Eastern margin of the Sea of Japan

The eastern margin of the Sea of Japan defined by the Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion in 2003

The eastern margin of the Sea of Japan is a zone of concentrated geological strain which extends several hundred kilometers and north–south along the eastern margin of the Sea of Japan. The margin has undergone convergence tectonics since the end of the Pliocene.[1][2] It is believed to be an incipient subduction zone which defines the tectonic boundary between the Amurian and Okhotsk plates. This geological zone is seismically active and has been the source of destructive tsunamis. The feature runs off the west coast of Honshu, passes west of the Shakotan Peninsula on Hokkaido and through the Strait of Tartary, between Sakhalin and mainland Russia.

Plate tectonics

Topographical map of the Sea of Japan

The Sea of Japan represents a back-arc basin that formed via geological rifting of continental crust from the late Oligocene to middle Miocene (28–13 million years ago).[3] The Sea of Japan can be divided into sub-basins; the Japan Basin, Yamato Basin and Tsushima Basin. Seafloor spreading in the Sea of Japan was restricted to the Japan Basin and ceased by the middle Miocene.[4]

Following the end of seafloor spreading, its eastern margin experienced weak compression between 10 and 3.5 million years ago. Crustal shortening has been ongoing in the eastern margin and back-arc region of the Northeastern Japan Arc since 3.5 million years ago. This deformation is attributed to east–west compressive forces, forming fold and thrust belts along the eastern margin. The southern margin was subjected to north–south or northwest–southeast compression about 8–5 million years ago. Presently, the southern margin hosts mainly strike-slip faults.[4]

The margin is located at the boundary marking the Amurian and Okhotsk microplates. Oceanic lithosphere from the Sea of Japan located on the Amurian Plate converges with the Japanese archipelago on the Okhotsk Plate. A Wadati–Benioff zone which is evidence for subduction, is absent in the zone, hence subduction is doubtful. However, it may be an incipient eastward-dipping subduction zone.[5] In 1983, it was proposed that subduction along the eastern margin commenced about 1–2 million years ago.[6]

The basis for defining this tectonic boundary is the occurrence of large magnitude 7 or greater earthquakes along a linear zone from offshore Niigata Prefecture to off the west coast of Hokkaido.[7] Following the 1983 Nihonkai-Chubu earthquake, the idea of a young plate boundary was proposed, but its mechanism is unknown—it has been proposed as a transform boundary or collision zone.[8]

Location

Plate boundary marked by the purple line

The margin passes north–south through the Shakotan Peninsula, Oshima Peninsula, and Tōhoku region. It junctions with the Niigata–Kobe Tectonic Zone and Itoigawa-Shizuoka Tectonic Line between Sado Island and the Noto Peninsula.[9] It strikes southwest in the western part of Fukushima Prefecture and extends to the border of Nagano and Toyama Prefecture. It exits north of Lake Biwa and continues to the eastern part of Shimane Prefecture. In the Sea of Japan, the cluster of extensional faults which were active during the formation of the sea remained. After the Pliocene, the stress field evolved from extensional to convergence. The compressive forces reactivated these faults and displayed thrust mechanisms.[10]

Seismicity and tsunamis

See also: List of earthquakes in Japan

The eastern margin of the Sea of Japan was the source of historically destructive earthquakes and tsunamis. These events were considered intraplate earthquakes until 1983 when the plate boundary theory was proposed.[11] The associated geological faults related to the opening of the sea and compressive forces along the eastern margin influence seismic activity. Large earthquakes in 1833, 1940, 1964, 1983, and 1993 were the result of reverse faulting associated with the present deformation. The Sea of Japan is considered one of the world's most seismically active back-arc basins.[12]

