized electrons) and positively charged metal ions. Metal atoms lose their valence electrons to...

which this overlap occurs laterally. Each of these atomic orbitals has an electron density of zero at a shared nodal plane that passes through the two bonded...

surface. It belongs to the family of photoemission spectroscopies in which electron population spectra are obtained by irradiating a material with a beam of...

Immune electron microscopy (more often called immunoelectron microscopy) is the equivalent of immunofluorescence, but it uses electron microscopy rather...

began in the 1920s with the description of interactions between light and electrons, culminating in the first quantum field theory—quantum electrodynamics...

CTF3 (CLIC Test Facility 3) was an electron accelerator facility built at CERN with the aim of demonstrating the key concepts of the Compact Linear Collider...

Microcrystal electron diffraction, or MicroED, is a CryoEM method that was developed by the Gonen laboratory in late 2013 at the Janelia Research Campus...

simply spin) of an electron or other particle. It has the same value for all particles of the same type, such as s = ⁠1/2⁠ for all electrons. It is an integer...

A single-electron transistor (SET) is a sensitive electronic device based on the Coulomb blockade effect. In this device the electrons flow through a...

crystal is the solid (crystalline) phase of electrons first predicted by Eugene Wigner in 1934. A gas of electrons moving in a uniform, inert, neutralizing...

is composed of other particles while an elementary particle, such as an electron, is not composed of other particles. Particle physics and nuclear physics...

injection (HCI) is a phenomenon in solid-state electronic devices where an electron or a "hole" gains sufficient kinetic energy to overcome a potential barrier...

(R)-benzylsuccinyl-CoA:electron transfer flavoprotein oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction (R)-2-benzylsuccinyl-CoA + electron-transfer...

electrons. It occurs when an inner-shell vacancy in an atom is filled by an electron, releasing energy that causes the emission of another electron from...

a single electron (that is, ions such as He+ or O7+, which contain only one electron) but cannot be extended to an atom with two electrons such as neutral...

crystallography can convert into detailed positions of atoms, and sometimes electron density. At larger scales it includes experimental tools such as orientational...

consists of up and down quarks which form protons and neutrons, and electrons and electron neutrinos. The three fundamental interactions known to be mediated...

Electron–nuclear dynamics (END) covers a set of quantum chemical methods not using the Born-Oppenheimer representation. It considers the motion of the...

The CALorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET) is a space telescope being mainly used to perform high precision observations of electrons and gamma rays....

level of a solid-state body is the thermodynamic work required to add one electron to the body. It is a thermodynamic quantity usually denoted by μ or EF...

The electron beam prober (e-beam prober) is a specialized adaptation of a standard scanning electron microscope (SEM) that is used for semiconductor failure...

A Low-voltage electron microscope (LVEM) is an electron microscope which operates in transmission mode at accelerating voltages of a few kiloelectronvolts...

Auger electron spectroscopy (AES; pronounced [oʒe] in French) is a common analytical technique used specifically in the study of surfaces and, more generally...

high energy electrons from an electron beam accelerator, such as a LINAC (or Linac, a type of particle accelerator). Inside the Linac, electrons are focused...

carrier recombination are processes by which mobile charge carriers (electrons and electron holes) are created and eliminated. Carrier generation and recombination...

nuclear charge of an electron in a multi-electron atom or ion is the number of elementary charges ( e {\displaystyle e} ) an electron experiences by the...

apparatus that spits electrons towards an observer. The electrons' Hilbert spaces are identical. The apparatus might produce electrons that are all in the...

practical, matter exhibits wave-like behavior. For example, a beam of electrons can be diffracted just like a beam of light or a water wave. The concept...

electrodynamics of charged particles, e.g. in electron optics and ion optics. It appears in the scientific fields of electron microscopy, cathode ray tubes, accelerator...

Aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy (AC-TEM) is the general term for using electron microscopes where electro optical components are...

developer of (chiefly marine) electronic products with a small business "Electron Utilisation", believed that pursuing the £5,000 prize money offered by...

type called an electron capture supernova. ... In an electron capture supernova, as the core runs out of fuel, gravity forces electrons in the core into...

