Comparison of Java virtual machines

Version information

Name	Creator	First public release	Latest stable version	Latest release date	Cost, availability	License
Eclipse OpenJ9 (formerly IBM J9)	IBM	15 Mar 2018[1]	0.49.0[2]	6 February 2025; 2 months ago (6 February 2025)	Free	Eclipse Public License 2.0 Apache License 2.0
GCJ	GNU	6 September 1998	6.4 (Terminal)	4 July 2017	Free	GPL version 2 or later, with the "libgcc exception"[3]
GraalVM	Oracle	May 2019	Oracle GraalVM for JDK 24[4]	18 March 2025; 32 days ago (18 March 2025)	Free	GPL version 2 only
HotSpot, OpenJDK edition	Sun Microsystems, Oracle	27 April 1999	jdk-16	16 March 2021	Free	GPL version 2 only
HotSpot, Oracle JDK edition	Sun Microsystems, Oracle	27 April 1999	jdk 16	16 March 2021	Free	Proprietary
HotSpot, Java SE embedded edition	Sun Microsystems, Oracle	27 April 1999	?	?	Commercial	Proprietary[5]
HotSpot, Zero port	Gary Benson[6]	?	?	?	Free	GPL version 2 only
IKVM	Jeroen Frijters	28 June 2004	8.11.2[7]	10 March 2025; 40 days ago (10 March 2025)	Free	zlib License[8]
JAmiga	Peter Werno, Joakim Nordström	19 May 2005[9]	1.2	6 January 2014	Free	GPL version 2 or later
JamVM	Robert Lougher	13 March 2003	2.0.0	30 July 2014	Free	GPL version 2 or later
Jato VM	Pekka Enberg and contributors[10]	?	0.3[11]	4 January 2012[11]	Free	GPL version 2 only[10]
JC virtual machine	Archie L. Cobbs	?	1.4.7	13 November 2005	Free	LGPL version 2.1 or later
Jikes RVM	IBM	14 October 2001	3.1.4[12]	18 February 2016[12]	Free	Eclipse Public License version 1.0[13]
Kaffe	Transvirtual Technologies	1996	1.1.9	22 February 2008	Free	GPL version 2 or later[14]
Mysaifu JVM	?	16 April 2005[15]	0.4.8[15]	5 March 2010[15]	Free	GPL version 2 only[15]
SableVM	Sable Research Group	?	1.13	30 March 2007[16]	Free	LGPL version 2.1 or later

Technical information

JVM	Status	Latest supported Java version	Supported class libraries			Performance
			GNU Classpath	OpenJDK	Other	Interpretation	AOT	JIT
GCJ	No longer maintained or distributed by GNU as of GCC 7[17]	?	Yes	No		Yes	Yes	No
HotSpot, OpenJDK edition	Reference implementation.	1.8	No	Yes		Yes	No	Yes
HotSpot, Oracle JDK edition	Reference implementation.	1.8	No	Yes		Yes	No	Yes
HotSpot, Java SE embedded edition		?	No	Yes		Yes	No	Yes
HotSpot, Zero port	Interpreter-only port of OpenJDK using almost no assembly language and designed to be very portable.	1.7	No	Yes		Yes	No	No
IKVM		?	?	?		Whatever the .NET runtime uses
JAmiga		1.4[18]	Yes[19]	No		Yes[20]	No	No
JamVM		1.8[21]	Yes[22]	Yes[22]		Yes[22]	No	Yes[22]
Jato VM		1.6[23]	Yes[11]	No[24]		No[24]	No[24]	Yes[11]
JC virtual machine	Translates Java to C and compiles it with a C compiler.	1.4[25]	Yes[26]	No		Yes[27]	Yes[27]	Yes[27]
Jikes RVM		1.6[28]	Yes[29]	Port[30][31]	Apache Harmony[29]	No[32]	?	Yes
Kaffe		1.4[14]	Yes[14]	No		Yes[14]	No[14]	Yes[14]
Mysaifu JVM		?	Yes[33]	No		Yes[34]	No[34]	No[34]
SableVM	Unmaintained	1.4	Yes	No		Yes	No	No

