Kamloops

This article is about the city in British Columbia. For other uses, see Kamloops (disambiguation).

Kamloops
Tk'əmlúps[1]
City
City of Kamloops
Downtown Kamloops
Downtown Kamloops
Flag of Kamloops
Flag
Coat of arms of Kamloops
Coat of arms
Official logo of Kamloops
Logo
Motto(s): 
Salus et Opes (Health and Wealth)
Kamloops is located in British Columbia
Kamloops
Kamloops
Location of Kamloops in British Columbia
Kamloops is located in Canada
Kamloops
Kamloops
Kamloops (Canada)
Coordinates: 50°40′33″N 120°20′22″W / 50.67583°N 120.33944°W / 50.67583; -120.33944[2]
CountryCanada
ProvinceBritish Columbia
RegionThompson Country
Regional districtThompson–Nicola
Founded1811 (fur trading post)
Incorporated1893
Amalgamated1973
Government
 • TypeElected city council
 • MayorReid Hamer-Jackson
 • Governing bodyKamloops City Council
 • MPFrank Caputo
 • MLAsPeter Milobar
Todd Stone
Area
[3]
 • Land299.25 km2 (115.54 sq mi)
Elevation
[4][5]
345 m (1,132 ft)
Population
 (2021)[3][6]
 • City
97,902
 • Metro
114,142
DemonymKamloopsian
Time zoneUTC−08:00 (PST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−07:00 (PDT)
Forward sortation area
V1S, V2B – V2E, V2H
Area codes250, 778, 236, 672
GNBC CodeJAFNW[7]
NTS Map92I9 Kamloops[7]
Websitekamloops.ca Edit this at Wikidata

Kamloops (/ˈkæmluːps/ KAM-loops) is a city in south-central British Columbia, Canada, at the confluence of the North and South Thompson Rivers, which join to become the Thompson River in Kamloops, and east of Kamloops Lake. It is located in the Thompson-Nicola Regional District, whose district offices are based here. The surrounding region is sometimes referred to as the Thompson Country.

The city was incorporated in 1893 with about 500 residents. The Canadian Pacific Railway was completed through downtown in 1886, and the Canadian National arrived in 1912, making Kamloops an important transportation hub.

With a 2021 population of 97,902, it is the twelfth largest municipality in the province.[3] The Kamloops census agglomeration is ranked 36th among census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada with a 2021 population of 114,142.[6]

Kamloops is promoted as the Tournament Capital of Canada. It hosts more than 100 sporting tournaments each year (hockey, baseball, curling, etc) at sports facilities such as the Tournament Capital Centre, Kamloops Bike Ranch, and Tournament Capital Ranch. Logging, beef cattle, vegetable farming, transportation, viticulture, health care, tourism, and education are major contributing industries to the regional economy and have grown in recent years. Thompson Rivers University (~25,000 students) was established as Cariboo College in 1970.

History

Kamloops and the Thompson River, 1886
Paddle steamer at Kamloops in 1887

The first European explorers arrived in 1811. David Stuart, a trader sent from Fort Astoria, then still a Pacific Fur Company post, spent a winter with the Secwépemc people. In May of the following year, trader Alexander Ross established a post, which was known as "Fort Cumcloups".

The rival North West Company established Fort Shuswap nearby in the same year. The two businesses merged in 1813 when the North West Company bought the operations of the Pacific Fur Company. In 1821, the Hudson's Bay Company merged with the North West Company, and the post became known commonly as Thompson's River Post, or Fort Thompson. Later it was known as Fort Kamloops.[8] The post's Chief Traders kept journals, which document a series of inter-Indian wars and personalities for the period, in addition to the daily business of the fur companies and their personnel along the entire Pacific Slope.

Soon after the forts were founded, Kwa'lila, chief of the main local village of the Secwépemc, moved his people closer to the trading post, so they could control access and gain in prestige and security. After Kwa'lila died, his nephew and foster son Nicola became chief. He later led an alliance of Syilx (Okanagan) and Nlaka'pamux peoples in the plateau country to the south around Stump, Nicola and Douglas lakes.

Relations between Nicola and the fur traders were often tense, but Chief Nicola was recognized for his aid to colonizers during the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush of 1858. He did try to control those who had been in parties waging violence and looting on the Okanagan Trail, which led from American territory to the Fraser goldfields.[9][10] Throughout, Kamloops was an important way station on the route of the Hudson's Bay Brigade Trail, which connected Fort Vancouver with Fort Alexandria and the other forts in New Caledonia to the north (today's Omineca Country, roughly). It was integral during the onset of the Cariboo Gold Rush as the main route to the new goldfields around what was to become Barkerville.

The 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic swept through the Kamloops area during the summer of that year, decimating the Secwepemc, Nlaka'pamux, and other indigenous peoples. They had no acquired immunity. The epidemic had started in Victoria and quickly spread throughout British Columbia, especially among First Nations. In June 1862, indigenous people went to Fort Kamloops seeking smallpox vaccine, William Manson, chief clerk at the fort, vaccinated numerous persons, but fatalities were extremely high. In late September he reported "smallpox still raging amongst the Indians".

In October a newspaper in Victoria reported an eyewitness account from Fort Kamloops, saying

The Indians have been nearly exterminated at [Kamloops]: only sixteen have escaped out of a large settlement. Their bodies are strewing the ground in all directions.

About two-thirds of the Secwepemc died during the epidemic. In the aftermath, colonists took over traditional lands of the Secwepemc and many other indigenous groups throughout British Columbia.[11][12][13][14]

The gold rush of the 1860s and the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, which reached Kamloops from the West in 1885,[15] brought further growth. The City of Kamloops was incorporated in 1893 with a population of about 500.

In 1908 due to the Tuberculosis Pandemic a sanatorium was opened west of the city named King Edward Memorial Sanatorium, the sanatorium was later acquired by the provincial government in 1921, being renamed to Tranquille Sanatorium, it later closed in 1958. The Tranquille Institution reopened in 1959 to treat people with mental problems it later closed in 1983.

In 1967, Kamloops amalgamated with the Town of North Kamloops.