A non-bonding electron is an electron not involved in chemical bonding. This can refer to: Lone pair, with the electron localized on one atom. Non-bonding...

Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) is a technique for the determination of the surface structure of single-crystalline materials by bombardment with...

In chemistry the polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory (PSEPT) provides electron counting rules useful for predicting the structures of clusters such...

(now called electrons), which he calculated must have bodies much smaller than atoms and a very large charge-to-mass ratio. The electron was the first...

shell, ejecting it from the shell while creating an electron hole where the electron was. An electron from an outer, higher-energy shell then fills the...

initiation proposed by Alex Gurevich in 1992. Electrons in air have a mean free path of ~1 cm. Fast electrons which move at a large fraction of the speed...

October 2021, Stellant systems was formed from L3Harris Technologies' Electron Devices and Narda Microwave-West divisions when both were sold to Arlington...

tendency for an atom of a given chemical element to attract shared electrons (or electron density) when forming a chemical bond. An atom's electronegativity...

Conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy (CEMS) is a Mössbauer spectroscopy technique based on conversion electron. The CEM spectrum can be obtained...

for example, the electron self energy diagram (to the right, below) would constitute quantum fluctuations in relation to the electron propagator (to the...

A hemispherical electron energy analyzer or hemispherical deflection analyzer is a type of electron energy spectrometer generally used for applications...

toroidal ring model, known originally as the Parson magneton or magnetic electron, is a physical model of subatomic particles. It is also known as the plasmoid...

Paget Thomson and his research student Alexander Reid demonstrated that electrons show the same behavior, which was later extended to atoms and molecules...

1992 Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems". Marcus theory, named after him...

respiration is the process of oxidizing biological fuels using an inorganic electron acceptor, such as oxygen, to drive production of adenosine triphosphate...

perturbation theory are also used. For example, an electron theory may begin by postulating an electron with an initial mass and charge. In quantum field...

positional isomer of the products that are formed. An electron donating group (EDG) or electron releasing group (ERG, Z in structural formulas) is an...

Huntington Beach, California. The company then developed and first launched the Electron rocket unsuccessfully in May 2017. The rocket's first successful launch...

Double electron capture is a type of double beta decay, a permissible decay mode of an atomic nucleus. For a nuclide (A, Z) with a number of nucleons A...

manufacturer of public transit vehicles. It was established in 2011 by Electron Concern, TransTec Vetschau GmbH (Germany) and Avtotechnoproekt LLC to replace...

Phenom is a small, table-top sized scanning electron microscope (SEM) originally developed by Philips and FEI and further developed by Phenom-World. The...

The Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP) was one of the largest particle accelerators ever constructed. It was built at CERN, a multi-national centre...

aberrations. Ptychography has been demonstrated with visible light, X-rays, electrons and extreme-ultraviolet radiation, enabling quantitative phase contrast...

the device is small enough, electrons inside the device will create a strong Coulomb repulsion preventing other electrons to flow. Thus, the device will...

Electron phenomenological spectroscopy (EPS) is based on the correlations between integral optical characteristics and properties of substance as a single...

charged particle when deflected by another charged particle, typically an electron by an atomic nucleus. The moving particle loses kinetic energy, which is...

Electron channelling contrast imaging (ECCI) is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) diffraction technique used in the study of defects in materials....

intrinsic as well as extrinsic but only if n (electron donor dopant/excited electrons) is equal to p (electron acceptor dopant/vacant holes that act as positive...

with its respective antiparticle to produce other particles, such as an electron colliding with a positron to produce two photons. The total energy and...

literature, are now known to be ions or electrons. Thermal electron emission is specifically the emission of electrons and occurs when thermal energy overcomes...

The pEDA parameter (pi electron donor-acceptor) is a pi-electron substituent effect scale, described also as mesomeric or resonance effect. There is also...

effect in a molecule is a local change in the electron density due to electron-withdrawing or electron-donating groups elsewhere in the molecule, resulting...

Electron is a genus of the motmots, a family of Neotropical near passerine birds. The genus has two species: Both inhabit humid evergreen tropical forest...

one-electron reduction of dioxygen O2, which occurs widely in nature. Molecular oxygen (dioxygen) is a diradical containing two unpaired electrons, and...