Year Location Event Comments
1741 Oshima, off the coast of Hokkaido Volcanic eruption[13][14] About 2,000 people killed along the west coast of Japan from the resulting tsunami. Homes and fishing boats destroyed in Korea.[15] Tsunami magnitude calculated at Mt  8.4; largest tsunami in the region.[16]
1792 Shiribeshi Earthquake (M 7.1) At least five people killed in Oshoro by the tsunami and additional tsunami casualties at Bikuni.[17]
1793 (ja) Aomori Earthquake (Muk  6.9) Generated a tsunami along the Tsugaru Peninsula.[18] Twelve people killed and 164 homes destroyed. Considerable damage in Ajigasawa.[19][20]
1802 (ja) Sado Island Earthquake (Muk  6.6) At least 19 people killed, 732 homes destroyed and 1,423 damaged.[21] Caused 2 m (6 ft 7 in) of uplift on the Ogi Peninsula, exposing pillow lava from the Miocene.[22]
1804 (ja) Kisa, Akita Earthquake (Mw  7.1[23]) At least 450 killed and 10,810 houses destroyed.[21] A 1 m (3 ft 3 in) tsunami flooded 300 homes in Kisagata and Sakata.[24]
1828 (ja) Sanjō Niigata Earthquake (Muk  6.9[25]) At least 1,443 killed and 11,750 houses ruined.[26] No tsunami.[24]
1833 Yamagata Earthquake (MJMA  7.5–7.7[27]) At least 150 people killed.[27] Tsunami recorded with a maximum height of 8 m (26 ft) at Kamo.[16]
1939 Akita Earthquake (MJMA  7.0[28]) Onshore event. At least 27 killed and 52 injured.[29]
1940 Shakotan, Hokkaido Earthquake (Mw  7.5[28]) Ten people killed, 24 injured, and many homes and fishing boats damaged or destroyed in Hokkaido, North Korea and Russia.[30] Tsunami recorded with a maximum height of 5 m (16 ft) at Kamenka, Primorsky Krai.[31]
1947 Shakotan, Hokkaido Earthquake (Mw  7.1[28]) Felt at Haboro and Rumoi. Tsunami recorded with a height of 2 m (6 ft 7 in) at Wakkanai and Rishiri Island; 0.7 m (2 ft 4 in) at Haboro and several tens of centimeters at Otaru. Minor damage.[32][33]
1964 Akita offshore Earthquake (Mw  7.0[28]) Tsunami recorded 20 cm (7.9 in) along Niigata and Hokkaido prefectures.[30]
1964 Niigata, Niigata Earthquake (Mw  7.6[28]) At least 36 people killed and over 300 injured. Tsunami with a maximum height of 6 m (20 ft) at Fuya.[34]
1971 Moneron Island, Russia Earthquake (Mw  7.3[28]) Rockfalls and landslides on Moneron Island. Damage to buildings in Shebunino and Gomozavodsk on Sakhalin. Felt VII–VIII (MSK) on Moneron Island and VII (MMI) in southern Sakhalin.[35] Tsunami recorded with a maximum height of 2 m (6 ft 7 in) at Shebunino, Sakhalin.[36]
1983 Akita offshore Earthquake (Mw  7.7[28]) Heavy damage due to liquefaction. At least 104 people dead—4 as a direct effect of the earthquake. One hundred deaths attributed to the tsunami including three deaths in South Korea.[37]
1993 Okushiri, Hokkaido Earthquake (Mw  7.7[28]) At least 230 people killed including 165 on Okushiri. Tsunami recorded 30.6 m (100 ft) on the southern coast of Okushiri; 10 m (33 ft) along the Hokkaido coast; also recorded in Russia and South Korea. Considerable damage from fires, landslides and tsunami. Three people missing along Russia's southeastern coast.
1995 Neftegorsk, Sakhalin Earthquake (Mw  7.0[28]) Strike-slip earthquake producing up to 8.1 m (27 ft) of surface offset. Approximately 2,000 people dead in Neftegorsk.[38]
2000 Uglegorsk, Sakhalin Earthquake (Mw  6.8[28]) Eight people injured and many buildings damaged.[39]
2004 Niigata Earthquake (Mw  6.6[28]) Sixty eight people killed, 4,805 injured and extensive damage. Maximum intensity 7 on the JMA seismic intensity scale.[40][41]
2007 Niigata Earthquake (Mw  6.6[28]) Eleven people killed, 1,000 injured and 342 houses destroyed.[42][43][44]
2007 (ru) Nevelsk, Sakhalin Earthquake (Mw  6.2[28]) Occurred on a west-dipping reverse fault as opposed to east-dipping faults involved in large Sea of Japan earthquakes. Three tsunami waves measuring up to 3.2 m (10 ft).[45] Two people killed, ten injured and severe damage occurred in Nevelsk. Over half of the town's 11,000 residents displaced. Maximum MSK-64 intensity VIII.[46]
2011 Nagano Earthquake (Mw  6.3[28]) Three people killed and nine injured. Seventy three houses destroyed and 427 damaged.[47]
2014 Nagano Earthquake (Mw  6.3[28]) Forty-one people were injured and 50 houses collapsed.[48] Significant surface ruptures were observed.[49]
2019 Yamagata Earthquake (Mw  6.4) Twenty-six people injured and 149 houses damaged.[50][51]
2024 Noto Earthquake (Mw  7.5.[52]) At least 203 people killed and 52 missing.[53]

