Comparison of functional programming languages

The table shows a comparison of functional programming languages which compares various features and designs of different functional programming languages.

Name	Pure	Lazy evaluation	Typing	Abstract data types	Algebraic data types	Data is immutable	Type classes	Garbage collection	First appeared
Common Lisp	No[1]	Simulated with thunks[2]	Dynamic[3]	Yes[4]	Extension[5]	No[6]	?	Yes	1984
Scheme	No[7]	Yes[8]	Dynamic[7]	Yes[9]	Simulated with thunks[10]	No[11]	No	Yes	1975
Racket	No	Default in Lazy Racket[12]	Dynamic by default, gradual with Typed Racket[13]	Yes[14]	Yes, with Algebraic Racket[15]	Partial[16]	No	Yes	1995
Clojure	No[17]	Yes[18]	Dynamic[19]	Yes[20]	Yes[21]	Yes[22]	No	Yes	2007
Standard ML	No[23]	No[24][25]	Static[26]	Yes	Yes	Yes[27]	No	Yes	1983
OCaml	No[28]	Yes[28]	Static[29]	Yes[30]	Yes[31]	Yes[32]	Simulated with parametric modules[33]	Yes	1996
F#	No[34]	Yes[35]	Static[36]	Yes[37]	Yes[38]	Yes[39]	No	Yes	2005
Haskell	Yes[40]	Default[41]	Static[42]	Yes[40]	Yes[43]	Yes[44]	Yes[45]	Yes	1990
Scala	No[46]	Yes[47]	Static[46]	Yes[48]	Yes[48]	Yes[49]	Yes[50]	Yes	2004
JavaScript	No[51]^[unreliable source?]	Extension[52]	Dynamic[53]	Extension[54]	Extension[55]	Partial[56][57]	?	Yes	1995
Clean	Yes[58]	Yes, with optional strictness annotations[59]	Static with uniqueness/optionally dynamic[60]	Yes[59]	Yes[59]	Yes, except for unique types[59]	Yes[59]	Yes	1987
Miranda	Yes[61]	Default[62]	Static[61]	Yes[63]	Yes[61]	Yes	No	Yes	1986
SASL	Yes[64]	Yes	Dynamic[65]	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	1972
Elixir	No	Stream module[66]	Dynamic	Yes	No	Yes	?	Yes	2012
Erlang	No	No[67]	Dynamic	Yes[68]	No	Yes[69]	?	Yes	1986
Elm	Yes	No	Static[70]	?	Yes[71]	Yes[70]	No	Yes	2012
Futhark	Yes	No	Static[72]	Yes	Yes	Yes[70]	No	Yes	2014
Python	No[73]	Simulated with generators	Dynamic[74]	Yes[75]	No	Partial[76]	?	Yes	1991
Idris	Yes[77]	Yes[77]	Static[77]	Yes[77]	Yes[77]	Yes[77]	Yes[77]	Yes	2007
Nix	Yes	No	Static^[citation needed]	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	2003
Wolfram Language	No	No	Static	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	1988
Kotlin	No	Lazy delegation[78] and Sequence[79]	Static	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	2011
Swift	No	No	Static	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Swift uses Automatic Reference Counting, which differs from tracing garbage collection but is designed to provide similar benefits with better performance.	2014
Julia	No	No[80]	Dynamic[81]	Yes[81]	No	Partial[81]	?	Yes	2012
PureScript	Yes	No	Static	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	2013
Rust	No	Lazy iterators[82] and external libraries[83]	Static[84]	Yes[85]	Yes[86]	Yes[87]	Yes, through traits[85]	No	2010
Bosque	No	No	Static	Yes	Yes	Yes	?	Yes	2019
D	Optional[88][89]	Optional[90]	Static[91]	?	Yes	Yes[92]	No	Yes[93]	2001
Gleam	No[94]	Experimental external libraries	Static	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	2019

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