1863. Major periodic trends include atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity, nucleophilicity, electrophilicity, valency...

suppression of the electron decay channel comes from the fact that the electron's mass is much smaller than the muon's. The electron is relatively massless...

and oxides. Most are strongly paramagnetic because of their unpaired d electrons, as are many of their compounds. All of the elements that are ferromagnetic...

production. It is a prediction of quantum electrodynamics (QED) in which electron–positron pairs are spontaneously created in the presence of an electric...

recording the images, diffraction patterns, and electron energy loss spectra produced using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Traditionally, TEM images...

and the condensed phases. Using this theory, the properties of a many-electron system can be determined by using functionals – that is, functions that...

electronic states, transfer of excitation energy, and the transfer of electrons and protons (hydrogen ions) in chemical processes, such as photosynthesis...

violating moments, such as the permanent Electric dipole moments (EDM) of the electron, neutron, or atoms. Searches for these moments is an active frontier of...

may pertain to the spin, hence to the magnetic moment, of conduction electrons in ferromagnetic metals, such as iron, giving rise to spin-polarized currents...

produced by a spin-flip transition, which means the direction of the electron's spin is reversed relative to the spin of the proton. This is a quantum...

In quantum electrodynamics, Bhabha scattering is the electron-positron scattering process: e + e − → e + e − {\displaystyle e^{+}e^{-}\rightarrow e^{+}e^{-}}...

manufacturers of scanning electron microscopes (SEM), focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopes (FIB-SEM), scanning transmission electron microscopes (STEM)...

Electron Pair Production may refer to: Cooper pairing of electrons in superconductor Electron-positron pair production Electron-hole pair generation in...

The Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) is a proposed Chinese electron positron collider for experimenting on the Higgs boson. If built, it would...

a more lightweight alternative to similar existing frameworks such as Electron. Tauri is governed by the Tauri Foundation within the Dutch non-profit...

remove an electron from a solid to a point in the vacuum immediately outside the solid surface. Here "immediately" means that the final electron position...

For example, the antiparticle of the electron is the positron (also known as an antielectron). While the electron has a negative electric charge, the positron...

Light and Electron Optics, or simply Optik (German for Optics) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the optics of light and electrons. According...

transmission electron microscopy (4D STEM) is a subset of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) which utilizes a pixelated electron detector to...

waves (eponymously after Irving Langmuir), are rapid oscillations of the electron density in conductive media, most notably plasmas as well as metals, at...

been proposed, but not observed experimentally. v t e Notes: [†] An anti-electron (e+ ) is conventionally called a "positron". Fermions are one of the two...

Electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) is a magnetic resonance technique for elucidating the molecular and electronic structure of paramagnetic species...

All particles can be summarized as follows: v t e Notes: [†] An anti-electron (e+ ) is conventionally called a "positron". The Standard Model includes...

A three-center two-electron (3c–2e) bond is an electron-deficient chemical bond where three atoms share two electrons. The combination of three atomic...

Ballistic electron emission microscopy or BEEM is a technique for studying ballistic electron transport through a variety of materials and material interfaces...

build a new electron-ion collider. In December 2019, the US Department of Energy selected the Brookhaven National Laboratory to host the electron-ion collider...

transport) is the unimpeded flow (or transport) of charge carriers (usually electrons), or energy-carrying particles, over relatively long distances in a material...

Kabushiki-kaisha; Nihon meaning Japan and Denshi meaning electron) is a major developer and manufacturer of electron microscopes and other scientific instruments...

Low-energy electron microscopy, or LEEM, is an analytical surface science technique used to image atomically clean surfaces, atom-surface interactions...

electricity can refer to the velocity of an electron in various circumstances, the average velocity of multiple electrons in a conductor, or the velocity of electrical...

elementary particle similar to the electron, with negative electric charge and a spin of ⁠1/2⁠. Like the electron, the muon, and the three neutrinos,...

commonly observable matter is composed of up quarks, down quarks, and electrons. Owing to a phenomenon known as color confinement, quarks are never found...