In 1973, Kamloops amalgamated with the Districts of Brocklehurst, Dufferin, the Town of Valleyview, and the Kamloops Indian Band, and the communities of Dallas, Campbell Creek, Barnhart Vale, Heffley Creek, Rayleigh, Westsyde and Knutsford. In 1976, the Kamloops Indian Band split from the City of Kamloops.

In May 2021, an anthropologist announced she had used ground-penetrating radar to find "probable" graves containing the remains of 215 children found at a former Kamloops Indian residential school, part of the Canadian Indian residential school system.[16] The story was reported around the world, and five Catholic churches in Western Canada were burned down in the weeks following, since the school was operated by a Catholic order.[17] However, this story cannot be completely confirmed until bodies are exhumed.[18][19][20]

Etymology

"Kamloops" is the anglicized version of the Shuswap word "Tk'əmlúps", meaning "meeting of the waters". Shuswap is still spoken in the area by members of the Tk'emlúps Indian Band.[21]

An alternate origin sometimes given for the name may have come from the native name's accidental similarity to the French "Camp des loups", meaning "Camp of Wolves"; many early fur traders were ethnic French.[8] There are folk stories about an attack on a traders' camp by a pack of wolves. Other legendary versions recount a huge white wolf, or a pack of wolves and other animals, that were moving overland from the Nicola Country and were repelled by a single shot by John Tod, then Chief Trader. This prevented the wolves from attacking the fort and earned Tod a great degree of respect locally.[22]

Geography

Kamloops is in the Thompson Valley and the Montane Cordillera Ecozone. The city's centre is in the valley near the confluence of the Thompson River's north and south branches. Suburbs stretch for more than a dozen kilometres along the north and south branches, as well as to the steep hillsides along the south portion of the city and lower northeast hillsides.

Robert W. Service in 1904 described Kamloops as his delightful life and wrote "Life was pleasant, and the work was light. At four o'clock we were on our horses, riding over the rolling ridges, or into spectral gulches that rose to ghostlier mountains. It was like the scenery of Mexico, weirdly desolate and aridly morose. A discouraging land, forbidding in its weariness and resigned to ruin."

Kamloops Indian Band areas begin just to the northeast of the downtown core but are not within the city limits. As a result of this placement, it is necessary to leave Kamloops' city limits and pass through the band lands before re-entering the city limits to access the northernmost communities of Rayleigh and Heffley Creek. Kamloops is surrounded by the smaller communities of Cherry Creek, Pritchard, Savona, Scotch Creek, Adams Lake, Chase, Paul Lake, Pinantan and various others.

Neighbourhoods

Officially recognized neighbourhoods within the city of Kamloops.[23]

Informally recognized sub-areas are listed beneath the neighbourhoods to which they belong:

Climate

The climate of Kamloops is semi-arid (Köppen climate classification BSk) due to its rain shadow location. Because of milder winters and aridity, the area west of Kamloops in the lower Thompson River valley falls within a desert (Köppen climate classification BWk) climate. Kamloops gets short cold snaps where temperatures can drop to around or below −30 °C (−22 °F) when Arctic air manages to cross the Rockies and Columbia Mountains into the Interior.

Kamloops in the Fraser River watershed

Kamloops has the third mildest winter of any non-coastal city in Canada, after Penticton and Kelowna.[24] The coldest months are December and January, when the mean temperatures are −2.0 °C (28 °F) and −2.7 °C (27 °F).[25] That average sharply increases with an average maximum temperature of 3.9 °C (39 °F) in February. Between November and January the area experiences abundant cloud cover due to a continual series of Pacific coastal Low Pressure systems crossing British Columbia, reducing the annual sunshine output, despite very sunny summers. The average number of days where the minimum temperatures drops below −10 °C (14 °F) per year is 19 as recorded by Environment Canada.The average number of days where the Maximum temperature goes above 30 °C (86 °F) is 36, above 35 °C (95 °F) is 8 days. [25]

Although Kamloops is above 50° north latitude, growing seasons are long, with hot periods every summer under dry and sunny weather. Daytime humidity often drops below 20% during dry periods, which allows for substantial nighttime cooling. Occasional summer thunderstorms can create dry-lightning conditions, sometimes igniting forest fires which the area is prone to.

Kamloops lies in the rain shadow leeward of the Coast Mountains and is biogeographically connected to similar semi-desert areas in the Okanagan region, and a much larger area covering the central/eastern portions of Washington, Oregon and intermontane areas of Nevada, Utah and Idaho in the US.

These areas of relatively similar climate have many distinctive native plants and animals in common, such as ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), prickly pear cactus (Opuntia fragilis in this case), rattlesnakes, black widow spiders and Lewis's woodpecker.

The highest temperature ever recorded in Kamloops was 47.3 °C (117 °F) on 29 June 2021, which was the fourth-highest reading recorded in Canada, and the highest recorded in any city, during the infamous 2021 Western North America heat wave.[26][27][28] The lowest temperature ever recorded was −38.3 °C (−37 °F) on 16 and 18 January 1950.[29]

