Duncan, British Columbia

Duncan
City
The Corporation of the City of Duncan
Duncan City Hall
Motto:  City of Totems
Duncan Location of Duncan in British Columbia Show map of Vancouver Island Duncan Duncan (British Columbia) Show map of British Columbia
Coordinates: 48°46′43″N 123°42′29″W
Country	Canada
Province	British Columbia
Region	Vancouver Island
Regional district	Cowichan Valley
Incorporated	1912
Government
• Governing body	Duncan City Council
• Mayor	Michelle Staples
Area
• City	2.07 km^2 (0.80 sq mi)
• Urban	373.71 km^2 (144.29 sq mi)
Elevation	20 m (70 ft)
Population  (2021)
• City	5,047
• Density	2,444.5/km^2 (6,331/sq mi)
• Urban	23,278
• Urban density	1,070.5/km^2 (2,773/sq mi)
• Metro	44,451
• Metro density	118.9/km^2 (308/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC−8 (PST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−7 (PDT)
Forward sortation area	V9L
Area code(s)	250, 778, 236, 672
Highways	Highway 1 (TCH)
Waterways	Cowichan River
Website	duncan.ca

Sign welcoming visitors to the city of Duncan, on Vancouver Island, British Columbia

Duncan (pop. 5,047 in 2021) is a city on southern Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada. It is the smallest city by area (2.07 square kilometres, 0.8 square miles) in Canada.^[1] It was incorporated in 1912.

Location

The city is about 45 kilometres from both Victoria to the south and Nanaimo to the north.

Although the City of Duncan has a population of just over 5,000, it serves the Cowichan Valley which has a population of approximately 90,000,^[2] many of whom live in North Cowichan and Cowichan Tribes. This gives Duncan a much larger perceived "greater" population than that contained within the city limits. People in areas of North Cowichan and bordering on Duncan usually use "Duncan" as their mailing address.

Duncan has one seat on the Cowichan Valley Regional District Board. The name Cowichan is an Anglicization of Halkomelem Quw̓utsun̓, which means "the warm land".

Transportation

The city is served by the Trans-Canada Highway which connects the city to Nanaimo in the north and Victoria to the south. Highway 1 through Duncan is a four-lane street with two signalized intersections (within the city limits) and a speed limit of 50 km/h.^{[citation needed]} Duncan has a base maximum speed limit of 30 km/h.

British Columbia Highway 18 connects Duncan (via North Cowichan) to the town of Lake Cowichan to the west.

Public transit is provided in conjunction between BC Transit, the Cowichan Valley Regional Transit System and the Nanaimo Regional Transit System

Duncan is connected to the two largest communities on Vancouver Island, Nanaimo and Victoria, through regular bus service.

Public transit provides connections from Duncan to the surrounding communities including Lake Cowichan, Crofton, Chemainus, and Ladysmith as well as communities to the south including Cobble Hill, Shawnigan Lake and Mill Bay. Mill Bay service includes routing to the Malahat first nation and the Mill Bay to Brentwood Bay Ferry across the Saanich Inlet.

The Nanaimo Regional Transit System provides daily (except Sunday) bus service between Duncan and Nanaimo including a stop at the Nanaimo Airport.

The Island Rail Corridor railway line still passes through Duncan along the coast of Vancouver Island, but trains have long since stopped running on it. Both freight service and the Crown corporation VIA Rail passenger service have been suspended due to deferred maintenance on the rail line.

Duncan is serviced by the neighbouring Maple Bay Airport (YAQ) in North Cowichan, which offers services to Vancouver Downtown, Vancouver Airport, Ganges on Salt Spring Island and Bedwell Harbour on Pender Island. Service is provided by Saltspring Air and Harbour Air.