This is heated by a range of methods, including neutral-beam injection, electron and ion cyclotron resonance, lower hybrid resonance. Nuclear fusion may...

The electron-refractive effect, also known as electron induced permittivity modification (EIPM), is an electro-optic effect observed in some crystals and...

particles (such as electrons) lose a larger fraction of their energy when deflected. Practically speaking, the energy of electron/positron accelerators...

to within 1 part in 1012 when predicting the magnetic properties of an electron. A fundamental feature of the theory is that it usually cannot predict...

In chemistry, adiabatic electron-transfer is a type of oxidation-reduction process. The mechanism is ubiquitous in nature in both the inorganic and biological...

approximately between 430 nm-700 nm, and transfer high-energy electrons to a series of electron acceptors that are situated near it, like the iron–sulfur...

electron cloud. As early as 1940, it was noted that a simplistic interpretation of the relativistic Dirac equation runs into problems with electron orbitals...

{\displaystyle \gamma _{\text{se}}} is the secondary-electron-emission coefficient (the number of secondary electrons produced per incident positive ion), A {\displaystyle...

Predictions from reliable sources have been used for these elements. Grayed out electron numbers indicate subshells filled to their maximum. Bracketed noble gas...

A delta ray is a secondary electron with enough energy to escape a significant distance away from the primary radiation beam and produce further ionization...

the peculiarity of quantum mechanics. Examples include the spin of the electron in which the two levels can be taken as spin up and spin down; or the polarization...

environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) that allows for the option of collecting electron micrographs of specimens...

Electron-beam physical vapor deposition, or EBPVD, is a form of physical vapor deposition in which a target anode is bombarded with an electron beam given...

hydrogen-like atom (or hydrogenic atom) is any atom or ion with a single electron. Examples of hydrogen-like atoms are H, He+, Li2+, Be3+ and so on, as well...

A surface-conduction electron-emitter display (SED) is a display technology for flat panel displays developed by a number of companies. SEDs uses nanoscopic-scale...

surface to be examined, a bias voltage applied between the two allows electrons to tunnel through the vacuum separating them. The resulting tunneling...

with electron donor atoms is called an n-type semiconductor, because the majority of charge carriers in the crystal are negative electrons. An electron acceptor...

The Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons (ER-C) is an institute located on the campus of Forschungszentrum Jülich belonging...

A scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) is a type of transmission electron microscope (TEM). Pronunciation is [stɛm] or [ɛsti:i:ɛm]. As with...

Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy is a method to generate high resolution three-dimensional images from small samples. The technique was developed...

Plasma Cleaner for Electron Microscopy the Scanning Confocal Electron Microscope and the π Steradian Transmission X-ray Detector for Electron-Optical Beam Lines...

The Dirac sea is a theoretical model of the electron vacuum as an infinite sea of electrons with negative energy. It was first postulated by the British...

Intraoperative electron radiation therapy is the application of electron radiation directly to the residual tumor or tumor bed during cancer surgery. Electron beams...

thus consists of a significant portion of charged particles (ions and/or electrons). While rarely encountered on Earth, it is estimated that 99.9% of all...

Cathode rays are streams of electrons observed in discharge tubes. If an evacuated glass tube is equipped with two electrodes and a voltage is applied...

brightness electron beams. Electron beams generated with photocathodes are commonly used for free electron lasers and for ultrafast electron diffraction...

distances at which they are found. The atomic electron tomography technique is performed in transmission electron microscopes capable of reaching sub-Angstrom...

The Left Hand of the Electron is a collection of seventeen nonfiction science essays by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov, first published by...

The electron Bio-Imaging Centre (eBIC) is a national facility in the United Kingdom that houses equipment and specialists for structural biology using...

It is commonly used for the identification of organic compounds from electron ionization mass spectrometry. Organic chemists obtain mass spectra of chemical...

The KALI (Kilo Ampere Linear Injector) is a linear electron accelerator being developed in India by Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)...

result of the great difference in mass between electrons and positively charged ions, with only the electron having the ability to undergo a significant...

has been effectively applied to the W7-X hydrogen discharges powered by electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH). In terms of hardware, the W7-X bolometers...

