East Punjab

This article is about a former state of India. For the current state, see Punjab, India. For other uses, see Punjab (disambiguation).

Province of East Punjab
Former Province of India
1947–1950
Flag
East Punjab, 1950
Capital	Shimla[1]
Historical era	20th century
• Established	15 August 1947
• PEPSU formed	1948
• Disestablished	26 January 1950
Preceded by Succeeded by Punjab Province Punjab PEPSU
Today part of	Punjab Chandigarh Haryana Himachal Pradesh

East Punjab was a province of India from 1947 until 1950. It consisted parts of the Punjab province that remained in India following the partition of the province between the new dominions of Pakistan and the Indian Union by the Radcliffe Commission in 1947. The mostly Muslim western parts of the old Punjab became Pakistan's West Punjab, later renamed as Punjab Province, while the mostly Hindu and Sikh eastern parts remained with India.

History

See also: History of the Punjab

Partition of India

Main article: Partition of India

With the partition of India, the Punjab province was to be divided in two as per the Indian Independence Act 1947, passed by the parliament of the United Kingdom. The province was to cease to exist, and two new provinces were to be constituted, to be known respectively as West Punjab & East Punjab.^[2] All the princely states of the Punjab States Agency, except Bahawalpur, which acceded to the Dominion of Pakistan, acceded to the new Union of India and were combined into the Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU). The northeast Hill States of the Punjab Province banded together and were declared a union territory in 1950 as Himachal Pradesh.

Renaming of the state

Administrative divisions of India in 1951

The Constitution of India, which came into effect in 1950, renamed the province of "East Punjab" as the state of "Punjab".^{[citation needed]}

Reorganisation of Indian States

Main article: States Reorganisation Act, 1956

In 1956, the PEPSU was merged into an expanded Punjab state.

Punjabi Suba movement

Main article: Punjabi Suba movement

A map of the distribution of native Punjabi speakers in India and Pakistan

With effect from 1 November 1966, there was yet another reorganisation, this time on linguistic lines, when the state of Punjab as constituted in 1956 was divided into three: the mostly Hindi-speaking part became the present-day Indian state of Haryana and the mostly Punjabi-speaking part became the present-day Punjab,^[3][4] while a new union territory (Chandigarh) was also created, to serve as a capital to both states. At the same time, some parts of the former territory of Patiala and East Punjab States Union, including Solan and Nalagarh, were transferred to Himachal Pradesh.

Demography

1901 census

Religions in East Punjab, India region (1901)^{[5]: 34 [6]: 62 [a]}

  Hinduism (58.63%)

  Islam (29.54%)

  Sikhism (11.30%)

  Jainism (0.31%)

  Christianity (0.17%)

  Others^[b] (0.05%)

Prior to partition, the eastern portion of Punjab that was ultimately awarded to India following the demarcation of the Radcliffe Line was made into a new province – East Punjab. The area includes the contemporary states of Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh. Below is the religious demographics of this region broken down by district and princely state with an overall total as per the 1901 Indian census.

Religion in the Districts & Princely States of East Punjab, India region (1901)^[5]^: 34^[6]^: 62^[a]

District/ Princely state	Hinduism		Islam		Sikhism		Jainism		Christianity		Others[b]		Total
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Patiala State	880,490	55.14%	357,334	22.38%	355,649	22.27%	2,877	0.18%	316	0.02%	26	0%	1,596,692	100%
Amritsar district	280,985	27.44%	474,976	46.39%	264,329	25.82%	1,439	0.14%	2,078	0.2%	21	0%	1,023,828	100%
Hoshiarpur district	603,710	60.99%	312,958	31.62%	71,126	7.19%	1,173	0.12%	813	0.08%	2	0%	989,782	100%
Firozpur district	279,099	29.13%	447,615	46.72%	228,355	23.83%	1,090	0.11%	1,908	0.2%	5	0%	958,072	100%
Jalandhar district	368,051	40.11%	421,011	45.88%	125,817	13.71%	969	0.11%	1,713	0.19%	26	0%	917,587	100%
Karnal district	623,597	70.6%	241,412	27.33%	12,294	1.39%	4,739	0.54%	1,179	0.13%	4	0%	883,225	100%
Ambala district	510,105	62.52%	240,710	29.5%	58,073	7.12%	2,614	0.32%	4,362	0.53%	16	0%	815,880	100%
Hisar district	544,799	69.69%	202,009	25.84%	28,642	3.66%	6,003	0.77%	253	0.03%	11	0%	781,717	100%
Kangra district	722,554	94.07%	39,672	5.16%	1,220	0.16%	113	0.01%	385	0.05%	4,180	0.54%	768,124	100%
Gurgaon district	499,373	66.92%	242,548	32.5%	99	0.01%	3,909	0.52%	278	0.04%	1	0%	746,208	100%
Gurdaspur district[c]	268,817	38.08%	348,182	49.33%	85,199	12.07%	72	0.01%	3,571	0.51%	28	0%	705,869	100%
Delhi District	510,532	74.09%	167,290	24.28%	294	0.04%	7,726	1.12%	3,158	0.46%	39	0.01%	689,039	100%
Ludhiana district	269,076	39.98%	235,937	35.05%	164,919	24.5%	2,217	0.33%	947	0.14%	1	0%	673,097	100%
Rohtak district	533,723	84.63%	91,687	14.54%	94	0.01%	5,087	0.81%	80	0.01%	1	0%	630,672	100%
Simla Hill States	373,886	96.03%	11,535	2.96%	1,318	0.34%	274	0.07%	113	0.03%	2,223	0.57%	389,349	100%
Kapurthala State	93,652	29.79%	178,326	56.73%	42,101	13.39%	226	0.07%	39	0.01%	7	0%	314,351	100%
Nabha State	160,553	53.89%	58,550	19.65%	78,361	26.3%	476	0.16%	7	0%	2	0%	297,949	100%
Jind State	211,963	75.16%	38,717	13.73%	29,975	10.63%	1,258	0.45%	80	0.03%	10	0%	282,003	100%
Mandi State	170,304	97.85%	3,187	1.83%	41	0.02%	0	0%	3	0%	510	0.29%	174,045	100%
Nahan State	128,478	94.69%	6,414	4.73%	688	0.51%	61	0.04%	46	0.03%	0	0%	135,687	100%
Chamba State	119,327	93.35%	8,332	6.52%	80	0.06%	3	0%	70	0.05%	22	0.02%	127,834	100%
Faridkot State	35,778	28.64%	35,996	28.82%	52,721	42.21%	406	0.33%	11	0.01%	0	0%	124,912	100%
Malerkotla State	38,409	49.56%	27,229	35.13%	10,495	13.54%	1,361	1.76%	12	0.02%	0	0%	77,506	100%
Kalsia State	38,626	57.5%	21,921	32.63%	6,453	9.61%	181	0.27%	0	0%	0	0%	67,181	100%
Suket State	54,005	98.77%	665	1.22%	6	0.01%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	54,676	100%
Simla District	30,299	75.09%	6,675	16.54%	544	1.35%	32	0.08%	2,798	6.93%	3	0.01%	40,351	100%
Dujana State	18,380	76.03%	5,790	23.95%	4	0.02%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	24,174	100%
Pataudi State	18,281	83.35%	3,549	16.18%	0	0%	103	0.47%	0	0%	0	0%	21,933	100%
Loharu State	13,254	87.03%	1,963	12.89%	0	0%	12	0.08%	0	0%	0	0%	15,229	100%
Total	8,400,106	58.63%	4,232,190	29.54%	1,618,897	11.3%	44,421	0.31%	24,220	0.17%	7,138	0.05%	14,326,972	100%
Territory comprises the contemporary subdivisions of Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, Delhi, and Himachal Pradesh.