History

The community is named after William Chalmers Duncan^[3][1] (born 1836 in Sarnia, Ontario). He arrived in Victoria in May 1862, then in August of that year he was one of the party of a 78 settlers which Governor Douglas took to Cowichan Bay.^[4] After going off on several gold rushes, Duncan settled close to the present City of Duncan. He married in 1876, and his son Kenneth became the first Mayor of Duncan. There is a Kenneth Street, as well as a Duncan Street, in the City.^[5]: 69

Duncan's farm was named Alderlea, and this was the first name of the adjacent settlement. In August 1886, the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway was opened. No stop had been scheduled at Alderlea for the inaugural train bearing Sir John A. Macdonald and Robert Dunsmuir. However, at Duncan's Crossing, the level crossing nearest Alderlea, a crowd of 2,000 had assembled around a decorated arch and the train came to an unplanned halt.^[5]: 69 According to this legend, a train station was established at the settlement and the city built around it.^[6] Initially part of the District of North Cowichan, Duncan felt its needs as an urban settlement in the largely rural municipality were not being met, in particular the need to have proper roadways.^[7] After a particularly wet winter in 1911–1912, a vote was held to make Duncan a distinct city, and it was incorporated on 4 March 1912.^[8] With the enlargement of North Cowichan in the ensuing decades, there was an effort to re-unite the two municipalities, though a referndum on the matter in June 1978 was soundly defeated.^[9]

In the early 1900s, Duncan's Chinatown was the social centre for the Cowichan Valley's Chinese population. Chinatown was concentrated in a single block in the southwestern corner of Duncan. At its largest point, Duncan's Chinatown included six Chinese families and 30 merchants who supplied goods and services to the loggers, millworkers, cannery and mine workers in the area.^[10] The city tore the buildings down in 1969 to build a new law courts complex. Some materials from the original buildings were used at Whippletree Junction.^[11]

In the 1980s, the city was noted in coverage related to the 1985 bombings at Narita Airport in Japan and aboard Air India Flight 182, Canada's largest murder case. Resident Inderjit Singh Reyat purchased bomb parts and a radio at Duncan stores, and used the radio to conceal the bomb. Less than two weeks prior to the bombings, Reyat and suspected Air India mastermind Talwinder Singh Parmar were observed testing explosives in the woods outside of Duncan by the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS).^[12]

Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Duncan had a population of 5,047 living in 2,454 of its 2,620 total private dwellings, a change of 2.1% from its 2016 population of 4,944. With a land area of 2.06 km² (0.80 sq mi), it had a population density of 2,450.0/km² (6,345.5/sq mi) in 2021.^[13]

Ethnicity

Panethnic groups in the City of Duncan (1986−2021)

Panethnic group	2021[14]		2016[15]		2011[16]		2006[17]		2001[18]		1996[19]		1991[20][21]		1986[22][23][24]: 97
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
European[a]	3,625	78.04%	3,605	80.65%	3,740	83.86%	4,155	85.06%	3,530	79.5%	3,810	86%	3,620	89.27%	3,380	87.23%
Indigenous	760	16.36%	630	14.09%	485	10.87%	525	10.75%	735	16.55%	395	8.92%	200	4.93%	300	7.74%
Southeast Asian[b]	60	1.29%	35	0.78%	105	2.35%	60	1.23%	0	0%	0	0%	30	0.74%	15	0.39%
African	55	1.18%	60	1.34%	0	0%	20	0.41%	20	0.45%	15	0.34%	0	0%	0	0%
South Asian	40	0.86%	65	1.45%	40	0.9%	35	0.72%	50	1.13%	75	1.69%	160	3.95%	105	2.71%
East Asian[c]	30	0.65%	40	0.89%	70	1.57%	80	1.64%	90	2.03%	115	2.6%	45	1.11%	70	1.81%
Latin American	20	0.43%	15	0.34%	0	0%	10	0.2%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%
Middle Eastern[d]	10	0.22%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	20	0.45%	0	0%	5	0.13%
Other/Multiracial[e]	25	0.54%	25	0.56%	0	0%	0	0%	20	0.45%	0	0%	—	—	—	—
Total responses	4,645	92.03%	4,470	90.41%	4,460	90.43%	4,885	97.97%	4,440	94.49%	4,430	96.56%	4,055	94.28%	3,875	95.94%
Total population	5,047	100%	4,944	100%	4,932	100%	4,986	100%	4,699	100%	4,588	100%	4,301	100%	4,039	100%
Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses

Religion

According to the 2021 census, religious groups in Duncan included:^[14]

• Irreligion (2,780 persons or 59.8%)
• Christianity (1,590 persons or 34.2%)
• Indigenous Spirituality (45 persons or 1.0%)
• Sikhism (30 persons or 0.6%)
• Judaism (25 persons or 0.5%)
• Buddhism (20 persons or 0.4%)
• Islam (15 persons or 0.3%)
• Other (140 persons or 3.0%)