Mu2e, or the Muon-to-Electron Conversion Experiment, is a particle physics experiment at Fermilab in the US. The goal of the experiment is to identify...

Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) is a form of electron microscopy in which a material is exposed to a beam of electrons with a known, narrow range...

emitting significantly more electrons from the same surface area. Cold cathodes rely on field electron emission or secondary electron emission from positive...

support it against gravitational collapse. Instead, it is supported only by electron degeneracy pressure, causing it to be extremely dense. The physics of degeneracy...

Outer sphere refers to an electron transfer (ET) event that occurs between chemical species that remain separate and intact before, during, and after the...

Gerry O'Neill, and Burton Richter. Around the same time, the VEP-1 electron-electron collider was independently developed and built under supervision of...

incoherently by random fluctuations in a plasma. A radar beam scattering off electrons in the ionosphere creates an incoherent scatter return. When an electromagnetic...

In the vacuum-tube radio, an electron-coupled oscillator or ECO oscillator uses a screen-grid tube with the cathode, control grid and screen grid forming...

This is a list of application software written using the Electron software framework to provide the graphical user interface. 1Password Atom (discontinued)...

Dongfang Jingyuan Electron Limited (DJEL; Chinese: 东方晶源; pinyin: Dōngfāng Jīngyuán) is a Chinese semiconductor equipment and software company that specializes...

intermetallic compound, containing elements with 4f or 5f electrons in unfilled electron bands. Electrons are one type of fermion, and when they are found in...

High resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) is a tool used in surface science. The inelastic scattering of electrons from surfaces is utilized...

characteristic club-shaped spikes that project from their surface, which in electron micrographs create an image reminiscent of the stellar corona, from which...

redistribution, an electron-withdrawing group (EWG) draws electrons away from a reaction center. When this center is an electron rich carbanion or an...

photoionization of outer "valence band" electrons is the main absorption mechanism. Above 20 eV, inner electron ionization and Auger transitions become...

DESY, short for Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (English: German Electron Synchrotron), is a national research centre for fundamental science located...

where free electrons are accelerated by an electric field, collide with gas molecules, and consequently free additional electrons. Those electrons are in...

corresponds to the transition of an electron from the valence band to the conduction band. The excited electron can drop back into the valence band releasing...

Electron-stimulated luminescence (ESL) is production of light by cathodoluminescence, i.e. by a beam of electrons made to hit a fluorescent phosphor surface...

intense electron beams which relies on the photoelectric effect. A laser pulse incident onto the cathode of a photoinjector drives electrons out of it...

(reverse) electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction, electron-withdrawing substituents on the diene lower the energy of its empty ψ3 orbital and electron-donating...

instrument that resembles a scanning electron microscope (SEM). However, while the SEM uses a focused beam of electrons to image the sample in the chamber...

That loosened electron is taken up by the primary electron-acceptor molecule, pheophytin. As the electrons are shuttled through an electron transport chain...

electron orbiting around it. The electromagnetic force between the electron and the nuclear proton leads to a set of quantum states for the electron,...

primary photo-electrons and Auger electrons eventually become physically indistinguishable (as in Fermi–Dirac statistics) from secondary electrons. The range...

A relativistic runaway electron avalanche (RREA) is an avalanche growth of a population of relativistic electrons driven through a material (typically...

solenoid's vector potential acting on the electron or the electron's vector potential acting on the solenoid or the electron and solenoid currents acting on the...

Bose–Einstein statistics. Some fermions are elementary particles (such as electrons), and some are composite particles (such as protons). For example, according...

a completely consistent set of electron configurations. This distinctive electron configuration, with a single electron in the highest occupied s subshell...

(electron) diffraction (abbreviated as SAD or SAED) is a crystallographic experimental technique typically performed using a transmission electron microscope...

The Beijing Electron–Positron Collider II (BEPC II) is a Chinese electron–positron collider, a type of particle accelerator, located in Shijingshan District...

electron donor) is a chemical species that "donates" an electron to an electron recipient (called the oxidizing agent, oxidant, oxidizer, or electron...

electron microscopes built by FEI Company ranging from a standard scanning electron microscope to two highly specialized Titan transmission electron microscopes...

or coordinate bond is a kind of two-center, two-electron covalent bond in which the two electrons derive from the same atom. The bonding of metal ions...