1911 census

Religions in East Punjab, India region (1911)^{[7]: 27 [8]: 27 [d]}

  Hinduism (54.48%)

  Islam (28.90%)

  Sikhism (15.82%)

  Christianity (0.42%)

  Jainism (0.31%)

  Others^[b] (0.06%)

Prior to partition, the eastern portion of Punjab that was ultimately awarded to India following the demarcation of the Radcliffe Line was made into a new province – East Punjab. The area includes the contemporary states of Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh. Below is the religious demographics of this region broken down by district and princely state with an overall total as per the 1911 Indian census.

Religion in the Districts & Princely States of East Punjab, India region (1911)^[7]^: 27^[8]^: 27^[d]

District/ Princely state	Hinduism		Islam		Sikhism		Christianity		Jainism		Others[b]		Total
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Patiala State	563,940	40.06%	307,384	21.84%	532,292	37.81%	739	0.05%	3,282	0.23%	22	0%	1,407,659	100%
Firozpur district	273,832	28.53%	418,553	43.61%	262,511	27.35%	3,342	0.35%	1,401	0.15%	18	0%	959,657	100%
Hoshiarpur district	498,642	54.28%	281,805	30.68%	134,146	14.6%	2,978	0.32%	998	0.11%	0	0%	918,569	100%
Amritsar district	211,708	24.04%	408,882	46.43%	253,941	28.83%	4,763	0.54%	1,386	0.16%	48	0.01%	880,728	100%
Hisar district	541,720	67.3%	218,600	27.16%	38,508	4.78%	273	0.03%	5,767	0.72%	21	0%	804,889	100%
Jalandhar district	265,378	33.09%	357,051	44.52%	176,227	21.98%	2,404	0.3%	842	0.1%	18	0%	801,920	100%
Karnal district	556,203	69.54%	224,920	28.12%	13,531	1.69%	920	0.12%	4,213	0.53%	0	0%	799,787	100%
Kangra district	725,156	94.13%	38,859	5.04%	1,910	0.25%	386	0.05%	81	0.01%	3,994	0.52%	770,386	100%
Rohtak district	450,549	83.21%	86,076	15.9%	161	0.03%	334	0.06%	4,369	0.81%	0	0%	541,489	100%
Ambala district	380,592	55.16%	205,203	29.74%	94,471	13.69%	7,483	1.08%	2,187	0.32%	34	0%	689,970	100%
Delhi District	469,561	71.4%	171,745	26.12%	2,985	0.45%	5,693	0.87%	7,539	1.15%	81	0.01%	657,604	100%
Gurgaon district	421,885	65.59%	217,237	33.78%	342	0.05%	782	0.12%	2,921	0.45%	10	0%	643,177	100%
Gurdaspur district[c]	190,965	30.49%	304,860	48.67%	110,525	17.65%	19,879	3.17%	73	0.01%	22	0%	626,324	100%
Ludhiana district	131,370	25.4%	176,043	34.04%	207,042	40.03%	888	0.17%	1,849	0.36%	0	0%	517,192	100%
Simla Hill States	386,953	95.7%	11,374	2.81%	2,911	0.72%	224	0.06%	172	0.04%	2,709	0.67%	404,343	100%
Jind State	210,222	77.36%	37,520	13.81%	22,566	8.3%	187	0.07%	1,233	0.45%	0	0%	271,728	100%
Kapurthala State	61,426	22.91%	152,117	56.73%	54,275	20.24%	107	0.04%	205	0.08%	3	0%	268,133	100%
Nabha State	126,414	50.79%	46,032	18.5%	76,198	30.62%	5	0%	238	0.1%	0	0%	248,887	100%
Mandi State	178,115	98.35%	2,799	1.55%	26	0.01%	4	0%	2	0%	164	0.09%	181,110	100%
Nahan State	130,276	94.05%	6,016	4.34%	2,142	1.55%	37	0.03%	49	0.04%	0	0%	138,520	100%
Chamba State	126,269	92.93%	8,750	6.44%	141	0.1%	81	0.06%	5	0%	627	0.46%	135,873	100%
Faridkot State	37,377	28.69%	37,105	28.48%	55,397	42.52%	6	0%	409	0.31%	0	0%	130,294	100%
Malerkotla State	22,902	32.19%	25,942	36.46%	21,018	29.54%	14	0.02%	1,268	1.78%	0	0%	71,144	100%
Kalsia State	30,640	54.8%	18,820	33.66%	6,258	11.19%	31	0.06%	160	0.29%	0	0%	55,909	100%
Suket State	54,268	98.8%	587	1.07%	71	0.13%	2	0%	0	0%	0	0%	54,928	100%
Simla District	29,047	73.87%	5,820	14.8%	693	1.76%	3,666	9.32%	49	0.12%	45	0.11%	39,320	100%
Dujana State	20,161	79.11%	5,324	20.89%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	25,485	100%
Pataudi State	16,114	82.45%	3,338	17.08%	0	0%	9	0.05%	82	0.42%	0	0%	19,543	100%
Loharu State	16,178	86.99%	2,401	12.91%	0	0%	0	0%	18	0.1%	0	0%	18,597	100%
Total	7,127,863	54.48%	3,781,163	28.9%	2,070,288	15.82%	55,237	0.42%	40,798	0.31%	7,816	0.06%	13,083,165	100%
Territory comprises the contemporary subdivisions of Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, Delhi, and Himachal Pradesh.

