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East African black mud turtle
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 2.3)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Testudines
Suborder:	Pleurodira
Family:	Pelomedusidae
Genus:	Pelusios
Species:	P. subniger
Binomial name
	Pelusios subniger; (Lacépède, 1788)

The East African black mud turtle (Pelusios subniger), also known as the Pan terrapin,^[3] is a species of turtle in the family Pelomedusidae, native to eastern and southeastern Africa.

Description

The East African black mud turtle has a smooth, domed carapace with a length of 5.1-7.9 in. The carapace is typically dark brown, gray, or black, often with yellow or dark markings on the margins. They are rather dull in color like most of their genus. The plastron is hinged. The underside of the turtle can be brown, grey, black, or yellow. The upper jaw has a blunt, smooth shape. The head of an adult is generally uniform in color. As in all side-necked turtles, the neck retracts the head sideways instead of vertically into the shell.^[4] This species may be confused with the West African mud turtle.

Two subspecies are recognized:^[5]

P. s. subniger　Bonnaterre, 1789 - 　type species
P. s. parietalis　Bour, 1983 -　Seychelles black mud turtle

Distribution and habitat

The species occurs in much of eastern and southeastern tropical and subtropical Africa, with a southern limit in Zimbabwe, and including Madagascar and the Seychelles (P. s. parietalis in the latter location). Nonindigenous populations exist on Mauritius Island, Guadeloupe, Glorieuses Îsles, and Diego Garcia.^[6] It inhabits marshes, lakes and streams.^[7]

Ecology

The East African black mud turtle is omnivorous and takes fish, invertebrates, and plants.^[7] It is known to reach an age of over fifty years in captivity and forty-seven years in the wild. Females lay nests of 3-12 eggs. They lay their eggs in the spring and bury them in mud. Eggs take about two months to hatch. Although the East Africa black mud turtle can be seen basking throughout the day, they are more active at night and are considered to be nocturnal. They have been observed to burrow into the mud to regulate their body temperature.^[8]

Conservation

The nominate subspecies is currently classified as least concern by the IUCN,^[1] while the Seychelles subspecies is thought to be critically endangered.^[2]^[9]

In captivity

The East African black mud turtle does well in captivity. It is a hearty, mid-sized turtle that does well in a twenty-gallon tank. They must be given room to swim and ideally a place to bask under a warm light as well. They can experience skin problems if the Ph of the water is not maintained between 6.0 and 6.5. As tropical species, a temperature of 78-82 degrees F should be maintained.^[10] These turtles are easy to handle and are not aggressive towards humans but are highly aggressive towards other turtles, thus cannot be housed with other breeds of turtles and should be introduced slowly to conspecifics. They will attack and kill birds, mice, insects and nearly anything else they can get a hold of so if you house them outdoors screening over their habitat is a good consideration. Although these turtles rarely get sick, allowing birds and rodents into their habitat could also introduce disease.^[11]

References

^ ^a ^b Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group (2016). "Pelusios subniger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T41602A97386507.
^ ^a ^b Gerlach, J. (2003). "Pelusios subniger ssp. parietalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2003: e.T41604A10504742. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T41604A10504742.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
^ Broadley, Donald G. (1973). "Provisional List of Vernacular Names for Rhodesian Reptiles and Amphibians". The Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa. 10 (1): 17–24. doi:10.1080/04416651.1973.9650652.
^ Branch, B (1998). Field Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of Southern Africa. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books Publishing. p. 399.
^ Turtle Taxonomy Working Group; Rhodin, A. G. J.; van Dijk, P. P.; Iverson, J. B.; Shaffer, H. B. (2010). "Turtles of the World, 2010 update: annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status". In Rhodin, A. G. J.; Pritchard, P. C. H.; van Dijk, P. P.; Saumure, R. A.; Buhlmann, K. A.; Iverson, J. B.; Mittermeier, R. A. (eds.). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. Chelonian Research Monographs. Vol. 5pages=000.85–000.164. pp. 000.85 – 000.164. doi:10.3854/crm.5.000.checklist.v3.2010. ISBN 978-0965354097.
^ Iverson, John B. (1992). A Checklist with Distribution Maps of the Turtles of the World. Richmond, Indiana: John B. Iverson. p. 283.
^ ^a ^b "East African Black Mud Turtle - Pelusios subniger subniger". Maryland Zoo.
^ "East African black mud turtle fact file". Wildscreen Arkive. Archived from the original on 2016-11-21. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
^ IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. "Pelusios subniger parietalis Bour 1983 – Seychelles Black Mud Turtle". IUCN Species Survival Commission.
^ "African Mud Turtle Pelusios subniger". Turtle Puddle.
^ "West African Mud Turtle Care Sheet". Reptile Magazine. 16 September 2014.