Z boson is not involved in the absorption or emission of electrons or positrons. Whenever an electron is observed as a new free particle, suddenly moving with...

The IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM) is an annual micro- and nanoelectronics conference held each December that serves as a forum for...

The Microscopy Society of America (MSA), founded in 1942 as The Electron Microscope Society of America, is a non-profit organization that provides microanalytical...

with atomic physics, which studies the atom as a whole, including its electrons. Discoveries in nuclear physics have led to applications in many fields...

electron carriers are required to shuttle electrons between them. These carriers are plastoquinone and plastocyanin. Plastoquinone shuttles electrons...

The European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility (European XFEL) is an X-ray research laser facility. The international project has twelve participating...

The National Center for Electron Microscopy (NCEM) is a U.S. Department of Energy national user facility at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley...

law). The existence of a non-zero quantum defect was attributed to electron–electron repulsion, which clearly does not exist in the isolated hydrogen atom...

superposition. In atomic physics the principal quantum number of an electron specifies the electron shell in which it resides, which determines the energy level...

The Large Hadron Electron Collider (LHeC) is a conceptual particle accelerator facility that has been studied for a possible upgrade of the existing Large...

2) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction trimethylamine + electron-transferring flavoprotein     H2O   H2O     dimethylamine +   formaldehyde...

named after Willis Lamb, is an anomalous difference in energy between two electron orbitals in a hydrogen atom. The difference was not predicted by theory...

accepting an electron pair from a Lewis base to form a Lewis adduct. A Lewis base, then, is any species that has a filled orbital containing an electron pair...

come from light (light energy; bacteriorhodopsins), electron transfer (electrical energy; electron transport complexes I, III and IV) or energy-rich metabolites...

Saturne". 28 November 2014. "Cambridge Electron Accelerator (Cambridge, Mass.) Records of the Cambridge Electron Accelerator : an inventory". Harvard University...

When a substance in its ground state (S0) absorbs light, one electron is excited. This electron maintains its spin. According to the spin selection rule;...

Wehnelt) is an electrode in the electron gun assembly of some thermionic devices, used for focusing and control of the electron beam. It is named after Arthur...

by an electron cloud. The nucleus is made up of positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons (together called nucleons), while the electron cloud...

Physics (together with Rudolf Mössbauer) "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his consequent discoveries concerning...

describe electron-electron interactions in Fermi liquids. Another example of self-energy is found in the context of phonon softening due to electron-phonon...

that has multiple electrons. When an atom has more than one electron, there will be some electrostatic repulsion between the electrons. The amount of repulsion...

exoelectrogen normally refers to a microorganism that has the ability to transfer electrons extracellularly. While exoelectrogen is the predominant name, other terms...

nucleus is converted into a neutron while releasing a positron and an electron neutrino (νe). Positron emission is mediated by the weak force. The positron...

interaction leading to shifts in an electron's atomic energy levels, due to electromagnetic interaction between the electron's magnetic dipole, its orbital motion...

approximately equal to the most probable distance between the nucleus and the electron in a hydrogen atom in its ground state. It is named after Niels Bohr, due...

natural bond orbital or NBO is a calculated bonding orbital with maximum electron density. The NBOs are one of a sequence of natural localized orbital sets...

electrons than the other. In the ground state, electrons on each Mn ion are aligned according to the Hund's rule: If O gives up its spin-up electron to...

The 3-center 4-electron (3c–4e) bond is a model used to explain bonding in certain hypervalent molecules such as tetratomic and hexatomic interhalogen...

A field emission gun (FEG) is a type of electron gun in which a sharply pointed Müller-type[clarification needed] emitter is held at several kilovolts...

the synthesis of ATP. This electrochemical gradient is generated by the electron transport chain and allows cells to store energy in ATP for later use....

Electron magnetic circular dichroism (EMCD) (also known as electron energy-loss magnetic chiral dichroism) is the EELS equivalent of XMCD. The effect...

