Earth orbit rendezvous

Gemini 7 as seen from Gemini 6 during their rendezvous in Earth orbit in 1965 (NASA)

Earth orbit rendezvous (EOR) is a method for conducting round trip human flights to the Moon, involving the use of space rendezvous to assemble, and possibly fuel, components of a translunar vehicle in low Earth orbit.^[1] It was considered as an alternative to direct ascent but ultimately rejected in favor of lunar orbit rendezvous (LOR) for NASA's Apollo program of the 1960s and 1970s,^[2] mainly because LOR does not require a spacecraft big enough to both make the return trip from Earth orbit to splash down in the ocean, and a soft landing on the lunar surface.^[3] The two main proposed methodologies were: the in-space assembly of fueled spacecraft modules via docking techniques; and the in-space refueling of fully assembled spacecraft.^[4] This was the preferred approach adopted by the Soviet Union for achieving human lunar missions.^[5]

Three decades later, it was planned to be used for Project Constellation, until that program's cancellation in October 2010.^[6]

Gemini and Agena target vehicle

The Agena target vehicle (ATV) was used for testing Earth orbit rendezvous in the NASA Gemini Program. Gemini 6 and Gemini 7 rendezvoused in orbit in 1965, but without Agena. Next, Gemini 8 successfully docked with the Agena on March 16, 1966. The Agena-Gemini rendezvous also achieved other objectives in later Gemini launches, including docked orbital maneuvering (Gemini 10 and Gemini 11), inspection of the abandoned Gemini 8 ATV (Gemini 10) and space walks (Gemini 12).^[7]

Apollo

1961 sketch showing 10 C-1 launches required to assemble in Earth orbit an Apollo lunar landing mission.

The EOR proposal for Apollo consisted of using a series of small rockets half the size of a Saturn V to put different components of a spacecraft to go to the Moon in orbit around the Earth, then assemble them in orbit. Experiments of Project Gemini involving docking with the Agena target vehicle were designed partly to test the feasibility of this program.^{[citation needed]}

In the end, NASA employed the Lunar Orbit Rendezvous for the Apollo Program: a Saturn V would simultaneously lift both the Apollo Command and Lunar Modules into low Earth orbit, and then the Saturn V third stage would fire again (Trans-lunar injection) to send both spacecraft to the Moon.^[8]

Constellation

This mode had been revived for Project Constellation as the Earth Departure Stage (EDS) and Altair (LSAM), which would be launched into low Earth orbit on the Ares V rocket. The EDS and Altair would be met by the separately launched Orion (CEV). Once joined in low Earth orbit, the three would then travel out to the Moon and the Orion/Altair combination would fly a lunar orbit rendezvous flight pattern.^{[citation needed]}

References

1. "LOW EARTH ORBIT RENDEZVOUS STRATEGY FOR LUNAR MISSIONS" http://www.informs-sim.org/wsc06papers/158.pdf
2. Launius, Roger D. (2019-06-25). Reaching for the Moon: A Short History of the Space Race. Yale University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvhrcxzx. ISBN 978-0-300-24516-5. JSTOR j.ctvhrcxzx.
3. "Lunar Orbit Rendezvous and the Apollo Program" http://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/factsheets/Rendezvous.html Archived 2013-04-06 at the Wayback Machine
4. Holmes, Brainerd (October 1962). "Manned Space Flight". AIBS Bulletin. 12 (5). Oxford University Press: 56–9. doi:10.2307/1293010. JSTOR 1293010.
5. Simons, Howard (March 28, 1965). "Historic Flight Prove Moon Race Is On". The Miami Herald.
6. Connolly, John F. (October 2006). "Constellation Program Overview" http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/163092main_constellation_program_overview.pdf Archived 2007-07-10 at the Wayback Machine
7. Sparrow, Giles (2007). Spaceflight : the complete story from Sputnik to shuttle -- and beyond. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 110. ISBN 9781405318181. OCLC 124970031.
8. "Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft". NASA. 1979. Archived from the original on 2004-11-18. Retrieved 2007-04-27.