Dromus dromas

For the ship, see MV Dromus (1938).

Dromus dromas
Conservation status
Critically Endangered  (IUCN 2.3)[1]
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Bivalvia
Order:	Unionida
Family:	Unionidae
Tribe:	Lampsilini
Genus:	Dromus Simpson, 1900
Species:	D. dromas
Binomial name
Dromus dromas (I. Lea, 1834)
Synonyms[3]
Dromus dromas dromas (Lea, 1834) Dromus dromas caperatus (Lea, 1845) Unio dromas Lea, 1834 Unio caperatus Lea, 1845 Unio abacoides Haldeman, 1846

Dromus dromas, the dromedary pearlymussel or dromedary naiad, is a rare species of freshwater mussel in the family Unionidae. This aquatic bivalve mollusk is native to the Cumberland and Tennessee River systems in the United States, where it has experienced a large population decline. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.^{[4][5]: 24064}

This mussel is yellow-green in color with interrupted green rays on the shell. The nacre is white, pink, or reddish. The species got its name from the distinctive hump on the shell of larger individuals.^[6] A "headwaters form," D. dromas form caperatus (Lea, 1845) has additionally been described.^{[6]: 9–10}

This species lives in clear, clean, fast-flowing water. It cannot tolerate water of poor quality, for example, water with silt.^[7]

Like other freshwater mussels, this species reproduces by releasing larvae called glochidia into the water. The glochidia are eaten by fish and lodge in the fish's gills, where they develop into juvenile mussels. Fish hosts for this mussel species include black sculpin (Cottus baileyi), greenside darter (Etheostoma blennioides), fantail darter (Etheostoma flabellare), snubnose darter (Etheostoma simoterum), tangerine darter (Percina aurantiaca), blotchside logperch (Percina burtoni), logperch (Percina caprodes), channel darter (Percina copelandi), gilt darter (Percina evides), and Roanoke darter (Percina roanoka).

This species was historically one of the most common mussels in the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers.^[6]: 2–3 In 1978, however, only three living specimens could be found during a Tennessee River survey, all from the Chickamauga Reservoir.^[6]: 3 Similarly, two live individuals were found in a Cumberland River survey in 1976, with another individual located in a commercial mussel fisherman's boat, while dead specimens were found at a rock-quarry clammer's camp.^{[6]: 3, 5} Today, the species has been reduced to no more than four populations (two of which are experimental and non-essential).^[4][8] It has been extirpated from the wild in the state of Alabama, but it has been reintroduced there (experimental population).^[4] The only remaining reproducing populations occur in the Clinch and Powell Rivers.^[7] Reproducing populations remain in under 10% of the mussel's historical range, and the populations are disjunct.^[9]

Factors contributing to its decline include the impoundment of waterways, increased silt, and pollution from sewage, coal mining, and oil and gas drilling.^[7]

Between 2016 and 2019, mass die-offs of D. dromas, possibly attributable to viral diseases, occurred in the Clinch River population.^[8]: 11

References

1. Bogan, A.E. (1996). "Dromus dromas". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T6843A12810304. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T6843A12810304.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
2. "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
3. "Dromus dromas (Lea, 1834)". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
4. "Dromedary pearlymussel (Dromus dromas)". Environmental Conservation Online System. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
5. 41 FR 24062
6. Ahlstedt, Steven (November 1983). Recovery Plan for the Dromedary Pearly Mussel: Dromus dromas (Lea, 1834), Dromus dromas form caperatus (Lea, 1845) (PDF) (Report). Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Southeast Region. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
7. NatureServe (7 April 2023). "Dromus dromas". NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
8. "Dromedary Pearlymussel Dromus dromas (Lea, 1834) 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation" (PDF). Cookeville, Tennessee: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Southeast Region Tennessee Ecological Services Field Office. 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
9. Jones, J. W., et al. (2004). Life history and propagation of the endangered dromedary pearlymussel (Dromus dromas) (Bivalvia: Unionidae). Archived 2012-03-22 at the Wayback Machine J N Am Benthol Soc 23(3) 515-25.