Religious groups in Duncan (1991−2021)

Religious group	2021[14]		2011[16]		2001[18]		1991[20]
	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%	Pop.	%
Christian	1,590	34.23%	2,200	49.33%	2,515	56.64%	2,730	67.32%
Indigenous spirituality	45	0.97%	0	0%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Sikh	30	0.65%	25	0.56%	60	1.35%	130	3.21%
Jewish	25	0.54%	0	0%	10	0.23%	0	0%
Buddhist	20	0.43%	30	0.67%	50	1.13%	0	0%
Muslim	15	0.32%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%
Hindu	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%	0	0%
Other religion	140	3.01%	90	2.02%	40	0.9%	0	0%
Irreligious	2,780	59.85%	2,100	47.09%	1,760	39.64%	1,185	29.22%
Total responses	4,645	92.03%	4,460	90.43%	4,440	94.49%	4,055	94.28%

Attractions

The City of Duncan was incorporated in 1912 and is known for one of the largest totem pole collections. The City was officially named "City of Totems" in 1985. The City had 44 totem poles in the collection, however one was destroyed in an auto accident, one was gifted to Kaikohe, New Zealand and one returned to earth. In 2007, the City of Duncan deemed copyright privileges of the totem poles. The use of the totems' images for commercial purposes requires the City of Duncan's approval.^[25] The Cowichan Historical Society (Museum) provides free totem tours in the summer months.

Duncan has a large Indigenous community and is the traditional home of the Cowichan Tribes, who are the largest band among the Coast Salish people. The Coast Salish men and women of the Cowichan Tribes are makers of the world-famous Cowichan Sweaters.^{[citation needed]}

Before the Canada–United States softwood lumber dispute, Duncan and the whole Cowichan Valley were a thriving lumber centre in British Columbia.^{[citation needed]}

Cowichan Community Centre is located in the jurisdiction of the Municipality of North Cowichan, and serves purpose for all citizens in the Cowichan Valley Regional District (CVRD), including swimming and skating facilities.

Climate

According to the Köppen climate classification, Duncan has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csb).

Climate data for Duncan Forestry; 6 m (20 ft) asl (1971–2000 normals)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	15.0 (59.0)	19.4 (66.9)	21.1 (70.0)	25.6 (78.1)	33.5 (92.3)	41.5 (106.7)	38.2 (100.8)	37.5 (99.5)	34.5 (94.1)	28.4 (83.1)	18.9 (66.0)	17.0 (62.6)	41.5 (106.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	6.1 (43.0)	8.0 (46.4)	10.6 (51.1)	13.9 (57.0)	17.4 (63.3)	20.3 (68.5)	23.3 (73.9)	23.6 (74.5)	20.3 (68.5)	14.8 (58.6)	8.8 (47.8)	6.3 (43.3)	14.5 (58.1)
Daily mean °C (°F)	2.6 (36.7)	4.1 (39.4)	5.9 (42.6)	8.5 (47.3)	11.9 (53.4)	14.7 (58.5)	17.0 (62.6)	17.1 (62.8)	13.8 (56.8)	9.3 (48.7)	5.0 (41.0)	2.9 (37.2)	9.4 (48.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−1.1 (30.0)	0.1 (32.2)	1.2 (34.2)	3.0 (37.4)	6.2 (43.2)	9.1 (48.4)	10.7 (51.3)	10.5 (50.9)	7.2 (45.0)	3.8 (38.8)	1.2 (34.2)	−0.5 (31.1)	4.3 (39.7)
Record low °C (°F)	−21.1 (−6.0)	−15.5 (4.1)	−12.0 (10.4)	−3.9 (25.0)	−2.2 (28.0)	1.7 (35.1)	3.3 (37.9)	2.2 (36.0)	−3.0 (26.6)	−6.7 (19.9)	−17.0 (1.4)	−21.7 (−7.1)	−21.7 (−7.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	145.3 (5.72)	130.1 (5.12)	101.7 (4.00)	54.0 (2.13)	44.4 (1.75)	37.3 (1.47)	20.3 (0.80)	25.3 (1.00)	46.7 (1.84)	80.0 (3.15)	168.8 (6.65)	185.5 (7.30)	1,039.2 (40.91)
Average rainfall mm (inches)	129.5 (5.10)	122.2 (4.81)	99.7 (3.93)	53.9 (2.12)	44.4 (1.75)	37.3 (1.47)	20.3 (0.80)	25.3 (1.00)	46.7 (1.84)	79.5 (3.13)	163.3 (6.43)	171.1 (6.74)	993.1 (39.10)
Average snowfall cm (inches)	15.8 (6.2)	7.9 (3.1)	2.0 (0.8)	0.2 (0.1)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.4 (0.2)	5.4 (2.1)	14.4 (5.7)	46.1 (18.1)
Source: Environment Canada[26]

