Coach (sport)

Coach
New York Yankees' manager Joe Torre (far right) with coaches (from left to right) Kevin Long, Ron Guidry, and Don Mattingly
Occupation
NamesAthletic coach, sports coach
Activity sectors
Physical education, determinacy
Description
Fields of
employment
Schools
Related jobs
Teacher, sports agent

An athletic coach is a person coaching in sport, involved in the direction, instruction, and training of a sports team or athlete.

History

The original sense of the word Coach is that of a horse-drawn carriage, deriving ultimately from the Hungarian city of Kocs where such vehicles were first made. Students at the University of Oxford in the early nineteenth century used the slang word to refer to a private tutor who would drive a less able student through his examinations just like horse driving.[1]

Britain took the lead in upgrading the status of sports in the 19th century. For sports to become professionalized, "coacher" had to become established. It gradually professionalized in the Victorian era and the role was well established by 1914. In the First World War, military units sought out the coaches to supervise physical conditioning and develop morale-building teams.[2]

Effectiveness

John Wooden had a philosophy of coaching that encouraged planning, organization, and understanding,[3] and that knowledge was important but not everything when being an effective coach.[4] Traditionally coaching expertise or effectiveness has been measured by win–loss percentage, satisfaction of players, or years of coaching experience,[5] but like in teacher expertise those metrics are highly ambiguous.[6] Coaching expertise or effectiveness describes good coaching,[7] which looks at coaching behaviour,[8] dispositions, education, experience,[9] and knowledge.[10]

A widely used definition of effective coaching is "the consistent application of integrated professional, interpersonal, and intrapersonal knowledge, to improve athletes competence, confidence, connection, and character in specific coaching contexts".[5][11]

Knowledge

Coaches need descriptive knowledge and procedural knowledge that can relate to all aspects of coaching, with expert coaches using tacit knowledge more freely.[12] Teachers' knowledge has been categorized,[13] like coaches knowledge with various terms being used.[14] Such terms assist players and athletes' understand what the coach is trying to get them to execute. Augmented feedback is one of the terms used, which is the term used for the different ways a coach can give evaluations.[15] Many categories fall under content knowledge, pedagogical knowledge, and pedagogical-content knowledge.[16] When considering the need to build relationships with others[17] and athletes,[18] interpersonal knowledge has been included.[19] Then when considering professional development, which requires the skills to learn from experience[20] while utilizing reflective practice,[21] intrapersonal knowledge has been included.[19]

It is rare in professional sport for a team not to hire a former professional player, but playing and coaching have different knowledge bases.[22] The combination of professional, interpersonal, and intrapersonal knowledge can lead to good thinking habits, maturity,[23] wisdom,[24] and capacity to make reasonable judgements.[5]

Professionalism

The subject, sport, curricular, and pedagogical knowledge all fall under this category of professional coaches knowledge.[19] Including the "ologies" of sports science like;[25] sport psychology, sport biomechanics, sport nutrition, exercise physiology, motor control, critical thinking, sociology, strength and conditioning, and sporting tactics,[26] with all the associated sub areas of knowledge.[27] This category of knowledge is what most coach education has been focused on [28] but this alone is not enough to be an effective coach.[29]

Coaching is not just about sport specific skills [30] and education,[31] especially when taking a holistic approach.[32] Keeping sports people safe,[33] and healthy [34] while participating are responsibilities of a coach as well as awareness of social factors like the relative age effect.

Interpersonality

Much of coaching involves interacting with players, staff, community, opposition, and then family members in youth sport.[19] The relationships built in a sports team influence the social interactions which can affect player performance and development, fan culture,[35] and in professional sport, financial backing. Effective coaches have knowledge that helps in all social contexts to make the best of each situation,[36] with the coach–athlete relationship.[37] being one of the most crucial to get right.[38]

Excellent communication skills are imperative for coaches in order to provide their athletes with the adequate skills, knowledge and mental as well as tactical ability.[39][40]

Intrapersonality

A coaches ability to improve relies on professional development in continued learning which uses a combination of evaluation and reflective practice.[41] Their recognition of personal ethical views and disposition are also elements of intrapersonal knowledge.[19] The understanding of oneself and ability to use introspection and reflection are skills that take time to develop,[42] using deliberate practice in each changing context.[43] Coaching expertise requires this knowledge much like teachers [6] as each experience can confirm or contradict a prior belief in player performance.[44] The internal and external framing of a coaches role can impact their reflection,[45] suggesting perspective can be a limitation promoting the idea of a coaching community for feedback.

