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A map of the Kyiv Reservoir, with Kyiv downstream

The Dnieper reservoir cascade or Dnieper cascade of hydroelectric power stations (Ukrainian: Дніпровський каскад ГЕС) is a series of dams, reservoirs and hydroelectric power stations on the Dnieper river in Ukraine. It was created to prevent uncontrolled flooding^[1] and improve water transportation infrastructure. Coordination and operation of all dams on the Dnieper is conducted by government company Ukrhydroenergo.^[2] In 1970, the Kyiv dam partially prevented flooding in comparison with the 1931 Kyiv flooding.^[3]

As with any dam, the water reservoirs of the Dnieper in Ukraine pose a significant threat of a large-scale, human-made disaster if their dams fail. Those concerns were raised in particular in connection with the 2009 Sayano–Shushenskaya Dam disaster.^[4] Concerns had yet again been raised regarding an air attack of the Kakhovka Dam on July 11, 2022. The Kakhovka Dam would later fail in the result of an explosion that occurred on June 6, 2023.^[5] Flooding will impact downstream communities such as Kherson and will have devastating consequences to communities on the bank of the Dnipro River south of Nova Kakhovka.^[6]

To combat uncontrolled flooding, the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine had developed a program of flooding forecasting; however, as of 2012, the Government of Ukraine refused to adopt it.^[7]

Infrastructure

Power stations and dams

From source to mouth:

Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam

Water reservoirs

From source to mouth:

Concerns

Like other reservoirs, Dnieper reservoirs pose a potential threat of causing major flooding if their dams fail. Such damage may be inflicted by a powerful natural disaster (e.g., an earthquake), a human-made disaster, or a deliberate attack by terrorists or enemy forces at war.

The Dnieper reservoirs contain an additional major threat—after the Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster in 1986, radionuclides washed away by rains badly contaminated the bottom silt of the Kyiv Reservoir and presumably the others. During the years following the disaster, there were suggestions to drain the Kyiv Reservoir because it was too shallow.^{[citation needed]}

The dams are supposed to be strong enough to survive natural and terrorist threats. Both their construction schemes and government efforts work towards this goal. For instance, some engineers guarantee that every Dnieper dam will survive an earthquake (to its typical regional extent), meteorite or aircraft falling.^[8] There are also countermeasures against overflooding and malfunction of dams. Authorities pay significant attention to safeguarding the dams and bridges by special units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and other security agencies.^[9]

A failure of the Kyiv Reservoir would cause a flooding of the low-lying areas of Kyiv, mainly densely populated residential neighborhoods.^[10] The aftermath of a possible complex flooding also include the spread of radioactive material from the Chernobyl disaster contained in the reservoirs,^{[citation needed]} the widespread contamination by industrial and urban wastes and creation of swamps on bottoms of emptied reservoirs. The spread of radioactive silt could reach the Black Sea and endanger wildlife and humans dependent on the produce from the sea.

In 2001–03 the Security Service of Ukraine organized exercises on the Kyiv Hydroelectric station, simulating a possible terrorist attack. The results of the exercises were considered satisfactory.^[10]

Government position

New concerns arose in 2005 after a fake terrorist threat case. A police officer, dissatisfied with his commanders, anonymously called an emergency line stating that he had planted a bomb in a cargo train crossing the Kyiv Reservoir's dam. An immediate check proved the threat to be fake and the officer was arrested. Regardless, the incident caused another wave of public concern.^[11]

In 2012, the former Kyiv Hydroelectric Power Plant manager and veteran stated that the dam is guaranteed to be capable of withstanding any physical threat except for a large space object impact or a deliberate military attack of significant scale. However, an emergency plan exists to safely minimize consequences of a space impact depending on if there would be early warning of the impact event.^[12]

References

^ Tsalyk, S. Almost-Venice: Millennium history of flooding in Kyiv (Майже Венеція: тисячолітня історія потопів у Києві) Archived 2019-01-26 at the Wayback Machine. BBC in Ukrainian. 26 August 2018
^ Yatsyk, A., Voshchynskyi, K. Dnieper Cascade of HES (ДНІПРО́ВСЬКИЙ КАСКА́Д ГЕС) Archived 2019-01-26 at the Wayback Machine. Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine. 2008
^ Andriy Manchuk. The Great Kyiv flooding. How it was (Велика київська повінь. Як це було) Archived 2019-01-26 at the Wayback Machine. Istorychna Pravda (Ukrayinska Pravda). 4 April 2013
^ Everything what need to be aware of the Ukrainian HES Archived 2019-01-26 at the Wayback Machine. The Ukrainian Week. 28 August 2009
^ Hallam, Jonny; Pennington, Josh; Regan, Helen; Voitovych, Olga; Nasser, Irene; Shukla, Sebastian; Kottasová, Ivana; Mezzofiore, Gianluca; Shelley, Jo (2023-06-06). "Collapse of critical Ukrainian dam sparks region-wide evacuations. Here's what we know". CNN. Archived from the original on 2023-06-06. Retrieved 2023-06-06.
^ Miller, Christopher; Seddon, Max (2023-06-06). "Flood fears after Kakhovka dam blown up in Ukraine". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 2023-06-06. Retrieved 2023-06-06.
^ Anna Poludenko. How to dodge natural disaster? (Як уникнути природної катастрофи?) Archived 2019-01-26 at the Wayback Machine. Den. 21 August 2012
^ "The dam of the Kyiv's power plant will be around for a thousand of years", - the chief engineer of the "Skhema Dnepra" [the "Pattern of the Dnieper river"] institution Yefim Bakshayev seems to be tired of repeating those words. "The catastrophe is possible if it is directly hit by the nuclear bomb. I think that no one would then be around to be saved from flooding. Yes, the accidents are possible at peace time if the metallic structures of the dam are not replaced on time. But this is taken care of for the Kyiv dam. Besides, in the Netherlands, one third of the country spans across the territories gained from the sea. People build the reservoirs there for 400 years and no one is afraid of this proximity. Most important is to build the dam competently, provide it with modern equipment and follow on its operation [...] The capital is fully protected from flooding"
(in Russian) Lyudmila Kovalchuk, "Kiev Reservoir: where the radioactive silt is now there were 52 villages Archived 2007-03-27 at the Wayback Machine", Segodnya, March 23, 2005.
^ (in Ukrainian) Ю. П. Сурмін, Р. Н. Аврамчук, СТРУКТУРИ, ЗАСОБИ І СТРАТЕГІЯ РОЗВ'ЯЗАННЯ ПРОБЛЕМ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine (Framework, means and strategy of the state security.), by National Institute of State Security Archived 2006-07-04 at the Wayback Machine, Ukrainian governmental agency.
^ ^a ^b (in Russian and Ukrainian) Zoya Vishnevskaya "Before the thunder Rolls".Zerkalo Nedeli (Mirror Weekly), March 13–19, 2004. Available online in Russian Archived 2005-11-01 at the Wayback Machine, in Ukrainian^{[dead link‍]}
^ (in Russian and Ukrainian) "The caller is out of the calling area", Zerkalo Nedeli (Mirror Weekly), April 23 - May 6, 2005, available online in Russian Archived 2005-11-29 at the Wayback Machine, in Ukrainian^{[dead link‍]}
^ "Киевскую дамбу может разрушить только метеорит или война — Эксперт". Archived from the original on 2012-02-19. Retrieved 2012-02-15.