Climate data for Kamloops Airport, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1890–present[a]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high humidex 15.8 17.0 23.3 31.9 36.8 48.0 40.4 40.3 38.4 31.2 22.8 15.0 48.0
Record high °C (°F) 16.1
(61.0) 		17.8
(64.0) 		23.3
(73.9) 		33.3
(91.9) 		37.8
(100.0) 		47.3
(117.1) 		41.7
(107.1) 		40.8
(105.4) 		38.3
(100.9) 		31.3
(88.3) 		22.8
(73.0) 		16.1
(61.0) 		47.3
(117.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 0.4
(32.7) 		3.9
(39.0) 		10.7
(51.3) 		16.5
(61.7) 		22.0
(71.6) 		25.1
(77.2) 		29.3
(84.7) 		28.8
(83.8) 		22.8
(73.0) 		13.6
(56.5) 		5.8
(42.4) 		1.0
(33.8) 		15.0
(59.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.7
(27.1) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		5.2
(41.4) 		9.9
(49.8) 		15.0
(59.0) 		18.4
(65.1) 		21.9
(71.4) 		21.3
(70.3) 		16.0
(60.8) 		8.6
(47.5) 		2.3
(36.1) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		9.5
(49.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −5.7
(21.7) 		−4.3
(24.3) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		3.2
(37.8) 		8.1
(46.6) 		11.6
(52.9) 		14.5
(58.1) 		13.7
(56.7) 		9.2
(48.6) 		3.5
(38.3) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		3.9
(39.0)
Record low °C (°F) −38.3
(−36.9) 		−32.8
(−27.0) 		−26.1
(−15.0) 		−10.6
(12.9) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		0.6
(33.1) 		3.3
(37.9) 		0.6
(33.1) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−17.1
(1.2) 		−30.0
(−22.0) 		−36.1
(−33.0) 		−38.3
(−36.9)
Record low wind chill −42.0 −36.7 −33.9 −13.0 −5.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 −6.5 −23.2 −39.1 −45.1 −45.1
Average precipitation mm (inches) 21.1
(0.83) 		12.4
(0.49) 		12.8
(0.50) 		14.2
(0.56) 		27.3
(1.07) 		37.4
(1.47) 		31.4
(1.24) 		23.7
(0.93) 		29.4
(1.16) 		19.4
(0.76) 		23.3
(0.92) 		25.4
(1.00) 		277.6
(10.93)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 5.3
(0.21) 		5.9
(0.23) 		9.7
(0.38) 		14.0
(0.55) 		27.3
(1.07) 		37.4
(1.47) 		31.4
(1.24) 		23.7
(0.93) 		29.4
(1.16) 		19.0
(0.75) 		14.2
(0.56) 		7.1
(0.28) 		224.3
(8.83)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 18.7
(7.4) 		8.0
(3.1) 		3.5
(1.4) 		0.2
(0.1) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.3
(0.1) 		10.9
(4.3) 		21.9
(8.6) 		63.5
(25.0)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 9.7 7.2 6.8 6.2 10.2 10.7 8.4 8.0 7.6 9.0 10.0 11.7 105.6
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 3.6 3.8 5.5 6.1 10.2 10.7 8.3 8.0 7.6 8.8 7.1 3.4 83.3
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 7.6 4.1 1.9 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 3.9 9.3 27.4
Average relative humidity (%) 72.6 60.0 43.0 35.6 36.2 36.4 33.5 34.4 41.4 52.9 65.9 70.9 48.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours 55.2 95.6 165.3 202.8 251.6 252.0 303.4 289.5 223.3 130.9 63.7 46.6 2,079.8
Percent possible sunshine 20.9 33.9 45.0 49.0 52.4 51.2 61.2 64.3 58.7 39.2 23.5 18.6 43.2
Source: Environment Canada[25][30][31][32]
Hottest summer Max. Most days above 30 °C (86 °F) Driest Warmest spring Fewest fog days Most sunny days in warm months Most growing degree days Most days without precipitation
Rank among 100 largest Canadian cities 1st 1st 2nd
(next to Whitehorse)		 2nd
(next to Chilliwack)		 2nd
(next to Penticton)		 2nd
(next to Portage la Prairie)		 3rd
(next to Windsor and St. Catharines)		 3rd
(next to Medicine Hat and Lethbridge)
Value 27.73 °C (81.9 °F) 35.9 272.9 mm (10.74 in) 10.03 °C (50.1 °F) 7.28 148.93 2308.61 258.12
Data is for Kamloops Airport (YKA), in the city of Kamloops, 5 NM (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) west northwest of the town.[33][5]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1881200—    
18911,500+650.0%
19011,359−9.4%
19113,772+177.6%
19214,501+19.3%
19316,167+37.0%
19415,959−3.4%
19518,099+35.9%
19569,096+12.3%
196110,076+10.8%
196610,759+6.8%
197126,168+143.2%
197658,311+122.8%
198164,048+9.8%
198661,773−3.6%
199167,057+8.6%
199676,394+13.9%
200177,281+1.2%
200680,376+4.0%
201185,678+6.6%
201690,280+5.4%
202197,902+8.4%
Sources: Statistics Canada[34][35]

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Kamloops had a population of 97,902 living in 39,914 of its 41,619 total private dwellings, a change of 8.4% from its 2016 population of 90,280. With a land area of 297.93 km2 (115.03 sq mi), it had a population density of 328.6/km2 (851.1/sq mi) in 2021.[36]

At the census metropolitan area (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Kamloops CMA had a population of 114,142 living in 47,102 of its 50,235 total private dwellings, a change of 10% from its 2016 population of 103,811. With a land area of 5,654.08 km2 (2,183.05 sq mi), it had a population density of 20.2/km2 (52.3/sq mi) in 2021.[37]

Religious groups

According to the 2021 census, religious groups in Kamloops included:[38]

Religion in the City of Kamloops (2021)[39]

  Irreligious (60.5%)
  Christianity (33.6%)
  Sikhism (2.1%)
  Hinduism (1.1%)
  Islam (0.9%)
  Buddhism (0.5%)
  Indigenous Spirituality (0.2%)
  Judaism (0.1%)
  Other religion (0.9%)

Ethnicity

Panethnic groups in the City of Kamloops (2001−2021)
Panethnic
group 		2021[38] 2016[40] 2011[41] 2006[42] 2001[43]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
European[b] 74,430 78.71% 71,765 82.17% 71,760 85.71% 69,250 87.17% 68,305 88.92%
Indigenous 9,885 10.45% 8,600 9.85% 6,245 7.46% 5,165 6.5% 3,965 5.16%
South Asian 4,260 4.51% 2,455 2.81% 1,970 2.35% 1,540 1.94% 1,720 2.24%
East Asian[c] 2,420 2.56% 2,270 2.6% 2,135 2.55% 1,940 2.44% 1,810 2.36%
Southeast Asian[d] 1,410 1.49% 910 1.04% 740 0.88% 840 1.06% 450 0.59%
African 985 1.04% 550 0.63% 235 0.28% 215 0.27% 335 0.44%
Latin American 490 0.52% 310 0.35% 135 0.16% 195 0.25% 120 0.16%
Middle Eastern[e] 320 0.34% 250 0.29% 355 0.42% 120 0.15% 65 0.08%
Other[f] 370 0.39% 230 0.26% 145 0.17% 165 0.21% 50 0.07%
Total responses 94,560 96.59% 87,340 96.74% 83,725 97.72% 79,445 98.84% 76,815 99.4%
Total population 97,902 100% 90,280 100% 85,678 100% 80,376 100% 77,281 100%
  • Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses.