Athlete outcomes

The coaching behavior assessment system has been used [46] to show that coaching knowledge and behavior have significant influence on participants psychological profile affecting self-esteem, motivation,[47] satisfaction, attitudes,[18] perceived competence,[5] and performance.[48] For a coach to be seen as effective, the people they work with should be improving,[49] with expert coaches being able to sustain that over an extended period of time.[7] There are various areas of development that can be categorized, which was first done with a 5 C's model: competence, confidence, connection, character and compassion [50] and was then later shortened to a 4 C's model by combining character and compassion.[30]

People's competence can relate to their sport-specific technical and tactical skills, performance skills, improved health and fitness, and overall training habits. Their confidence relating to an internal sense of overall positive self-worth. Having a good connections is the positive bonds and social relationships with people inside and outside of the sporting context. Then character is respect for the sport and other participating showing good levels of morality, integrity, empathy, and responsibility.[5]

The competence of a person is linked to leadership[48] and centered around becoming a self-reliant member of a sports team and society in the coaching context.[30] Competencies have guided much of sport psychology[51] supporting positive youth development.[52]

The self-determination theory suggests an environment that supports autonomous decision making, can help develop competence, confidence, and connection to others affecting motivation.[53] Effective coaches therefore create supportive environments [54] while building good relationships with the people they coach.[55]

Support staff

In professional sports, a coach is usually supported by one or more assistant coaches and a specialist team including sports scientists. The staff may include coordinators, a strength and conditioning coach, sport psychologist, physiotherapist, nutritionist, biomechanist, or sports analyst.

Association football

The coaching team of the Liverpool Football Club monitoring players during a training session

In association football, the roles of a coach can vary depending on the level of seniority they are coaching at, the professional level that they're coaching at, and the country they are coaching in, amongst others.[56] In youth football, the duties of a coach is primarily to aid in the development of technical skills.[57] Additional skills that are important for a coach to help youth players develop is motor skills, stamina and the ability to read the game of play accordingly.

A solid foundation of tactical awareness is imperative for youth players to develop, because by the time they reach senior level (aged 18 and over), they are expected to know the tactical basis of the game - first team coaches at senior level do not actively teach tactics, they mainly just implement them. Therefore, youth coaches need to have a solid understanding of the tactics of the game, so that they can facilitate, as a pedagogue, for their players' growth also on the tactical level.

In professional football, the role of the coach or trainer is focused on the training and development of a club's first team.[58] This means that the head coach is responsible for the first team strategy, development, training session schedule and player development. The head coach is accompanied by one or more assistant coaches, and is also assisted by medical staff and athletic trainers. A first team coach at a professional level is expecting of players to already be well-versed into the (general) tactics of football, so that he or she can instead focus on implementing their version of football tactics (style of play) into the team.

In English football, the director of a professional football team is commonly awarded the position of manager, a role that combines the duties of coach and sporting director.

All coaches of association football teams need to carefully consider the tactical ability and skill level of their teams when selecting tactics and strategy for games as well as practice.

Ice hockey

The coach in ice hockey is the person responsible for directing the team during games and practices, prepares strategy and decides which players will participate in games.[59]

United Kingdom

Cricket

Coaches have much less of a role in cricket matches than in other sports, with the team captain making most strategic decisions for their team. During the game, cricket coaches generally focus on occasionally sending out messages or feedback to the team, especially during breaks in the play such as time-outs; otherwise, most coaches have an auxiliary role in helping the players practice, with each one generally specializing in improving the batting and bowling skills of the players.[60][61][62] In recent years, fielding coaches have received more priority, as the shorter formats of the game have made good fielding more valuable.[63]

United States

Left: A U.S. high school girls' water polo team (with their male coaches in background) posing with their trophy. Right: A U.S. university girl practicing a difficult gymnastics manoeuvre under the watchful eyes of her coach.

All major U.S. collegiate sports have associations for their coaches to engage in professional development activities, but some sports' professional coaches have less formal associations, without developing into a group resembling a union in the way that athletic players in many leagues have.

U.S. collegiate coaching contracts require termination without the payment of a settlement if the coach is found to be in serious violation of named rules, usually with regard to the recruiting or retention of players in violation of amateur status.

The NFL head coaches have an association, called NFL Coaches Association (NFLCA), which includes almost all the coaches in the NFL.[64]

American baseball

At baseball's professional level in North America, the person who heads the coaching staff does not use the title of "head coach", but is instead called the field manager. Baseball "coaches" at that level are members of the coaching staff under the overall supervision of the manager, with each coach having a specialized role. The baseball field manager is essentially equivalent a head coach in other American professional sports leagues; player transactions are handled by the general manager. The term manager used without qualification almost always refers to the field manager, while the general manager is often called the GM.