1921 census

Religions in East Punjab, India region (1921)^{[9]: 29 [e]}

  Hinduism (53.00%)

  Islam (29.05%)

  Sikhism (16.99%)

  Christianity (0.65%)

  Jainism (0.27%)

  Others^[b] (0.05%)

Prior to partition, the eastern portion of Punjab that was ultimately awarded to India following the demarcation of the Radcliffe Line was made into a new province – East Punjab. The area includes the contemporary states of Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh. Below is the religious demographics of this region broken down by district and princely state with an overall total as per the 1921 Indian census.

Religion in the Districts & Princely States of East Punjab, India region (1921)^[9]^: 29^[e]

District/ Princely state	Hinduism		Islam		Sikhism		Christianity		Jainism		Others[b]		Total
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Patiala State	642,055	42.81%	330,341	22.03%	522,675	34.85%	1,395	0.09%	3,249	0.22%	24	0%	1,499,739	100%
Firozpur district	306,350	27.89%	482,540	43.94%	302,761	27.57%	5,365	0.49%	1,211	0.11%	21	0%	1,098,248	100%
Amritsar district	204,435	22%	423,724	45.59%	287,004	30.88%	12,773	1.37%	1,375	0.15%	63	0.01%	929,374	100%
Hoshiarpur district	500,339	53.95%	289,298	31.19%	132,958	14.34%	3,745	0.4%	1,079	0.12%	0	0%	927,419	100%
Karnal district	573,224	69.17%	235,618	28.43%	12,280	1.48%	3,382	0.41%	4,222	0.51%	0	0%	828,726	100%
Jalandhar district	244,995	29.79%	366,586	44.57%	206,130	25.06%	4,088	0.5%	736	0.09%	9	0%	822,544	100%
Hisar district	548,351	67.13%	215,943	26.44%	45,615	5.58%	1,024	0.13%	5,874	0.72%	3	0%	816,810	100%
Rohtak district	629,592	81.52%	125,035	16.19%	602	0.08%	10,033	1.3%	7,010	0.91%	0	0%	772,272	100%
Kangra district	722,277	94.28%	38,263	4.99%	2,083	0.27%	363	0.05%	56	0.01%	3,023	0.39%	766,065	100%
Gurgaon district	460,134	67.47%	216,860	31.8%	924	0.14%	1,316	0.19%	2,762	0.4%	7	0%	682,003	100%
Ambala district	370,125	54.31%	205,750	30.19%	97,614	14.32%	5,679	0.83%	2,272	0.33%	37	0.01%	681,477	100%
Gurdaspur district[c]	168,178	26.3%	316,709	49.54%	125,322	19.6%	29,099	4.55%	20	0%	15	0%	639,343	100%
Ludhiana district	135,512	23.87%	192,961	33.99%	235,721	41.53%	1,613	0.28%	1,796	0.32%	19	0%	567,622	100%
Jind State	234,721	76.16%	43,251	14.03%	28,026	9.09%	637	0.21%	1,548	0.5%	0	0%	308,183	100%
Simla Hill States	292,768	95.45%	9,551	3.11%	2,040	0.67%	164	0.05%	142	0.05%	2,053	0.67%	306,718	100%
Kapurthala State	58,412	20.55%	160,457	56.44%	64,074	22.54%	1,100	0.39%	228	0.08%	4	0%	284,275	100%
Nabha State	133,870	50.84%	50,756	19.27%	78,389	29.77%	41	0.02%	278	0.11%	0	0%	263,334	100%
Mandi State	181,358	98.01%	3,462	1.87%	142	0.08%	10	0.01%	0	0%	76	0.04%	185,048	100%
Faridkot State	38,610	25.63%	44,813	29.74%	66,658	44.24%	107	0.07%	473	0.31%	0	0%	150,661	100%
Chamba State	130,489	91.98%	10,529	7.42%	242	0.17%	63	0.04%	3	0%	541	0.38%	141,867	100%
Nahan State	132,431	94.29%	6,449	4.59%	1,449	1.03%	44	0.03%	65	0.05%	10	0.01%	140,448	100%
Bilaspur State	96,000	97.96%	1,559	1.59%	437	0.45%	4	0%	0	0%	0	0%	98,000	100%
Malerkotla State	29,459	36.68%	28,413	35.37%	21,828	27.18%	37	0.05%	585	0.73%	0	0%	80,322	100%
Kalsia State	28,769	50.15%	20,394	35.55%	8,014	13.97%	4	0.01%	190	0.33%	0	0%	57,371	100%
Suket State	53,625	98.71%	659	1.21%	44	0.08%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	54,328	100%
Simla District	33,228	73.31%	6,953	15.34%	1,173	2.59%	3,823	8.43%	90	0.2%	60	0.13%	45,327	100%
Dujana State	20,135	77.94%	5,698	22.06%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	25,833	100%
Loharu State	17,978	87.18%	2,625	12.73%	0	0%	0	0%	18	0.09%	0	0%	20,621	100%
Pataudi State	15,090	83.38%	2,898	16.01%	0	0%	0	0%	109	0.6%	0	0%	18,097	100%
Total	7,002,510	53%	3,838,095	29.05%	2,244,205	16.99%	85,909	0.65%	35,391	0.27%	5,965	0.05%	13,212,075	100%
Territory comprises the contemporary subdivisions of Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.