Chinese Canadians

Main article: Chinese Canadians in British Columbia

Kamloops historically had a Chinatown on Victoria Street where most ethnic Chinese lived. John Stewart of the Kamloops Museum and Archives stated it was not a "true Chinatown".[44] It was established by Chinese immigrants by 1887, and by 1890 the community had up to 400 Chinese. Stewart said this was an "amazingly large" population for the rural area.[45] By the 1890s, about 33% of Kamloops were ethnic Chinese; they worked primarily on construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway.[46]

Economic changes in Kamloops resulted in many Chinese seeking work elsewhere. In addition, there were two fires in 1892 and 1893, and a 1911–1914 demolition that dismantled the Chinatown.[47] Peter Wing, the first ethnic Chinese mayor in North America, was elected in 1966 and served three terms as the Mayor of Kamloops.[46]

In the 1880s the Kamloops' Chinese Cemetery was founded in Kamloops, the only one in the province dedicated to Chinese pioneers,[46] It is one of the largest cemeteries in the province,[46] but the last interment was made there in the 1960s.[48]

In 2013 the provincial government announced it would begin a consultation process to discuss wording of a formal apology to Chinese in B.C. for past wrongs. Joe Leong, president of the Kamloops Chinese Cultural Association, said he believed that the province should build a museum to honour Chinese history in the province, as a way to recognize the contributions of the people. As Kamloops had the only cemetery dedicated to the Chinese pioneers, he felt this city would be an appropriate site for the museum.[46]

Economy

Royal Inland Hospital
Thompson Rivers University

Kamloops' economy includes healthcare, tourism, education, transportation, and natural resource extraction industries.

The Royal Inland Hospital (RIH) is the city's largest employer. RIH is the region's acute care and health facility and is one of two tertiary referral hospitals in the Southern Interior with 239 acute beds and an additional 20 more beds upon completion of the expansion in 2016.[49]

Thompson Rivers University (TRU) serves a student body of 25,754 including a diverse international contingent mainly from Asian countries.[50] Thompson Rivers University, Open Learning (TRU-OL) is the biggest distance education provider in British Columbia and one of the biggest in Canada.

Heavy industries in the Kamloops area include primary resource processing such as Domtar Kamloops Pulp Mill, Tolko-Heffley Creek Plywood and Veneer, New Gold Inc - New Afton Mine, and Highland Valley Copper Mine (in Logan Lake).

Four major highways join in Kamloops, the BC Highway 1 (Trans-Canada Highway), the Coquihalla Highway (BC highway 5 south of the city), the Yellowhead Highway (BC Highway 5 north of the city) and BC Highway 97, making it a transportation hub and a place which attracts business. There are over 50 trucking and transport companies located in Kamloops that ship across Canada and into the United States.[51] Both the Canadian Pacific Railway and the Canadian National Railway service Kamloops with both lines running through the city.[51]

Tourism

Kamloops welcomed 1.8 million visitors in 2017, a 9% increase from 2015 (1.64 million).

Tourism's economic ROI is immense. A$1.8 million destination marketing budget returned $449 million in economic benefit in 2017.The annual Direct Visitor Expenditure is estimated at $270 million, a 19% increase from 2015 ($227 million). Further, the total estimated tourism economic impact was $449 million in 2017, a 32.4% increase from 2015 ($339 million).[52]

Tourism generates many types of income for the region, including business income, wage earnings, share earnings, rates and levies. Conservation springs from industry-wide support for management, research and education initiatives that benefit everyone through responsible tourism management.

Kamloops has over 50 accommodation choices[53] from major hotels to bed and breakfasts. Accommodation occupancy rates were 61.5% in 2017, up 2.6% from 2016.

Arts and culture

Alley art in downtown Kamloops
Music in the Park at Riverside Park

Kamloops culture has grown in recent years to celebrate local talent that includes: culinary arts, sports, live entertainment, and fine art.

Kamloops hosts a range of cultural events year-round including:

  • Kamloops Wine Festival:[54] This annual festival is a fundraiser for the Kamloops Art Gallery.
  • Kamloops Film Festival:[55] Since 1997, this festival has grown to celebrate international films at Paramount Theatre for ten days in March.
  • River Beaver Classic:[56] This annual, mountain biking festival hosts four events over one weekend in April with all money raised going to local trail maintenance.
  • Brewloops[57] Brewloops is a non-profit, beer, food, and bike festival that celebrates Kamloops culture with block parties on The Shore and Downtown throughout the year.
  • Kamloops International Buskers Festival:[58] This four-day festival takes place throughout Riverside Park and showcases professional buskers from around the globe.
  • Hot Nite in the City Show 'n' Shine:[59] This weekend-long event takes place every August downtown and showcases Street Rods, Customs, American Muscle, Sport-compact, Electric Vehicles and more.
  • Kamloops Rotary Ribfest:[60] Western Canada's largest rib festival, Ribfest takes place every August at Riverside Park. By 2018, Kamloops Rotary had raised over $500,000 for local charities.
  • Salute to the Sockeye Festival:[61] This festival celebrates the return of sockeye salmon to the Adams River at Tsútswecw Provincial Park from the end of September through mid-October each year.
  • Interior Wellness Festival:[62] Since 2008, this event has promoted healthy living in BC including workshops with yogis, authors, and business experts.
  • Kamloops Comedy Fest: Canadian comedians take over the microphone for a weekend each October during Kamloops Comedy Fest.
  • Words Alive Kamloops:[63] Formerly the Kamloops Writers Festival, this annual event features Canadian authors showcasing their work through public readings and events, as well as conducting workshops on a variety of topics.