Climate data for Duncan Kelvin Creek; 103 m (338 ft) asl (1971–2000 normals)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	16.5 (61.7)	18.5 (65.3)	23.5 (74.3)	28.5 (83.3)	32.0 (89.6)	34.0 (93.2)	36.0 (96.8)	34.5 (94.1)	35.0 (95.0)	27.0 (80.6)	18.0 (64.4)	17.5 (63.5)	36.0 (96.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	6.8 (44.2)	8.7 (47.7)	11.2 (52.2)	14.8 (58.6)	18.4 (65.1)	21.3 (70.3)	24.7 (76.5)	24.6 (76.3)	22.1 (71.8)	15.1 (59.2)	9.5 (49.1)	6.2 (43.2)	15.3 (59.5)
Daily mean °C (°F)	3.6 (38.5)	4.4 (39.9)	6.3 (43.3)	9.1 (48.4)	12.4 (54.3)	15.3 (59.5)	17.9 (64.2)	17.8 (64.0)	15.2 (59.4)	10.1 (50.2)	5.8 (42.4)	3.3 (37.9)	10.1 (50.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	0.3 (32.5)	0.0 (32.0)	1.4 (34.5)	3.4 (38.1)	6.3 (43.3)	9.1 (48.4)	11.1 (52.0)	11.0 (51.8)	8.1 (46.6)	5.1 (41.2)	2.1 (35.8)	−0.4 (31.3)	4.8 (40.6)
Record low °C (°F)	−21.1 (−6.0)	−15.5 (4.1)	−12.0 (10.4)	−3.9 (25.0)	−2.2 (28.0)	1.7 (35.1)	3.3 (37.9)	2.2 (36.0)	−3.0 (26.6)	−6.7 (19.9)	−17.0 (1.4)	−21.7 (−7.1)	−21.7 (−7.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	248.3 (9.78)	139.1 (5.48)	135.4 (5.33)	82.6 (3.25)	49.1 (1.93)	36.7 (1.44)	22.3 (0.88)	33.2 (1.31)	31.6 (1.24)	119.4 (4.70)	227.9 (8.97)	235.6 (9.28)	1,361.2 (53.59)
Average rainfall mm (inches)	225.2 (8.87)	125.9 (4.96)	125.9 (4.96)	82.6 (3.25)	49.1 (1.93)	36.7 (1.44)	22.3 (0.88)	33.2 (1.31)	31.6 (1.24)	119.1 (4.69)	219.7 (8.65)	218.0 (8.58)	1,289.2 (50.76)
Average snowfall cm (inches)	23.0 (9.1)	13.2 (5.2)	9.6 (3.8)	0.1 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.4 (0.2)	8.3 (3.3)	17.6 (6.9)	72.0 (28.3)
Source: Environment Canada[27]

Education

Duncan is part of British Columbia's School District 79 Cowichan Valley. It has one independent school. Queen Margaret's School, established in 1921 as a private secondary university preparatory school.

Vancouver Island University (formerly Malaspina University-College) has a regional campus in the Municipality of North Cowichan, bordering Duncan, that offers a Bachelor of Education degree as well as programs and courses in university transfer, access, trades and applied technology, health and human services, and career and academic preparation. The campus also has a Continuing Education department that offers certificate programs, personal and professional development courses, and online courses. The current 55,000-square-foot (5,100 m²) campus opened for classes in June 2011.

Also bordering Duncan in the Municipality of North Cowichan, there are two public secondary schools, Cowichan Secondary School, and Quamichan Secondary School, as well as several elementary schools. The head offices of School District 79 Cowichan Valley are also located in North Cowichan. In the Cowichan region there are also has two denominational independent schools: Queen of Angels (Catholic school), serving preschool to Grade 9 students, and Duncan Christian School, whose campus is home to both an independent elementary and high school. Sunrise Waldorf School is a non-denominational K-8 independent school offering Waldorf education in the Cowichan Valley.