1931 census

Religions in East Punjab, India region (1931)^{[10]: 277 [f]}

  Hinduism^[g] (48.86%)

  Islam (30.17%)

  Sikhism (20.01%)

  Christianity (0.65%)

  Jainism (0.25%)

  Others^[b] (0.05%)

Prior to partition, the eastern portion of Punjab that was ultimately awarded to India following the demarcation of the Radcliffe Line was made into a new province – East Punjab. The area includes the contemporary states of Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh. Below is the religious demographics of this region broken down by district and princely state with an overall total as per the 1931 Indian census.

Religion in the Districts & Princely States of East Punjab, India region (1931)^[10]^: 277^[f]

District/ Princely state	Hinduism [g]		Islam		Sikhism		Christianity		Jainism		Others[b]		Total
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Patiala State	623,597	38.36%	363,920	22.39%	632,972	38.94%	1,449	0.09%	3,578	0.22%	4	0%	1,625,520	100%
Firozpur district	244,688	21.15%	515,430	44.56%	388,108	33.55%	7,070	0.61%	1,411	0.12%	25	0%	1,156,732	100%
Amritsar district	174,556	15.63%	524,676	46.97%	399,951	35.8%	16,619	1.49%	1,272	0.11%	46	0%	1,117,120	100%
Hoshiarpur district	526,182	50.98%	328,078	31.78%	173,147	16.77%	3,764	0.36%	1,016	0.1%	0	0%	1,032,187	100%
Jalandhar district	268,822	28.49%	419,556	44.46%	249,571	26.45%	4,323	0.46%	1,379	0.15%	70	0.01%	943,721	100%
Hisar district	583,429	64.86%	253,784	28.21%	55,169	6.13%	1,107	0.12%	5,988	0.67%	2	0%	899,479	100%
Karnal district	570,297	66.89%	259,730	30.46%	16,928	1.99%	1,469	0.17%	4,190	0.49%	0	0%	852,614	100%
Rohtak district	655,963	81.42%	137,880	17.11%	596	0.07%	4,807	0.6%	6,375	0.79%	0	0%	805,621	100%
Kangra district	752,098	93.86%	40,483	5.05%	2,396	0.3%	576	0.07%	94	0.01%	5,665	0.71%	801,312	100%
Ambala district	346,809	46.68%	230,837	31.07%	155,555	20.94%	7,141	0.96%	2,550	0.34%	10	0%	742,902	100%
Gurgaon district	493,174	66.63%	242,357	32.74%	500	0.07%	1,463	0.2%	2,665	0.36%	4	0%	740,163	100%
Gurdaspur district[c]	154,631	21.37%	367,388	50.78%	162,741	22.49%	38,756	5.36%	15	0%	4	0%	723,535	100%
Ludhiana district	120,161	17.87%	235,598	35.03%	312,829	46.52%	2,477	0.37%	1,419	0.21%	10	0%	672,494	100%
Simla Hill States	317,390	95.93%	10,017	3.03%	1,817	0.55%	176	0.05%	141	0.04%	1,309	0.4%	330,850	100%
Jind State	243,561	75.02%	46,002	14.17%	33,290	10.25%	210	0.06%	1,613	0.5%	0	0%	324,676	100%
Kapurthala State	64,319	20.31%	179,251	56.59%	72,177	22.79%	983	0.31%	27	0.01%	0	0%	316,757	100%
Nabha State	132,354	46.02%	57,393	19.96%	97,452	33.89%	66	0.02%	309	0.11%	0	0%	287,574	100%
Mandi State	199,935	96.37%	6,351	3.06%	899	0.43%	141	0.07%	0	0%	139	0.07%	207,465	100%
Faridkot State	20,855	12.69%	49,912	30.37%	92,880	56.51%	167	0.1%	550	0.33%	0	0%	164,364	100%
Sirmoor State	139,031	93.58%	7,020	4.73%	2,413	1.62%	52	0.04%	52	0.04%	0	0%	148,568	100%
Chamba State	135,254	92.09%	10,839	7.38%	112	0.08%	94	0.06%	3	0%	568	0.39%	146,870	100%
Bilaspur State	99,023	98.05%	1,458	1.44%	507	0.5%	6	0.01%	0	0%	0	0%	100,994	100%
Malerkotla State	21,252	25.58%	31,417	37.82%	28,982	34.89%	135	0.16%	1,286	1.55%	0	0%	83,072	100%
Kalsia State	28,832	48.18%	21,797	36.42%	9,035	15.1%	22	0.04%	162	0.27%	0	0%	59,848	100%
Suket State	57,616	98.64%	733	1.25%	44	0.08%	1	0%	0	0%	14	0.02%	58,408	100%
Simla District	28,661	77.91%	5,810	15.79%	760	2.07%	1,540	4.19%	1	0%	14	0.04%	36,786	100%
Dujana State	22,347	79.2%	5,863	20.78%	1	0%	5	0.02%	0	0%	0	0%	28,216	100%
Loharu State	20,198	86.55%	3,119	13.36%	2	0.01%	1	0%	18	0.08%	0	0%	23,338	100%
Pataudi State	15,596	82.64%	3,168	16.79%	1	0.01%	3	0.02%	105	0.56%	0	0%	18,873	100%
Total	7,060,631	48.86%	4,359,867	30.17%	2,890,835	20.01%	94,623	0.65%	36,219	0.25%	7,884	0.05%	14,450,059	100%
Note: Territory comprises the contemporary subdivisions of Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.