Performing and fine arts

Kamloops is home to many galleries including nationally recognized Kamloops Art Gallery,[64] Secwepemc Museum and Heritage Park; the Kamloops Museum and Archives, the Kamloops Symphony Orchestra,[65] and Western Canada Theatre.

There are 29 outdoor murals – the Back Alley Art Gallery- throughout downtown Kamloops that the Kamloops Central Business Improvement Association has spearheaded since the 2000s. Artists that have contributed to this project include: Zack Abney; Kylene Cachelin; Evan Christina; Kelly Wright; Ken Wells; Alex Moir-Porteus; Robin Hodgson; Jack Morris; Janice Gurney, and Marianna Abutalipova.

Project X Theatre, an outdoor theatre festival located in Kamloops. The company creates a summer outdoor theatre festival in Prince Charles Park, just east of Downtown Kamloops. Established in 2006, Project X Theatre originally produced productions of Shakespeare, however, recently the company has shifted over to more family friendly shows. Randi Edmundson is the current Artistic Director. Previous artistic directors include Samantha MacDonald, Derek Rein, Heather Cant, Melissa purcha, and Dušan Magdolen.

The Western Canada Theatre is a professional theatre company located in Kamloops. The company manages and performs in two spaces: the 706 seat Sagebrush Theatre and the 150-seat Pavilion Theatre. James MacDonald is the current artistic director of the theatre company. Previous artistic directors include Tom Kerr (founder), Frank Glassen, David Ross, Michael Dobbin, John Cooper, Jeremy Tow, and Daryl Cloran.[66]

Attractions

Popular attractions include: the Adams River Sockeye Salmon Run;[67] Kamloops Bike Ranch; BC Wildlife Park; Kamloops Heritage Railway; Kamloops Wine Trail; Secwepemc Museum, and Tranquille Sanatorium

Since 2012, four wineries have been established in the Thompson Valley wine region[68] including: Sagewood Winery; Harper's Trail Winery; Monte Creek Ranch Winery, and Privato Vineyard and Winery. Since 2010, five micro-breweries have opened up in Kamloops including: Noble Pig Brewhouse; Red Collar Brewing, Alchemy Brewing, Bright Eye Brewing and Iron Road Brewing. Since 2020, some craft distilleries have opened up in Kamloops including: Route 1 Distillery

Food and drink

Since 2007, Chefs in the City has been established as a "celebration of culinary arts, fine wine and beer from Kamloops and the surrounding region.[69]" In 2018, 21 local restaurants will have participated, as well as 10 local wineries and breweries. This annual event is presented by the Rotary Club of Kamloops and has raised over $325,000 since 2007.

Kamloops is emerging as an award-winning wine region with a climate perfect for growing grapes. It is home to four award-winning wineries: Harper's Trail, Monte Creek Ranch, Privato and Sagewood.[70][71] Kamloops has over 120 acres under vine. The top grapes planted by local wineries are Riesling, Chardonnay, pinot gris, pinot noir, Cabernet Franc, Marechal Foch and Marquette.

Since 1998, the Kamloops Wine Festival has taken place in the spring as a fundraiser to support the Kamloops Art Gallery. The Kamloops Wine Festival had raised over $200,000 by 2018.[72]

In 2014, Brewloops Beer Festival was established as a non-profit organization that promotes Kamloops culture across the city throughout the year. Brewloops celebrates BC craft beer, music, and entertainment with the wider Kamloops community and had donated $27,000 to community groups by 2018.[73] Bands that have performed at Brewloops include: Delhi 2 Dublin, Yukon Blonde, and at Mission Dolores.

Recreation

Tournament Capital Centre

Kamloops is an outdoor mecca for activities like hiking and mountain biking with an extensive trail network for year-round adventure. Multiple nearby lakes offer paddling, kayaking and fishing.

Known as the Tournament Capital of Canada, Kamloops has hosted many tournaments and is home to a range of professional athletes from many sports. Kamloops has the Kamloops Sports Hall of Fame, which includes 2008 Summer Olympics bronze medallist Dylan Armstrong and the National Finalist Roma's soccer team.[74]

Fishing

With 100 lakes within an hour's drive, Kamloops has some of the best freshwater fishing in North America. Every year, the Freshwater Fisheries Society of BC stocks lakes in the Thompson-Nicola region with roughly 1,000,000 fish including rainbow trout, brook trout, and kokanee salmon.

Kamloops is known for its professional anglers including Brian Chan,[75] Jordan Oelrich,[76] and Brennan Lund.[77] Fishing guides in the Kamloops area include: DNA Fly Fishing;[78] Interior Fly Fishing; Maricle Fly Fishing; Riseform Flyfishing;[79] and Fast Action Fishing Adventures.[80]

Mountain biking

Kamloops' extensive trail network and desert-like climate creates conditions for year-round mountain biking across the city. Popular parks include the Kamloops Bike Ranch,[81] Pineview Valley; Lac du Bois Grasslands Protected Area,[82] and Kenna Cartwright Park. Two time UCI Mountain Bike & Trials World Championships – Women's cross-country (2011 and 2014), gold at the 2014 Commonwealth Games and 2016 Summer Olympics bronze medallist Catharine Pendrel lives and trains in Kamloops.[83] Kamloops is home to world-famous mountain bikers such as freeride pioneers and Mountain Bike Hall of Fame members Wade Simmons, Brett Tippie, (also a former Canadian National Team member for snowboard cross and giant slalom), and Richie Schley.[84] Freeriders Matt Hunter, and Graham Agassiz also live in Kamloops.[85] Kamloops was featured in the first mountain bike film by Greg Stump, Pulp Traction, and later the first three Kranked films, which starred the original Fro Riders, Tippie, Simmons and Schley.

Ongoing trail maintenance has been spearheaded by local organizations such as the Kamloops Bike Riders Association, Kamloops Performance Cycling Centre, and Dirt Chix Kamloops.