The J. J. Ebers Award was established in 1971 to foster progress in electron devices. It commemorates Jewell James Ebers, whose contributions, particularly...

magnetic moment of the electron and the fine-structure constant α (the magnetic moment of the electron is also referred to as the electron g-factor ge). One...

equation to the familiar problem of electron scattering from a potential barrier. In nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, electron tunneling into a barrier is observed...

The German Society for Electron Microscopy (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Elektronenmikroskopie, abbreviated DGE) is a learned society founded in 1949 in Düsseldorf...

delocalization and of resonance. This is usually considered to be because electrons are free to cycle around circular arrangements of atoms that are alternately...

semiconductor: free electrons (mobile electrons) and electron holes (mobile holes which are missing electrons from the normally-occupied electron states). A normally-bound...

constant and the natural unit for expressing the magnetic moment of an electron caused by its orbital or spin angular momentum. In SI units, the Bohr magneton...

Angular Correlation of Electron Positron Annihilation Radiation (ACAR or ACPAR) is a technique of solid state physics to investigate the electronic structure...

convert into an electron-positron pair, interacting with an atomic nucleus or electron in order to conserve momentum. High-energy electrons and positrons...

are natural expressions of a system's observable electron density distribution function. An electron density distribution of a molecule is a probability...

tube for studying energetic electrons that flew through a thin vapour of mercury atoms. They discovered that when an electron collided with a mercury atom...

also known as spin electronics, is the study of the intrinsic spin of the electron and its associated magnetic moment, in addition to its fundamental electronic...

accelerating charged particles, such as electrons or ions, using the electric field associated with an electron plasma wave or other high-gradient plasma...

electrons, and carbon needed for living, growth, and reproduction. The sources of energy can be light or chemical compounds, the source of electrons can...

of electron microscopes. Rempfer's innovations in electron microscopy extended to both transmission electron microscopy and photoemission electron microscopy...

transistors gradually accumulates trapped electrons. The electric field of the trapped electrons adds to the electrons in the floating gate, lowering the window...

Following is a list of commercial Acorn Electron, BBC Micro and BBC Master games, with original publishers. There are 726 commercial games on this list...

The inverse electron demand Diels–Alder reaction, or DAINV or IEDDA is an organic chemical reaction, in which two new chemical bonds and a six-membered...

use from the early 1930s, and as late as the 1990s. In these tubes, an electron beam is scanned across an image of the scene to be broadcast focused on...

The transmission electron microscope (TEM) is used as an important diagnostic tool to screen human tissues at high magnification and at high resolution...

"Blade Electron". Blade Electron. Archived from the original on 26 February 2015. Retrieved 26 February 2015. Hutchison, Angelique. "'Blade Electron Mk VI'...

determine the term symbol that corresponds to the ground state of a multi-electron atom. The first rule is especially important in chemistry, where it is...

the surface in reciprocal space which separates occupied electron states from unoccupied electron states at zero temperature. The shape of the Fermi surface...

Electron-beam freeform fabrication (EBF3) or electron-beam directed energy deposition is an additive manufacturing process that builds near-net-shape...

abbreviation standing for quantitative evaluation of materials by scanning electron microscopy, and a registered trademark owned by FEI Company since 2009...

Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986 for his work in electron optics, including the design of the first electron microscope. Ernst Ruska was born in Heidelberg...

molecule M. Adding an electron through an ion-ion reaction is called electron-transfer dissociation (ETD). Similar to electron-capture dissociation, ETD...

Inner sphere electron transfer (IS ET) or bonded electron transfer is a redox chemical reaction that proceeds via a covalent linkage—a strong electronic...

Arthur Compton in 1923 in his explanation of the scattering of photons by electrons (a process known as Compton scattering). The wavelength of the outgoing...

The sEDA parameter (sigma electron donor-acceptor) is a sigma-electron substituent effect scale, described also as inductive and electronegativity related...

electrons from the metal center. This is in contrast to X-type ligands, which form a bond with the ligand and metal center each donating one electron...

within a free-electron laser (FEL) by which a laser beam is created from a high-energy electron beam. The SASE process starts with an electron bunch being...

Energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) is a technique used in transmission electron microscopy, in which only electrons of particular kinetic...

buffered formalin, or NBF (4% formaldehyde in phosphate buffered saline). For electron microscopy, the most commonly used fixative is glutaraldehyde, usually...

dwarf star. These stars resist gravitational collapse primarily through electron degeneracy pressure, compared to main sequence stars, which resist collapse...

in crystals consists of two electrons and one hole, while a positively charged trion consists of two holes and one electron. The binding energy of a trion...

device for the focusing or deflection of moving charged particles, such as electrons or ions, by use of the magnetic Lorentz force. Its strength can often...

Julia Mahamid is a cell biologist, structural biologist, and electron microscopist at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg, Germany...

component of electron microscopes that reduces astigmatism of the beam by imposing a weak electric or magnetic quadrupole field on the electron beam. For...

the tube. The positive ions bombard the cathode of the tube to release electrons, which are accelerated toward the anode and produce X-rays when they strike...

factors. For electrons or electron holes in a solid, the effective mass is usually stated as a factor multiplying the rest mass of an electron, me (9.11...

which valence bond theory cannot explain. In molecular orbital theory, electrons in a molecule are not assigned to individual chemical bonds between atoms...

Volumetric Electron Microscopy (Volume EM) is an electron microscopy method used to generate 3D reconstructions of thick (>500 nm) samples. The initial...

quantum dynamics of electrons in atoms, molecules and solids with the long-term challenge of achieving real-time control of the electron motion in matter...

High-resolution transmission electron microscopy is an imaging mode of specialized transmission electron microscopes that allows for direct imaging of...

theoretical chemistry, molecular electronic transitions take place when electrons in a molecule are excited from one energy level to a higher energy level...

extra electron to a hydrogen atom, called electron affinity of hydrogen. It is measured to be 0.754195(19) eV or 0.02771616(70) hartree (see Electron affinity...

index of how far an electron on average travels through a solid before losing energy. If a monochromatic, primary beam of electrons is incident on a solid...

use the electron affinity and band gap values for each semiconductor to calculate the conduction band and valence band offsets. The electron affinity...

primarily presented as a generalization of the Balmer series for all atomic electron transitions of hydrogen. It was first empirically stated in 1888 by the...

typical distance from the center of the nucleus to the outermost isolated electron. Since the boundary is not a well-defined physical entity, there are various...

their spin, unpaired electrons have a magnetic dipole moment and act like tiny magnets. An external magnetic field causes the electrons' spins to align parallel...

is a roughly 40 nanometre wide electron-lucent zone between the plasma membrane of the basal cells and the (electron-dense) lamina densa of the basement...

and electron diffraction can give molecular structure for crystalline solids based on the distance between nuclei and concentration of electron density...

Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS) is an experimental tool for studying the vibrations of molecular adsorbates on metal oxides. It yields...

thermionic converter consists of a hot electrode which thermionically emits electrons over a potential energy barrier to a cooler electrode, producing a useful...

phaeophytin is a chemical compound that serves as the first electron carrier intermediate in the electron transfer pathway of Photosystem II (PS II) in plants...

operator for the i-th electron in the system, h ^ ( i ) {\displaystyle {\hat {h}}(i)} is the one-electron Hamiltonian for the i-th electron, n {\displaystyle...

essential feature that defines these materials is that the behavior of their electrons or spinons cannot be described effectively in terms of non-interacting...

klystron, an electron beam interacts with radio waves as it passes through resonant cavities, metal boxes along the length of a tube. The electron beam first...

Positronium (Ps) is a system consisting of an electron and its anti-particle, a positron, bound together into an exotic atom, specifically an onium. Unlike...

emission of electrons when charged particles like electrons or ions in a vacuum tube strike a metal surface; these are called secondary electrons. In this...

Energy Electron Microscopy (LEEM). In the early 1990s, he extended the LEEM technique in two directions by developing Spin-Polarized Low Energy Electron Microscopy...

fuel cells or “living solar cells”. In a biological photovoltaic system, electrons generated by photolysis of water are transferred to an anode. A relatively...

an electron in a molecule. This function can be used to calculate chemical and physical properties such as the probability of finding an electron in any...