1941 census

Religions in East Punjab, India region (1941)^{[11]: 42 [h]}

  Hinduism^[g] (46.95%)

  Islam (30.88%)

  Sikhism (21.14%)

  Christianity (0.69%)

  Jainism (0.21%)

  Others^[b] (0.12%)

Prior to partition, the eastern portion of Punjab that was ultimately awarded to India following the demarcation of the Radcliffe Line was made into a new province – East Punjab. The area includes the contemporary states of Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh. Below is the religious demographics of this region broken down by district and princely state with an overall total as per the 1941 Indian census.

Religion in the Districts & Princely States of East Punjab, India region (1941)^[11]^: 42^[h]

District/ Princely state	Hinduism [g]		Islam		Sikhism		Christianity		Jainism		Others[b]		Total
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Patiala State	597,488	30.86%	436,539	22.55%	896,021	46.28%	1,592	0.08%	3,101	0.16%	1,518	0.08%	1,936,259	100%
Firozpur district	287,733	20.22%	641,448	45.07%	479,486	33.69%	12,607	0.89%	1,674	0.12%	128	0.01%	1,423,076	100%
Amritsar district	217,431	15.38%	657,695	46.52%	510,845	36.13%	25,973	1.84%	1,911	0.14%	21	0%	1,413,876	100%
Hoshiarpur district	584,080	49.91%	380,759	32.53%	198,194	16.93%	6,165	0.53%	1,125	0.1%	0	0%	1,170,323	100%
Jalandhar district	311,010	27.59%	509,804	45.23%	298,741	26.5%	6,233	0.55%	1,395	0.12%	7	0%	1,127,190	100%
Hisar district	652,842	64.85%	285,208	28.33%	60,731	6.03%	1,292	0.13%	6,126	0.61%	510	0.05%	1,006,709	100%
Karnal district	666,301	66.99%	304,346	30.6%	19,887	2%	1,249	0.13%	2,789	0.28%	3	0%	994,575	100%
Rohtak district	780,474	81.61%	166,569	17.42%	1,466	0.15%	1,043	0.11%	6,847	0.72%	0	0%	956,399	100%
Kangra district	846,531	94.12%	43,249	4.81%	4,809	0.53%	788	0.09%	101	0.01%	3,899	0.43%	899,377	100%
Gurdaspur district[c]	174,221	20.21%	440,323	51.08%	200,688	23.28%	46,743	5.42%	25	0%	6	0%	862,006	100%
Gurgaon district	560,537	65.83%	285,992	33.59%	637	0.07%	1,673	0.2%	2,613	0.31%	6	0%	851,458	100%
Ambala district	412,658	48.68%	268,999	31.73%	156,543	18.47%	6,065	0.72%	3,065	0.36%	415	0.05%	847,745	100%
Ludhiana district	171,715	20.98%	302,482	36.95%	341,175	41.68%	1,913	0.23%	1,279	0.16%	51	0.01%	818,615	100%
Kapurthala State	61,546	16.27%	213,754	56.49%	88,350	23.35%	1,667	0.44%	380	0.1%	12,683	3.35%	378,380	100%
Jind State	268,355	74.17%	50,972	14.09%	40,981	11.33%	161	0.04%	1,294	0.36%	49	0.01%	361,812	100%
Simla Hill States	345,716	96.16%	10,812	3.01%	2,693	0.75%	161	0.04%	126	0.04%	12	0%	359,520	100%
Nabha State	146,518	42.59%	70,373	20.45%	122,451	35.59%	221	0.06%	480	0.14%	1	0%	344,044	100%
Mandi State	227,463	97.79%	4,328	1.86%	583	0.25%	11	0%	0	0%	208	0.09%	232,593	100%
Faridkot State	21,814	10.95%	61,352	30.79%	115,070	57.74%	247	0.12%	800	0.4%	0	0%	199,283	100%
Chamba State	155,910	92.3%	12,318	7.29%	107	0.06%	190	0.11%	0	0%	383	0.23%	168,908	100%
Sirmoor State	146,199	93.7%	7,374	4.73%	2,334	1.5%	38	0.02%	81	0.05%	0	0%	156,026	100%
Bilaspur State	108,375	98.22%	1,498	1.36%	453	0.41%	7	0.01%	3	0%	0	0%	110,336	100%
Malerkotla State	23,482	26.65%	33,881	38.45%	30,320	34.41%	116	0.13%	310	0.35%	0	0%	88,109	100%
Suket State	69,974	98.43%	884	1.24%	234	0.33%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	71,092	100%
Kalsia State	29,866	44.32%	25,049	37.17%	12,235	18.15%	55	0.08%	188	0.28%	0	0%	67,393	100%
Simla District	29,466	76.38%	7,022	18.2%	1,032	2.68%	934	2.42%	114	0.3%	8	0.02%	38,576	100%
Dujana State	23,727	77.37%	6,939	22.63%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	30,666	100%
Loharu State	23,923	85.77%	3,960	14.2%	7	0.03%	2	0.01%	0	0%	0	0%	27,892	100%
Pataudi State	17,728	82.38%	3,655	16.98%	0	0%	9	0.04%	128	0.59%	0	0%	21,520	100%
Total	7,963,083	46.95%	5,237,584	30.88%	3,586,073	21.14%	117,155	0.69%	35,955	0.21%	19,908	0.12%	16,959,758	100%
Note: Territory comprises the contemporary subdivisions of Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.

