Diictodon had disproportionally large heads that ended in a horny beak. ‘There is a clear distinction between specimens having canine tusks and those lacking them, as tusked specimens are generally larger and more likely to develop a pineal boss. This probably reflects sexual dimorphism, with the tusked sex almost certainly being the male.’ Diictodon had strong arms and legs, as well as 5 sharp claws on each hand, and may have had keen senses of smell and sight. Their gait was similar to the 'high walk' of crocodiles. Their jaws were also simplified, with some of the bones dedicated instead to hearing, considered a key sign of mammalian adaptation. Diictodon also had many adaptations for digging, such as highly developed muscles, a cylindrical body, and wide hands.[8] Researchers Chinsmay and Rubridge analyzed seven other Dicynodonts species discovering the humeral bone microstructure in Diictidon showed no signs of growth marks indicating a variation in its growth strategy that further improved their ability to dig.[9]
Lifestyle
Size of Diictodon feliceps relative to a humanBurrow and skeleton
As a therapsid, Diictodon shared many features with modern-day mammals. Most noticeably, they made burrows into the earth, but most reached up to 0.5 m (1.6 ft) in depth, suggesting that they might have been infrequent diggers and occupied abandoned burrows.[8] Still, many scientists believe that Diictodon lived like the modern gopher. Their burrows could have been used to escape the heat of the desert, which was the dominant environment on the continent of Pangaea in the Late Permian Period. Inside these burrows, nests have been found, where Diictodon skeletons are present. They constituted of quite a gregarious lifestyle with numerous burrows in 500 square meters of space. However, their burrows were unconnected and did not form any large colonies. Many Diictodon nested close to flood plains, and some specimens may have been killed as water flowed into the nests, drowning the animals. Diictidon’s primary utilization of humeral excursion rather than forearm extension aided in employing rotation thrusting when burrowing.[9]
Diictodon had no known rival species competing in its niche, so they may have competed primarily with others of their species for the little plant material available.[8] Fossils of infant Diictodon discovered in brood chambers in some burrows suggest there was parental care in the genus, and that males seem to have been involved in raising the infants, based on the fact that some adults in said burrows had tusks.[10]
Diet
Like all dicynodonts, Diictodon were herbivorous. They used their beaks to break off pieces of the sparse desert shrubs. Like modern desert animals, Diictodon may have had unusually efficient digestive systems, due to the lack of nutrients present in desert plants. As burrowing animals, they may have fed off of water-rich plant tubers.[11]
Sexual dimorphism
Previously, tusked individuals were considered males, while tuskless individuals were considered females. Differences in pelvic structure may be the other evidence for sexual dimorphism.[8]
^M.O. Day, B.S. Rubidge; Biostratigraphy of the Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone (Beaufort Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa. South African Journal of Geology 2020;; 123 (2): 149–164. doi: https://doi.org/10.25131/sajg.123.0012
^P.A. Viglietti; Biostratigraphy of the Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone (Beaufort Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa. South African Journal of Geology 2020;; 123 (2): 191–206. doi: https://doi.org/10.25131/sajg.123.0014
^Sullivan, C., Reisz, R. R., & Smith, R. M. H. (2003). The Permian mammal-like herbivoreDiictodon, the oldest known example of sexually dimorphic armament. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 270(1511), 173–178. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2189.
^ abcdRay, S., & Chinsamy, A. (2003). Functional aspects of the postcranial anatomy of the Permian dicynodont Diictodon and their ecological implications. Palaeontology, 46(1), 151–183. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4983.00292.
^Smith, Roger M. H.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Benoit, Julien; Fernandez, Vincent (1 May 2021). "Neonate aggregation in the Permian dicynodont Diictodon (Therapsida, Anomodontia): Evidence for a reproductive function for burrows?". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 569: 110311. Bibcode:2021PPP...56910311S. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110311. S2CID233585323.
^Cox, C. B. (1998). The jaw function and adaptive radiation of the dicynodont mammal-like reptiles of the Karoo basin of South Africa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 122(1-2), 349–384. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1998.tb02534.x
^Kenneth D. Angielczyk; Bruce S. Rubidge (2010). "A new pylaecephalid dicynodont (Therapsida, Anomodontia) from the Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone, Karoo Basin, Middle Permian of South Africa". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (5): 1396–1409. Bibcode:2010JVPal..30.1396A. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.501447. S2CID129846697.
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