Offshore earthquakes

Simulation of the 1983 tsunami

Large earthquakes with epicenters offshore and north of the Noto Peninsula are mostly accompanied by tsunamis. These events have recurrence intervals of 1,000 years.[54] Due to their closer proximity to land, the accompanying tsunamis require a shorter time arriving compared to earthquakes along Japan's Pacific coast.[55] These earthquakes tend to generate considerably large tsunamis.[56]

Hazard

The 75 km (47 mi)-long Akita-oki seismic gap lies off the coast of Akita Prefecture. This plate-boundary segment is located between the rupture zones of the 1833 and 1983 earthquakes and has not experienced a major earthquake during historical times. It has the potential to produce a magnitude 7.5 earthquake, probably by the end of the 21st century. Another seismic gap of 50 km (31 mi) length is thought to exist off the coast of Hokkaido between the 1940 and 1993 rupture zones. [11]

See also

References

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هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (يوليو 2019) أنطون ايفانوف (منافس ألعاب قوى) معلومات شخصية الميلاد 18 يوليو 1971 (52 سنة)  الجنسية بلغاريا  الحياة العملية المهنة منافس ألعاب قوى  الرياضة ألعاب القوى...

 

Women in Lesotho

Overview of the status of women in Lesotho Women in LesothoLesotho School GirlGeneral StatisticsMaternal mortality (per 100,000)487 (2017)Women in parliament22.7% (2017)Women in labour force59.27% (2017)Gender Inequality Index[1]Value0.557 (2021)Rank144th out of 191 Global Gender Gap Index[2]Value0.700 (2022)Rank87th out of 146 In 2017, 1.1 million women were living in Lesotho, making up 51.48% of the population.[3] 33% of women are under 15 years of age, 61.4% ar...

 

Sekuen bouma

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. Turbidit dari batupasir Becke-oese berumur devon, di Jerman. Gambar ini menunjukan sekuen bouma lengkap Sekuen Bouma (Ditemukan oleh Arnold H.Bouma, 1932-2011) menggambarkan susunan klasik struktur sedimen di perlapisan turbidit yang terendapkan oleh ...

الخطوط البريطانية عبر البحار الرحلة 777

هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (يوليو 2014) الخطوط البريطانية عبر البحار الرحلة 777 ملخص الحادث التاريخ 1 يونيو، 1943 نوع الحادث هجوم جوي من طائرة ألمانية نوع جنكير Ju 88 الموقع خليج بسكاي ما بين إسبانيا وفر...

 

الثورة الصناعية الثانية

الثورة الصناعية الثانيةمعلومات عامةالبداية عقد 1860 النهاية عقد 1910 التأثيراتتفرع عنها كهربةنفطعدة ورشةإنتاج شامل الثورة الصناعية Third Industrial Revolution (en) ثورة رقمية تعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بيانات قاطرة ألمانية في 1895. استخدم التلغراف لإرسال شفرة مورس. عابرة المحيط سفينة ال

 

Patudu Manik

Patudu Manik(lahir 21 Juli 1988) , bernama asli Patudu Syammayim H Manik, adalah penyanyi berkebangsaan Indonesia. Pada awal kariernya, dia dikenal sebagai juara ketiga dari ajang Indonesian Idol (musim kelima). Selain itu, ia bergabung dengan 5 Romeo,[1] grup vokal pria bentukan Yovie Widianto.[2][3] dan saat ini Patudu bergabung ke dalam grup band rohani UNDVD yang terbentuk di tahun 2020. Awal karier Patudu menyukai bidang bernyanyi sejak kecil. Sejak kelas 1 SD dia...

Boriç i Vogël

Village in Shkodër, AlbaniaBoriç i VogëlVillageBoriç i VogëlCoordinates: 42°7′52″N 19°30′0″E / 42.13111°N 19.50000°E / 42.13111; 19.50000Country AlbaniaCountyShkodërMunicipalityMalësi e MadheMunicipal unitGruemirëTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST) Boriç i Vogël (Serbian: Мали Борич) is a settlement in the former Gruemirë municipality, Shkodër County, northern Albania.[1] At the 2015 local government...

 

Gorki (Kazan Metro)

Kazan Metro Station Gorki (Tawlar)General informationCoordinates55°45′35″N 49°11′29″E / 55.75972°N 49.19139°E / 55.75972; 49.19139Owned byKazan MetroPlatforms1 Island platformTracks2HistoryOpened27 August 2005Services Preceding station Kazan Metro Following station Ametyevotowards Aviastroitelnaya First Line Prospekt Pobedytowards Dubravnaya Gorki (Russian and Tatar: Горки) is a station of the Kazan Metro. Opened as part of the first stage on 27 August...