1951 census

Religions in East Punjab, India region (1951)^[12][i]

  Hinduism (66.44%)

  Sikhism (30.43%)

  Islam (2.14%)

  Christianity (0.63%)

  Jainism (0.35%)

  Others^[b] (0.02%)

Following the partition, the eastern portion of Punjab that was awarded to India following the demarcation of the Radcliffe Line was made into a new province – East Punjab. The area includes the contemporary states of Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh. The first census following partition grouped the East Punjab region together under the name Punjab, Pepsu, Himachal Pradesh, Bilaspur & Delhi.^[12] Below is the religious demographics of this region broken down by district with an overall total as per the 1951 census of India.

Religion in the Districts of East Punjab, India region (1951)^[12]^[i]

District	Hinduism		Sikhism		Islam		Christianity		Jainism		Others[b]		Total
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Delhi district	1,467,854	84.16%	137,096	7.86%	99,501	5.71%	18,685	1.07%	20,174	1.16%	762	0.04%	1,744,072	100%
Firozpur district	505,937	38.67%	780,024	59.62%	4,805	0.37%	11,976	0.92%	5,475	0.42%	20	0%	1,308,237	100%
Amritsar district	351,710	27.69%	897,309	70.64%	4,237	0.33%	14,753	1.16%	2,115	0.17%	196	0.02%	1,270,320	100%
Rohtak district	1,105,046	98.48%	7,907	0.7%	2,562	0.23%	153	0.01%	5,878	0.52%	500	0.04%	1,122,046	100%
Hoshiarpur district	794,688	73.2%	283,720	26.13%	1,353	0.12%	4,027	0.37%	1,823	0.17%	13	0%	1,085,624	100%
Karnal district	974,959	90.33%	96,458	8.94%	3,658	0.34%	490	0.05%	3,813	0.35%	1	0%	1,079,379	100%
Hissar district	954,714	91.3%	80,394	7.69%	3,312	0.32%	609	0.06%	6,609	0.63%	7	0%	1,045,645	100%
Jalandhar district	429,747	42.6%	569,487	56.45%	2,569	0.25%	5,969	0.59%	985	0.1%	9	0%	1,008,766	100%
Gurgaon district	794,019	82.06%	6,310	0.65%	163,663	16.91%	769	0.08%	2,722	0.28%	181	0.02%	967,664	100%
Ambala district	681,477	72.21%	232,456	24.63%	23,106	2.45%	3,690	0.39%	2,983	0.32%	22	0%	943,734	100%
Kangra district	898,564	96.99%	18,401	1.99%	6,426	0.69%	604	0.07%	1,199	0.13%	1,283	0.14%	926,477	100%
Ludhiana district	301,398	37.36%	497,419	61.65%	3,360	0.42%	1,200	0.15%	3,397	0.42%	5	0%	806,779	100%
Gurdaspur district	346,884	45.54%	354,681	46.56%	9,370	1.23%	50,457	6.62%	388	0.05%	2	0%	761,782	100%
Bhatinda district	144,305	21.64%	521,045	78.14%	416	0.06%	450	0.07%	574	0.09%	19	0%	666,809	100%
Sangrur district	420,218	65.36%	215,023	33.44%	3,741	0.58%	341	0.05%	3,610	0.56%	1	0%	642,934	100%
Barnala district	112,635	20.99%	380,811	70.95%	41,673	7.76%	113	0.02%	1,484	0.28%	12	0%	536,728	100%
Patiala district	273,087	52.09%	246,953	47.1%	2,893	0.55%	499	0.1%	689	0.13%	148	0.03%	524,269	100%
Mohinder Garh district	438,347	98.93%	2,615	0.59%	1,450	0.33%	5	0%	657	0.15%	0	0%	443,074	100%
Mahasu district	327,998	99.21%	730	0.22%	1,795	0.54%	85	0.03%	4	0%	2	0%	330,614	100%
Mandi district	308,302	99.25%	1,056	0.34%	1,268	0.41%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	310,626	100%
Kapurthala district	104,679	35.48%	187,568	63.57%	854	0.29%	1,547	0.52%	269	0.09%	154	0.05%	295,071	100%
Fatehgarh Sahib district	80,141	33.76%	154,714	65.17%	2,269	0.96%	267	0.11%	6	0%	0	0%	237,397	100%
Chamba district	170,333	96.75%	300	0.17%	5,208	2.96%	208	0.12%	1	0%	0	0%	176,050	100%
Sirmoor district	157,815	95.03%	2,626	1.58%	5,588	3.36%	19	0.01%	29	0.02%	0	0%	166,077	100%
Kohistan district	130,937	88.83%	13,206	8.96%	2,617	1.78%	343	0.23%	289	0.2%	11	0.01%	147,403	100%
Bilaspur district	124,393	98.65%	307	0.24%	1,394	1.11%	5	0%	0	0%	0	0%	126,099	100%
Simla district	37,287	80.8%	7,417	16.07%	659	1.43%	596	1.29%	131	0.28%	60	0.13%	46,150	100%
Total	12,437,474	66.44%	5,696,033	30.43%	399,747	2.14%	117,860	0.63%	65,304	0.35%	3,408	0.02%	18,719,826	100%
Note: Territory comprises the contemporary subdivisions of Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, Delhi, and Himachal Pradesh.