Supported CPU architectures

JVM	x86	x86-64	SPARC	MIPS	Itanium	Power ISA	ARM	Alpha	S/390	z/Architecture	m68k
GCJ	Yes[35]	Yes[35]	Yes[35]	Yes[35]	Yes[35]	Yes[35]	Yes[35]	Yes[35]	Yes[35]	No[35]	No[35]
HotSpot, OpenJDK edition	Yes[36]	Yes[36]	Solaris only[36]	Port[37][38]	No[36]	PowerPC/AIX port[39]	Yes[36]	No[36]	No[36]	No[36]	No[36]
HotSpot, Oracle JDK edition	Yes[36]	Yes[36]	Solaris only[36]	No[36]	Java 1.6[40]	No[36]	Yes[36]	No[36]	No[36]	No[36]	No[36]
HotSpot, Java SE embedded edition	Yes[5]	Yes[5]	Yes[5]	?	?	Yes[5]	Yes[5]	?	?	?	?
HotSpot, Zero port	Yes[41]	Yes[41]	No[41]	Yes[41]	Yes[41]	Yes[41]	Yes[41]	Yes[41]	No[41]	Yes[41]	No[41]
IKVM	Any architecture with a .NET framework.
JAmiga	?	?	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	Yes
JamVM	Yes[22]	Yes[22]	Yes[22]	Yes[22]	No[22]	Yes[22]	Yes[22]	No[22]	No[22]	No[22]	No[22]
Jato VM	Yes[11]	Under development[42]	No	No	No	Under development[42]	Preliminary ARMv5 support[24]	No	No	No	No
JC virtual machine	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Jikes RVM	Yes[43]	No[43]	No[43]	No[43]	No[43]	Yes[43]	No[43]	No[43]	No[43]	No[43]	No[43]
Kaffe	Yes[14]	Yes[14]	Yes[14]	Yes[14]	Yes[14]	Yes[14]	Yes[14]	Yes[14]	Yes[14]	No[14]	Yes[14]
Mysaifu JVM	No[44]	No[44]	No[44]	No[44]	No[44]	No[44]	Yes[44]	No[44]	No[44]	No[44]	No[44]
SableVM	Yes[45]	Yes	Yes[45]	Yes	Yes[45]	Yes[45]	Yes[45]	Yes[45]	Yes[45]	No[45]	Yes[45]

Supported operating systems

JVM	Windows	Linux	FreeBSD	NetBSD	OpenBSD	Solaris	OpenSolaris	Darwin	macOS	iOS	BeOS	Haiku	AIX	IRIX	OS/2	Windows Mobile	AmigaOS	Other
GCJ	Yes[35]	Yes[35]	Yes[35]	?	?	Yes[35]	?	Yes[35]	Yes[35]	?	?	?	?	Yes[35]	?	No[35]	No[35]	DEC OSF 4.0f and 5.1, Hitachi SH-3/4 micro-controller[35]
HotSpot, OpenJDK edition	Yes[46] (distributed as source code)	Yes	Port[47]	Port[47]	Port[47]	Yes	Yes[48]	?	Yes[49]	No	No	Port[50]	Port[39]	No	Port[51]	No	No
HotSpot, Oracle JDK edition	Yes[36]	Yes[36]	No	No	No	Yes[36]	?	?	Yes[36]	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
HotSpot, Java SE embedded edition	Yes[5]	Yes[5]	No[5]	No[5]	No[5]	Yes[5]	?[5]	No[5]	No[5]	No[5]	No[5]	No[5]	No[5]	No[5]	No[5]	No[5]	No[5]
HotSpot, Zero port	No[41][52]	Yes[41][52]	No[41][52]	No[41][52]	No[41][52]	No[41][52]	No[41][52]	No[41][52]	No[41][52]	No[41][52]	No[41][52]	No[41][52]	No[41][52]	No[41][52]	No[41][52]	No[41][52]	No[41][52]
IKVM	Any operating system with a .NET framework
JAmiga	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes
JamVM	No[22]	Yes[22]	Yes[22]	No[22]	Yes[22]	Yes[22]	Yes[22]	Yes[22]	Yes[22]	On Jailbroken iPhone[22]	No[22]	No[22]	No[22]	No[22]	No[22]	No[22]	No[22]	kFreeBSD
Jato VM	No[42]	Yes[42]	No[42]	No[42]	No[42]	No[42]	No[42]	Under development[42]	?[42]	No[42]	No[42]	No[42]	No[42]	No[42]	No[42]	No[42]	No[42]
JC virtual machine	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Jikes RVM	No[43]	Yes[43]	No[43]	No[43]	No[43]	No[43]	No[43]	No[43]	Yes[43]	No[43]	No[43]	No[43]	Yes[43]	No[43]	No[43]	No[43]	No[43]
Kaffe	Using Cygwin[14]	Yes[14]	Yes[14]	Yes[14]	Yes[14]	Yes[14]	?	Yes[14]	Yes[14]	No[14]	Yes[14]	No[14]	Yes[14]	Yes[14]	No[14]	No[14]	Yes	Many others[14]
Mysaifu JVM	No[44]	No[44]	No[44]	No[44]	No[44]	No[44]	No[44]	No[44]	No[44]	No[44]	No[44]	No[44]	No[44]	No[44]	No[44]	Yes[44]	No[44]
SableVM	Using Cygwin[45]	Yes[45]	Yes[45]	?	?	?	?	?	Yes[45]	?	?	?	?	?	?	?	?

References

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