Sports

The Cowichan Community Sportsplex is located on the border of Duncan, but in the Municipality of North Cowichan and is the home of the British Columbia Hockey League's Cowichan Valley Capitals, who play in the Cowichan Community Sportsplex. It is home to a number of other sports and athletics organizations including the Cowichan Valley Athletic Club's (CVAC) Jaguars one of the many clubs and teams that practice and compete out of the extensive Cowichan Sportsplex.

Notable people

See also Category:People from Duncan, British Columbia

• Greg Adams, former NHL player
• George Barton, rugby union player
• Robin Bawa, former NHL player
• Michael Bigg, marine biologist
• Doug Bodger, former NHL player
• Dylan Coghlan, NHL player
• Geoff Courtnall, former NHL player
• Russ Courtnall, former NHL player
• Mac DeMarco, solo musician and songwriter
• Matt Ellison, former NHL player
• Kevin Hamilton, diplomat
• Charles Ferguson Hoey, Victoria Cross recipient
• Moe Sihota, former politician
• Mike Sweeney, former soccer player (played for Canada at the 1986 World Cup)
• David H. Turpin, current president of the University of Alberta
• Jonathan Whitesell, Canadian actor
• Al Wilson, former CFL player

Gallery

• 
  Silver Bridge
• 
  The Train Station
• 
  The Phoenix Motor Inn
• 
  Duncan Garage
• 
  Totem Pole
• 
  Fire Hall

See also

• Paldi, British Columbia
• St. Clare's Monastery

Notes

1. Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.
2. Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.
3. Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.
4. Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.
5. Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.

References

1. "Duncan". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
2. "Reports & Statistics | Cowichan Valley Regional District". www.cvrd.bc.ca. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
3. "Duncan". BC Geographical Names.
4. Henry, Tom (1999). Small City in a Big Valley: The Story of Duncan. Madeira Park, British Columbia: Harbour Publisher. p. 8. ISBN 1-55017-212-3.
5. Akrigg, G.P.V.; Akrigg, Helen B. (1986), British Columbia Place Names (3rd, 1997 ed.), Vancouver: UBC Press, ISBN 0-7748-0636-2
6. Henry. Small City in a Big Valley. p. 30.
7. Henry. Small City in a Big Valley. pp. 65–67.
8. Henry. Small City in a Big Valley. p. 69.
9. Henry. Small City in a Big Valley. p. 164.
10. Henry. Small City in a Big Valley. p. 109.
11. Henry. Small City in a Big Valley. p. 162.
12. Sikh probe took wrong turn after Duncan blast: former CSIS agent, CBC News, 24 May 2007
13. "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), British Columbia". Statistics Canada. 9 February 2022. Archived from the original on 10 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
14. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
15. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 October 2021). "Census Profile, 2016 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
16. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 November 2015). "NHS Profile". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
17. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (20 August 2019). "2006 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
18. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2 July 2019). "2001 Community Profiles". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
19. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (4 June 2019). "Electronic Area Profiles Profile of Census Divisions and Subdivisions, 1996 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
20. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (29 March 2019). "1991 Census Area Profiles Profile of Census Divisions and Subdivisions - Part B". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
21. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (29 March 2019). "Data tables, 1991 Census Population by Ethnic Origin (24), Showing Single and Multiple Origins (2) - Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 16 October 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
22. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 June 2019). "Data tables, 1986 Census Census Profile for Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 1986 Census - Part A". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
23. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (27 June 2019). "Data tables, 1986 Census Census Profile for Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 1986 Census - Part B". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
24. Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (3 April 2013). "Canada's aboriginal population by census subdivisions from the 1986 Census of Canada". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
25. "Duncan Council Policy Manual | Totem Image Use". Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
26. Environment Canada—Canadian Climate Normals 1971–2000 Duncan Forestry Archived 2012-12-16 at archive.today, accessed 20 November 2018
27. Environment Canada—Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010 Station Data Duncan Kelvin Creek Archived 2018-04-27 at the Wayback Machine, accessed 26 April 2018

External links

• Official website
• Duncan travel guide from Wikivoyage