 

Kabanjahe, Karo

KabanjaheKecamatanGapura selamat datang di Kecamatan KabanjahePeta lokasi Kecamatan KabanjaheKabanjahePeta lokasi Kecamatan KabanjaheTampilkan peta IndonesiaKabanjaheKabanjahe (Indonesia)Tampilkan peta IndonesiaKoordinat: 3°06′02″N 98°29′12″E / 3.100553°N 98.486528°E / 3.100553; 98.486528Negara IndonesiaProvinsiSumatera UtaraKabupatenKaroPemerintahan • CamatLeonard Bastian Girsang[1]Populasi (2021)[2] • Tota...

Dimitris Theofanis

Greek footballer Dimitris Theofanis Theofanis in 1962Personal informationFull name Dimitrios TheofanisDate of birth (1933-05-31) 31 May 1933 (age 90)Place of birth Nafpaktos, GreecePosition(s) ForwardSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1954–1956 Athinaikos 1956–1966 Panathinaikos International career1958–1962 Greece 4 (0)Managerial career1994–1997 Doxa Vyronas1998–1999 Panegialios2000–2001 Ethnikos Piraeus *Club domestic league appearances and goals Dimitris Theofanis (Greek: ...

 

Raytheon

Defunct American industrial corporation (1922–2020) This article is about the defunct company prior to its merger with United Technologies. For the post-merger company, see RTX Corporation. This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2023) Raytheon CompanyEntrance to Raytheon's headquarters complex in Waltham, MassachusettsTypePublicTraded asNYSE: RTNIndustryAerospace and defenseFoundedJuly 7, 1...

 

Eugen Coca

Moldovan violinist and composer (1893–1954) Eugen Coca Eugen Coca (born April 15, 1893 in Cureșnița, Soroca district – died January 9, 1954 in Chișinău) was a violinist and composer from the Republic of Moldova. His works ranged from adaptations of folk songs and scores for film and theatre to compositions of symphonic, instrumental, chamber and choral music. He produced two symphonies and two symphonic poems, the most well known of which was the opera Firebird (Pasarea Măiastră), b...

Syangboche Airport

Airport in Nepal This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Syangboche Airport – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Syangboche Airportस्याङबोचे हवाइ-मैदानIATA: SYHICAO: VNSBSummaryAirport type...

 

Johann Moritz Rugendas

German painter Moritz Rugendas; Calotype by Franz Hanfstaengl (before 1850). Johann Moritz Rugendas (29 March 1802 – 29 May 1858) was a German painter, famous in the first half of the 19th century for his works depicting landscapes and ethnographic subjects in several countries in the Americas. Rugendas is considered by far the most varied and important of the European artists to visit Latin America.[1] He was influenced by Alexander von Humboldt.[2] Biography This section r...

 

Nuoto ai campionati mondiali di nuoto 2009 - 200 metri farfalla femminili

Voce principale: Nuoto ai campionati mondiali di nuoto 2009. Nuoto ai Mondiali di Roma 2009 Stile libero 50 m   uomini   donne 100 m uomini   donne 200 m uomini   donne 400 m uomini   donne 800 m uomini   donne 1500 m uomini   donne Dorso 50 m uomini   donne 100 m uomini   donne 200 m uomini   donne Rana 50 m uomini   donne 100 m uomini   donne 200 m uomini   donne Farfalla 50 m uomini   donne 100 m uomini   donne 200 ...

Barry Morse

Barry MorseBarry Morse pada 2007, foto oleh Anthony WynnLahirHerbert Morse(1918-06-10)10 Juni 1918Shoreditch, London, InggrisMeninggal2 Februari 2008(2008-02-02) (umur 89)London, InggrisPekerjaanPemeran, sutradara, penulisTahun aktif1937–2007Suami/istriSydney Sturgess ​ ​(m. 1939; wafat 1999)​AnakHayward MorseMelanie Morse MacQuarrieSitus webhttp://www.barrymorse.com/ Herbert Morse (10 Juni 1918 – 2 Februari 2008), y...

 

Joaquim Augusto do Livramento

Joaquim Augusto do Livramento vice-presidente da província de Santa Catarina Período 9 de março de 1882a 5 de abril de 1882 Antecessor(a) Manuel Pinto de Lemos Período 30 de junho de 1882a 6 de setembro de 1882 Sucessor(a) Manuel Pinto de Lemos deputado à Assembleia Legislativa Provincial de Santa Catarina Período (6ª legislatura) 1846 a 1847 Período (9ª legislatura) 1852 a 1853 Período (10ª legislatura) 1854 a 1855 Período (11ª legislatura) 1856 a 1857 Período (15ª legislatur...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!