Golf

Kamloops has highest number of golf courses (13) per capita in Canada and boasts one of Canada's most diverse golf landscapes. Golfers enjoy three seasons of golf due to the dry and hot climate of the area.[86] Several of the local golf courses have been designed by famous golf architects such as Robert Trent Jones, Graham Cooke, and Tom McBroom.[86]

The 13 courses include: Tobiano Golf Course; The Dunes, Talking Rock Golf Course; Pineridge Golf Course; Rivershore Estates; Big Horn Golf & Country Club; Kamloops Golf & Country Club; Sun Peaks Golf; Eagle Point Golf Course; Mount Paul Golf Course, and Chinook Cove Golf.[87]

Skiing

Sun Peaks Resort is a nearby ski and snowboard hill. Olympic medallist skier Nancy Greene Raine is director of skiing at Sun Peaks and the former chancellor of Thompson Rivers University. The Overlander Ski Club runs the Stake Lake cross country ski area with 50 km (31 mi) of trails.

Lacrosse teams include the Thompson Okanagan Junior Lacrosse League's Kamloops Junior B Venom, as well as the junior ice hockey team the Kamloops Storm. Also calling Kamloops home is the Canadian Junior Football League's Kamloops Broncos, and Pacific Coast Soccer League's Kamloops Excel, both of whom play at Hillside Stadium.

Other recreation

The Kamloops Rotary Skatepark at McArthur Island Park is one of Canada's largest skateboard parks.[88] Also located at McArthur Island Park is NorBrock Stadium, the McArthur Island Sports and Events Centre and the McArthur Island Curling Club. The city boasts 82 parks which are great for hiking, including Kenna Cartwright Park, the largest municipal park in British Columbia.[89]

Kamloops panorama

Sports

Hockey

Kamloops is home to the Western Hockey League's Kamloops Blazers who play at the Sandman Centre. Alumni of the Kamloops Blazers include Mark Recchi, Jarome Iginla, Darryl Sydor, Nolan Baumgartner, Shane Doan, Scott Niedermayer, Rudy Poeschek and Darcy Tucker (Recchi, Doan, Iginla, and Sydor are now part-owners of the club). Two-time champion coach Ken Hitchcock would later win the Stanley Cup with the Dallas Stars.

On 6 February 2016, Kamloops hosted Hockey Day in Canada with Ron MacLean and Don Cherry.[90]

Baseball

Kamloops is the home of the West Coast League's Kamloops NorthPaws who play at NorBrock Stadium.

Sports tournaments

Kamloops hosted the 1993 Canada Summer Games. It co-hosted (with Vancouver and Kelowna) the IIHF World Junior Championship from 26 December 2005 to 5 January 2006. It hosted the 2006 BC Summer Games and 2018 BC Winter Games. In the summer of 2008, Kamloops, and its modern facility the Tournament Capital Centre played host to the U15 boys and girls Basketball National Championship.

Kamloops hosted the World Masters Indoor Championships in March 2010.[91]

Kamloops hosted the 2011 Western Canada Summer Games.

Kamloops hosted the 2014 Tim Hortons Brier (The Canadian Men's Curling Championships).[92]

Kamloops hosted the 2014 edition of the 4 Nations Cup.[93]

Kamloops hosted the 2016 IIHF Women’s World Championship at both Sandman Centre and the MacArthur Island Sports and Event Centre.[94]

Government

Elections into the municipality in Kamloops are held with the rest of the province every four years.

Provincially, Kamloops is considered to be bellwether, having voted for the governing party in every provincial election since the introduction of parties to British Columbian elections, until 2017. By contrast, Kamloops has regularly voted against the party in power federally until the 2006 Federal election. Kamloops is represented in two provincial ridings – Kamloops-South Thompson and Kamloops-North Thompson – and one federal riding – Kamloops—Thompson—Cariboo.

Federal members of parliament:

Infrastructure

Transportation

Kamloops is located at the crossroads of the Coquihalla Highway, Yellowhead Highway, and Trans-Canada Highway and is a transportation hub in the region.

The Canadian Pacific (CPR) and Canadian National (CNR) mainline routes connect Vancouver in the west with Kamloops. The two railways diverge; CNR to the north and CPR and east, continuing to the rest of Canada. Kamloops North station is served two times per week (in each direction) by Via Rail's Canadian.

The Rocky Mountaineer and the Kamloops Heritage Railway both use the Kamloops station.

Kamloops is home to Kamloops Airport (YKA). Airlines flying to Kamloops include: Air Canada Express, WestJet Encore, Canadian North, and Central Mountain Air, as well as three cargo airlines. Vancouver and Calgary are primary routes for passenger service to this regional airport. In 2018, Air Canada Rouge launched non-stop seasonal service from Kamloops to Toronto.[95]

Greyhound Canada previously connected Kamloops with Vancouver, Edmonton and Calgary, with service ending at the end of October 2018. After Greyhound's departure, several companies stepped in and commenced intercity service. Ebus and Rider Express both provide service to Vancouver and in between cities and towns, with Ebus connecting to other Interior cities like Kelowna and Vernon, and Rider Express continuing east to Calgary.[96]

Local bus service is provided by Kamloops Transit System and funded through BC Transit with 14 routes across the Kamloops area that are operated by contractor First Student Canada. In 2018, the City of Kamloops partnered with the Tk'emlúps te Secwépemc to expand its services on Tk'emlups te Secwepemc land for Route 18: Mount Paul.[97]

Education

Residential School

The Kamloops Indian Residential School, part of the Canadian Indian residential school system opened in 1893 and ran until 1977.[98] In May 2021, the possible remains of 200 children were detected in the graveyard soil by ground penetrating radar at the site of the school.[99][100] The remains were located with the assistance of ground-penetrating radar, and work was underway to determine if related records about the identities of the dead are held at the Royal British Columbia Museum.[99] In a statement released by the First Nations Health Authority, CEO Richard Jock said: "That this situation exists is sadly not a surprise and illustrates the damaging and lasting impacts that the residential school system continues to have on First Nations people, their families and communities."[100]

K-12

Public schools in Kamloops and adjacent communities are run by School District 73 Kamloops/Thompson.

Private schools include Kamloops Christian School, Our Lady of Perpetual Help School (Catholic), and St. Ann's Academy (Catholic).

The Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie-Britannique operates école Collines-d’or, a Francophone primary school.[101]

Post-secondary

Thompson Rivers University[102] offers a range of undergraduate and graduate degrees as well as certificate and diploma programs. It has satellite campuses in:

Thompson Rivers University also has an open-learning division. Thompson Rivers University, Open Learning (TRU-OL) is the biggest distance and online education provider in British Columbia and one of the biggest in Canada. The Thompson Rivers University WolfPack are the athletic teams that represent Thompson Rivers University.

Thompson Career College and Sprott Shaw College are private post-secondary institutions with campuses in Kamloops.

Media

Main article: Media in Kamloops

The city's main daily newspaper was The Kamloops Daily News which ceased publication in 2014.[103] The city was also home to Kamloops This Week,[104] a free newspaper which ceased publication in 2023.

Notable people

Main page: Category:People from Kamloops

Below is a list of people who are from Kamloops, or who lived there for an extended period.

Historical figures

Politicians

Athletes

Arts, culture and media

Other notable people

Planetary nomenclature

Kamloops crater on Mars

The city's name has been given to a crater on the surface of Mars. Crater Kamloops was officially adopted by the International Astronomical Union's Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (IAU/WGPSN) in 1991. The crater lies at 53.8° south latitude and 32.6° west longitude, with a diameter of 65 km (40 mi).[134][135]

Sister cities

In "Cementhead," a 1989 episode of the television series Booker, the titular detective (played by Richard Grieco) tracks a capricious professional hockey player (Stephen Shellen) back to his hometown of Kamloops.

Kamloops and surrounding areas have been used for various Hollywood films such as An Unfinished Life, The A Team, 2012, The Pledge, Shooter, Firewall, The Sisterhood of the Travelling Pants, Monster Trucks, and various others.[138]

"The Eye of Jupiter", the eleventh episode of the third season of Battlestar Galactica was filmed in Kamloops in 2006.

Kamloops was a filming location for the Netflix series Lost in Space.[139]

See also

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Notes

  1. ^ Climate data was recorded in the city of Kamloops from January 1890 to December 1950, and at Kamloops Airport from January 1951 to present.
  2. ^ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.
  3. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.
  4. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.
  5. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.
  6. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.
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Museum Sulaymaniyah

Museum Sulaymaniyah (Kurdish: مۆزهخانهی سلێمانی; Arabic: متحف السليمانية)Anak-anak sekolah sedang berkunjung ke Museum SulaymaniyahDidirikanJuly 14, 1961LokasiSulaymaniyah, Kegubernuran Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan, IrakJenisMuseum ArkeologiKoleksiKoleksi artefek museum ini dari periode pra-sejarah hingga periode Islam dan Ottoman.DirekturHashim Hama AbdullahSitus webhttp://slemanimuseum.org/ Museum Sulaymaniyah (Kurdish: مۆزهخانهی سلێمانی; Arabic: م�...

 

Harare

A̱keang Harare (á̱ ku ngyei Salisba̱ri gbangbang) kya yet a̱keangtung ma̱ng a̱gba̱ndang a̱keang a̱ swak ma̱ng shi ma̱ a̱byin Zi̱mbabwe. A̱tsak a̱keang wu byia̱ shi kyai kilomita a̱ma̱ntaa̱naai 960.6 (met a̱ma̱ntaa̱naai 371) ma̱ng shi á̱niet 2,123,132 mi̱ di̱ fang a̱lyia̱ 2012 hu a̱wot á̱ si̱ tyan nyia̱ á̱niet 3,120,917 bya si̱ shyia̱ kap metropolitan hu ma̱ a̱lyia̱ 2019. A̱keang ka shyia̱ di̱ fam a̱za-a̱tyin Zi̱mbabwe hwa di̱ fam-a̱byin Mashon...

 

Инженерная улица (Москва)

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Инженерная улица.Инженерная улица Транспортное кольцо на улице Общая информация Страна Россия Город Москва Округ Северо-Восточный Район Алтуфьевский Протяжённость 1,0 км Метро D1 Бескудниково (МЦД) Бибирево Прежние наз�...

Poland national football team

Polish men's football team This article is about the men's team. For the women's team, see Poland women's national football team. PolandNickname(s)Biało-czerwoni (The White-Red)Orły (The Eagles)AssociationPolski Związek Piłki Nożnej (PZPN)ConfederationUEFA (Europe)Head coachMichał ProbierzCaptainRobert LewandowskiMost capsRobert Lewandowski (146)Top scorerRobert Lewandowski (82)Home stadiumStadion NarodowyStadion ŚląskiFIFA codePOL First colours Second colours FIFA rankingCurrent 31 (...

 

Campeonato Mineiro 2011

In 2011 werd het 97ste Campeonato Mineiro gespeeld voor voetbalclubs uit de Braziliaanse staat Minas Gerais. De competitie werd gespeeld van 29 januari tot 15 mei en werd georganiseerd door de Federação Mineira de Futebol. Cruzeiro werd kampioen. Eerste fase Plaats Club Wed. W G V Saldo Ptn. 1. Cruzeiro 11 9 1 1 29:8 28 2. Atlético 11 8 2 1 32:15 26 3. América 11 7 2 2 25:17 23 4. América de Teófilo Otoni 11 6 3 2 23:18 21 5. Villa Nova 11 4 4 3 17:14 16 6. Tupi 11 4 3 4 15:15 15 7. Cal...

 

احتراق ذاتي

هذه المقالة بحاجة لصندوق معلومات. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة صندوق معلومات مخصص إليها. الاحتراق الذاتي هو نوع من أنواع الاحتراق، والذي يحدث بسبب تسخين الجسم أو المادة نفسها ذاتياً، بحيث تزداد درجات الحرارة نتيجة حدوث تفاعلات كيميائية داخلية ناشرة للحرارة، يتلو

منتخب بورتوريكو لكرة السلة للسيدات

منتخب بورتوريكو لكرة السلة للسيدات التصنيف 22 (1 أكتوبر 2018)[1] انضم للاتحاد الدولي 1957 اللقب 12 Magníficas12 Guerreras[2] البلد الولايات المتحدة  كأس العالم لكرة السلة المشاركة 1 بطولة المنطقة المشاركة 10 الميداليات (1995، 2017) ألعاب عموم أمريكا المشاركة 4 الميداليات (2011) (2019) المشاركا

 

Gemini Rising

2013 film by Dana Schroeder This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Gemini Rising – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Gemini RisingTheatrical release posterDirected byDana SchroederWritten by Michael Todd Kenny Yakkel Produ...