1961 census

Religions in East Punjab, India region (1961)^{[13][14][15][16][j]}

  Hinduism (67.75%)

  Sikhism (28.71%)

  Islam (2.36%)

  Christianity (0.74%)

  Jainism (0.32%)

  Others^[b] (0.11%)

The religious demography of the East Punjab region including the contemporary states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, and National Capital Territory of Delhi is broken down by district with an overall total as per the 1961 census of India.^{[13][14][15][16]}

Religion in the Districts of East Punjab, India region (1961)^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[j]

District	Hinduism		Sikhism		Islam		Christianity		Jainism		Others[b]		Total
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
National Capital Territory of Delhi	2,234,597	84.05%	203,916	7.67%	155,453	5.85%	29,269	1.1%	29,595	1.11%	5,782	0.22%	2,658,612	100%
Firozpur district	657,712	40.62%	936,953	57.87%	3,369	0.21%	19,234	1.19%	1,746	0.11%	102	0.01%	1,619,116	100%
Hissar district	1,374,258	89.21%	152,719	9.91%	6,203	0.4%	1,022	0.07%	6,021	0.39%	285	0.02%	1,540,508	100%
Amritsar district	506,170	32.98%	990,344	64.52%	2,401	0.16%	33,739	2.2%	1,987	0.13%	275	0.02%	1,534,916	100%
Karnal district	1,293,354	86.78%	177,602	11.92%	14,159	0.95%	2,094	0.14%	3,207	0.22%	14	0%	1,490,430	100%
Sangrur district	738,816	51.86%	622,227	43.67%	55,738	3.91%	577	0.04%	7,328	0.51%	2	0%	1,424,688	100%
Rohtak district	1,400,347	98.59%	6,439	0.45%	7,349	0.52%	355	0.02%	5,471	0.39%	430	0.03%	1,420,391	100%
Ambala district	981,288	71.45%	340,968	24.83%	40,351	2.94%	4,877	0.36%	5,318	0.39%	675	0.05%	1,373,477	100%
Gurgaon district	1,011,862	81.56%	8,362	0.67%	216,767	17.47%	730	0.06%	2,930	0.24%	55	0%	1,240,706	100%
Hoshiarpur district	835,436	67.73%	381,965	30.97%	7,050	0.57%	7,207	0.58%	1,794	0.15%	41	0%	1,233,493	100%
Jalandhar district	662,631	53.99%	550,232	44.83%	3,184	0.26%	8,733	0.71%	2,278	0.19%	309	0.03%	1,227,367	100%
Kangra district	1,043,387	98.2%	8,854	0.83%	6,701	0.63%	1,251	0.12%	127	0.01%	2,198	0.21%	1,062,518	100%
Bhatinda district	285,967	27.1%	762,677	72.28%	3,340	0.32%	956	0.09%	2,209	0.21%	28	0%	1,055,177	100%
Patiala district	480,086	45.78%	553,438	52.77%	11,714	1.12%	1,565	0.15%	1,944	0.19%	31	0%	1,048,778	100%
Ludhiana district	365,429	35.74%	644,266	63.01%	4,686	0.46%	2,638	0.26%	5,110	0.5%	390	0.04%	1,022,519	100%
Gurdaspur district	494,635	50.06%	424,190	42.93%	5,566	0.56%	62,231	6.3%	69	0.01%	1,303	0.13%	987,994	100%
Mahendragarh district	543,480	99.2%	2,222	0.41%	1,456	0.27%	29	0.01%	663	0.12%	0	0%	547,850	100%
Mandi district	380,453	99.01%	1,759	0.46%	1,868	0.49%	28	0.01%	10	0%	141	0.04%	384,259	100%
Mahasu district	354,247	98.68%	793	0.22%	2,958	0.82%	203	0.06%	9	0%	759	0.21%	358,969	100%
Kapurthala district	140,828	40.96%	200,117	58.21%	856	0.25%	1,535	0.45%	416	0.12%	26	0.01%	343,778	100%
Chamba district	197,821	93.94%	398	0.19%	10,512	4.99%	105	0.05%	10	0%	1,733	0.82%	210,579	100%
Sirmur district	185,020	93.66%	3,867	1.96%	8,203	4.15%	221	0.11%	64	0.03%	176	0.09%	197,551	100%
Bilaspur district	155,094	97.66%	1,593	1%	2,078	1.31%	35	0.02%	2	0%	4	0%	158,806	100%
Simla district	104,784	93.01%	5,392	4.79%	1,214	1.08%	1,059	0.94%	135	0.12%	69	0.06%	112,653	100%
Kinnaur district	37,384	91.22%	27	0.07%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	3,569	8.71%	40,980	100%
Lahaul and Spiti district	9,575	46.81%	162	0.79%	1,210	5.92%	2	0.01%	1	0%	9,503	46.46%	20,453	100%
Total	16,474,661	67.75%	6,981,482	28.71%	574,386	2.36%	179,695	0.74%	78,444	0.32%	27,900	0.11%	24,316,568	100%
Note: Territory comprises the contemporary subdivisions of Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, Delhi, and Himachal Pradesh.

2011 census

Religion

Religion in East Punjab (2011)^[17]

  Hinduism (65.94%)

  Sikhism (28.63%)

  Islam (4.13%)

  Others (1.3%)

East Punjab comprising the states of (Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Union territory of Chandigarh) had a population of 61,014,852 people as of 2011 census report of India. The Hindus form a majority in East Punjab region with 40,234,605 adherents comprising (65.94%), Sikhs are 17,466,731 comprising (28.62%) of the region, Muslims are 2,518,159 comprising (4.12%) of the region and others are 795,357 including Christians, Buddhists, Jains, and atheists together comprising remaining (1.3%) of the region.

Sikhs are the majority in Punjab, while Hindus form the majority in Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, and Chandigarh. Muslims survived in districts of Malerkotla and Nuh. Christians have dominance in Punjab while Bhuddhist dominate Lahaul and Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh. ^[18]

Language

Languages spoken in East Punjab (2011)^[19]

  Punjabi (46.16%)

  Hindi (26.64%)

  Haryanvi (15.44%)

  Pahari languages (7.53%)

  Others (4.23%)

As per 2011 census, Punjabi is the most spoken language and is spoken by 28,166,306 people, followed by Hindi which is spoken by 16,259,205 people, Haryanvi by 9,423,138 people and Western Pahari language by 4,599,283 people. While 2,580,928 people speaks other languages like Nepali.^[20]

Modern usage

Since it ceased to be the name of a state, "East Punjab" has been used in India to refer to the eastern part of the present Punjab state, while in Pakistan it means the eastern part of Pakistan's Punjab province, although Pakistanis also sometimes refer to the current Indian Punjab as "East Punjab".^[21] Terms East and West Punjab are also often used in modern India and Pakistan when making a comparison between the two territories.