 

Frank Thorne

American comic book artist (1930–2021) For the bishop, see Frank Thorne (bishop). For other uses, see Frank Thorn (disambiguation). Frank ThorneThorne in 2017BornBenjamin Franklin Thorne(1930-06-16)June 16, 1930DiedMarch 7, 2021(2021-03-07) (aged 90)NationalityAmericanArea(s)Cartoonist, WriterNotable worksRed SonjaAwardsNational Cartoonists Society award, 1963Inkpot Award, 1978Playboy editorial Award Benjamin Franklin Thorne (June 16, 1930 – March 7, 2021[1][2]) was a...

Walkman A Series

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Walkman A Series – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The Walkman A Series is a flagship line of mid-range digital audio players (DAP) by Sony as part of its Walkman range. The A Seri...

 

Apasam Kamuy

This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: Apasam Kamuy – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2020) Ainu god of the threshold Apasam Kamuy is the Ainu kamuy (god) of the threshold. Apasam Kamuy is called upon for protection during changes of state. Depiction Apasam Kamuy is conc...

 

Liste der Sieger bei Golf-Major-Turnieren (Frauen)

Die Südkoreanerin Park In-bee gewann 2013 drei der fünf ausgetragenen Major-Turniere. Die Liste der Sieger bei Golf-Major-Turnieren der Frauen listet alle Siegerinnen bei den aktuell fünf Major-Turnieren im Golfsport seit 1930 auf. Gemäß aktueller Definition handelt es sich dabei um ANA Inspiration, US Open, British Open, LPGA Championship und The Evian Championship. In früheren Jahren waren andere Turniere als Major anerkannt. Patty Berg aus den Vereinigten Staaten ist mit 15 Major-Sie...

Danube Commission (1948)

International river management body For earlier commissions governing the Danube River, see Danube River Commission (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Danube Commission 1948 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this temp...

 

TvN Show

South Korean TV channel Television channel tvN SHOWCountrySouth KoreaBroadcast areaNationwideHeadquartersCJ E&M Center,66 Sangamsan-ro, Sangam-dong, Mapo-gu, Seoul, South KoreaProgrammingPicture format1080i (HDTV)OwnershipOwnerCJ ENM Entertainment DivisionKey peopleRhee Myung-han (channel head)Sister channelstvNtvN DRAMAtvN STORYtvN SPORTSMnetOCNOCN MoviesOCN ThrillsCATCH ON 1CATCH ON 2TooniverseChunghwa TVUXN (4K UHD)HistoryLaunched26 January 2018 (5 years ago) (2018-01-26)...

 

Rock Road massacre

1982 murder Michigan, United States Rock Road massacrePart of mass shootings in the United StatesMugshot of Robert Lee HaggartLocation5603 West Rock Road, 7 miles west of Farwell, MichiganDate16 February 1982; 41 years ago (1982-02-16)Attack typeMass murderWeaponShotgun, rifle and handgunVictims7PerpetratorRobert Lee Haggart The Rock Road massacre, also known as the Farwell murders[1] or Clare County murders,[2][3] was a 1982 mass murder in which seve...

Oxpecker

Genus of birds Papolocioara redirects here. This term is also applied to other birds, e.g. the yellow-headed caracara (Milvago chimachima) of Latin America. Buphagus redirects here. For the Greek mythological character, see Buphagus (mythology). Oxpeckers Yellow-billed oxpeckersBuphagus africanus africanuson a zebra in Senegal Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Superfamily: Muscicapoidea Family: BuphagidaeLesson, 182...

 

The Magician (2015 film)

2015 South Korean filmThe MagicianOfficial posterHangul조선마술사Hanja朝鮮魔術師Revised RomanizationJoseon masulsa Directed byKim Dae-seungStarringYoo Seung-hoGo AraKwak Do-wonMusic byBang Jun-seokProductioncompanywithUs FilmDistributed byLotte EntertainmentRelease date December 30, 2015 (2015-12-30) CountrySouth KoreaLanguageKoreanBox officeUS$4.1 million[1] The Magician (Korean: 조선마술사; Hanja: 朝鮮魔術師; RR: ...

 

Xiao Yanyan

For other people with similar names, see Empress Xiao. Empress Dowager Chengtian of Liao Xiao YanyanEmpress Dowager Chengtian of Liaofrom one 1892 print of the novel Legends of Generals of the Yang Family (《楊家將傳》)[note 1]Regent of the Liao dynastyRegency13 October 982 – 23 December 1009MonarchEmperor Shengzong (son)Born953Died(1009-12-23)December 23, 1009SpouseYelü Xian (Emperor Jingzong)IssueYelü Longxu (Emperor Shengzong), sonYelü Longqing (耶律隆慶), sonYelü L...

George Deacon (civil engineer)

English civil engineer (1843–1909) George DeaconAlwen DamBorn(1843-07-26)26 July 1843BridgwaterDied(1909-06-17)17 June 1909WestminsterOccupationCivil engineer George Frederick Deacon ((1843-07-26)26 July 1843 – (1909-06-17)17 June 1909) was an English civil engineer. A pupil and lifelong friend of William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, Deacon was Lord Kelvin's assistant on the SS Great Eastern cable-laying expedition.[1] He was both borough engineer and water engineer to Liverpool fro...

 

List of ice cream parlor chains

Eponymous Twistee Treat ice cream parlor in Minden, Ontario This is a list of notable ice cream parlor chains. Ice cream parlors are places that sell ice cream, gelato, sorbet, and/or frozen yogurt to consumers. Ice cream is typically sold as regular ice cream (also called hard-packed ice cream), gelato, and soft serve, which is typically dispensed by a machine with a limited number of flavors (e.g. chocolate, vanilla, and a mix of the two). It is customary for ice cream parlors to offer seve...