See also

• History of Punjab
• West Punjab
• Punjab region

Notes

1. 1901 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hisar, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Delhi, Karnal, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Firozpur, Amritsar, Simla, Kangra, Ambala, Hoshiarpur, and Gurdaspur (minus Shakargarh Tehsil)), and princely states (Loharu, Dujana, Pataudi, Kalsia, Kapurthala, Malerkotla, Faridkot, Patiala, Jind, Nabha, Nahan, Simla Hill, Mandi, Suket, and Chamba) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1901 census data here: ^[5]: 34
   Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh, and Bilaspur State. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.
2. Including Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Tribals, others, or not stated
3. Does not include Shakargarh Tehsil, which was awarded to Pakistan as part of the Radcliffe Line.
4. 1911 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hisar, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Delhi, Karnal, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Firozpur, Amritsar, Simla, Kangra, Ambala, Hoshiarpur, and Gurdaspur (minus Shakargarh Tehsil)), and princely states (Loharu, Dujana, Pataudi, Kalsia, Kapurthala, Malerkotla, Faridkot, Patiala, Jind, Nabha, Nahan, Simla Hill, Mandi, Suket, and Chamba) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1911 census data here: ^{[7]: 27 [8]: 27}
   Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh, and Bilaspur State. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.
5. 1921 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hisar, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Karnal, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Firozpur, Amritsar, Simla, Kangra, Ambala, Hoshiarpur, and Gurdaspur (minus Shakargarh Tehsil)), and princely states (Loharu, Dujana, Pataudi, Kalsia, Kapurthala, Malerkotla, Faridkot, Patiala, Jind, Nabha, Nahan, Simla Hill, Bilaspur, Mandi, Suket, and Chamba) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1921 census data here:^[9]: 29
   Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh, and Bilaspur State. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.
6. 1931 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hisar, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Karnal, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Firozpur, Amritsar, Simla, Kangra, Ambala, Hoshiarpur, and Gurdaspur (minus Shakargarh Tehsil)), and princely states (Loharu, Dujana, Pataudi, Kalsia, Kapurthala, Malerkotla, Faridkot, Patiala, Jind, Nabha, Sirmoor, Simla Hill, Bilaspur, Mandi, Suket, and Chamba) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1931 census data here:^[10]: 277
   Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh, and Bilaspur State. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.
7. Including Ad-Dharmis
8. 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hisar, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Karnal, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Firozpur, Amritsar, Simla, Kangra, Ambala, Hoshiarpur, and Gurdaspur (minus Shakargarh Tehsil)), and princely states (Loharu, Dujana, Pataudi, Kalsia, Kapurthala, Malerkotla, Faridkot, Patiala, Jind, Nabha, Sirmoor, Simla Hill, Bilaspur, Mandi, Suket, and Chamba) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1941 census data here:^[11]: 42
   Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh, and Bilaspur State. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.
9. Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, districts and Princely states that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line formed up the subdivision of East Punjab, which included Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh, Bilaspur State, and Delhi.^[12] The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, Delhi and Himachal Pradesh.
10. Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, districts and Princely states that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line formed the subdivision of East Punjab, which included Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh, Bilaspur State, and Delhi.^[12] The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, and the National Capital Territory of Delhi.

References

1. Shimla Then & Now. Indus Publishing. 1 January 1996. ISBN 9788173870460 – via Google Books.
2. "Salient features of the act" (PDF). Retrieved 9 February 2013.
3. S. Gajrani, History, Religion and Culture of India (2004), p. 217
4. "Punjab Legislative Assembly". Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
5. "Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A]. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province". 1901. JSTOR saoa.crl.25363739. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
6. "Punjab District Gazetteers Gurdaspur District Vol.21 Statistical Tables". 1913. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
7. "Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables". 1911. JSTOR saoa.crl.25393788. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
8. Kaul, Harikishan (1911). "Census Of India 1911 Punjab Vol XIV Part II". Retrieved 3 March 2024.
9. "Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables". 1921. JSTOR saoa.crl.25430165. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
10. "Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables". 1931. JSTOR saoa.crl.25793242. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
11. India Census Commissioner (1941). "Census of India, 1941. Vol. 6, Punjab". JSTOR saoa.crl.28215541. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
12. Vashishta, Lakshmi Chandra; India. Superintendent Of Census Operations, Punjab (1951). "Census of India, 1951: Punjab, Pepsu, Himachal Pradesh, Bilaspur & Delhi". p. 298. JSTOR saoa.crl.25803729. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
13. "Paper No 1 of 1963, India - Census 1961". Census Digital Library. pp. 4–9. Retrieved 1 January 2025.
14. "Social and Cultural Tables, Part II-C(i) , Vol-XIII, Punjab - Census 1961". Census Digital Library. p. 349. Retrieved 1 January 2025.
15. "Cultural & Migration Tables, Part II-C, Volume-XX, Himachal Pradesh - Census 1961". Census Digital Library. p. 143. Retrieved 1 January 2025.
16. "Cultural and Migration Tables, Part II-C, Vol-XIX, Delhi - Census 1961". Census Digital Library. p. 193. Retrieved 1 January 2025.
17. https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11361 ^{[bare URL]}
18. https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11361 ^{[bare URL]}
19. https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191 ^{[bare URL]}
20. https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191 ^{[bare URL]}
21. "Ties will grow, says Indian Punjab CM". 31 January 2004.