At amateur levels, the terminology is more similar to that of other sports. The person known as the "manager" in professional leagues is generally called the "head coach" in amateur leagues; this terminology is standard in U.S. college baseball.

American football

In American football, like many other sports, there are many coaches and assistant coaches. American football includes a head coach, associate/assistant head coach, an offensive coordinator, a defensive coordinator, a special teams coordinator, position coaches, among other assistant coaches which can include passing game coordinator, running game coordinator, and advisors. They're support staff such as strength and conditioning coach, quality control, analyst, and recruiting coaches.[65]

See also

References

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Ця стаття є частиною Проєкту:Тернопільщина (рівень: IV, важливість: середня) Портал «Тернопільщина»Мета проєкту — створення якісних та інформативних статей на теми, пов'язані з Тернопільщиною. Ви можете покращити цю статтю, відредагувавши її, а на сторінці проєкту вказан...

Dieser Artikel befasst sich mit der Gemeinde Ebersburg im Landkreis Fulda, für die gleichnamigen Burgen siehe Burg Ebersburg (Rhön) und Ebersburg (Harz). Siehe auch: Ebersberg. Wappen Deutschlandkarte 50.4527777777789.7936111111111362Koordinaten: 50° 27′ N, 9° 48′ O Basisdaten Bundesland: Hessen Regierungsbezirk: Kassel Landkreis: Fulda Höhe: 362 m ü. NHN Fläche: 37,05 km2 Einwohner: 4704 (31. Dez. 2022)[1] Bevölkerungsdicht...

 

This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: Kimi Station – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Railway station in Kurashiki, Okayama Prefecture, Japan  M 10 Kimi Station木見駅JR West railway stationThe station buildingGeneral informationLocation469 Kimi, Kurashi...

 

Australian rules footballer Australian rules footballer Teia Miles Miles playing for Hawthorn in August 2018Personal informationFull name Teia MilesDate of birth (1996-11-02) 2 November 1996 (age 27)Original team(s) Geelong Falcons (TAC Cup)Draft No. 49, 2014 national draftDebut Round 2, 2017, Hawthorn vs. Adelaide, at Melbourne Cricket GroundHeight 180 cm (5 ft 11 in)Weight 70 kg (154 lb)Position(s) MidfielderPlaying careerYears Club Games (Goals)2015...

For other uses, see Parental Advisory (disambiguation). Promotional single by Jay RockParental AdvisoryPromotional single by Jay RockPublishedOctober 14, 2014 (2014-10-14)Recorded2014GenreHip hopLength3:40LabelTop Dawg EntertainmentSongwriter(s)Johnny McKinzieProducer(s)SmokeyGotBeatz Parental Advisory is a song by American hip hop recording artist Jay Rock, released as the first promotional single from his second studio album. The song, produced by SmokeyGotBeatz, heavily samp...

 

Division in Punjab, PakistanBahawalpur Division بہاولپور ڈویژنبہاولپور ڈویژنDivisionMap of Bahawalpur DivisionCountry PakistanProvince PunjabCapitalBahawalpurGovernment • TypeDivisional Administration • CommissionerN/A • Regional Police OfficerN/AArea • Total45,588 km2 (17,602 sq mi)Population (2017)[1] • Total11,464,031 • Density250/km2 (650/sq mi)Websitebah...

 

2010 South Korean filmThe Fair LoveTheatrical posterKorean nameHangul페어 러브Revised RomanizationPe-eo Reo-beuMcCune–ReischauerP‘eŏ Rŏbŭ Directed byShin Yeon-shickWritten byShin Yeon-shickProduced byShin Yeon-shickStarringAhn Sung-kiLee Ha-naCinematographyChoi Geon-huiEdited byChoi Young-jinMusic byKim Shin-ilDistributed byCJ EntertainmentRelease date January 14, 2010 (2010-01-14) Running time117 minutesCountrySouth KoreaLanguageKoreanBudgetUS$93,000 The Fair Love (...

Bay in Indonesia Ambon BayTeluk Ambon (Indonesian)Merah Putih Bridge spanning over Ambon BayAmbon BayLocationSoutheast AsiaCoordinates3°41′S 128°09′E / 3.69°S 128.15°E / -3.69; 128.15TypeBayBasin countriesIndonesiaReferencesAmbon Ambon Bay (Indonesian: Teluk Ambon) is a bay that located in Ambon island, Maluku province, Indonesia.[1] The bay separates Ambon island into two peninsulas; the southeastern and smaller peninsula is called Leitimur, ...

 

Ця стаття не містить посилань на джерела. Ви можете допомогти поліпшити цю статтю, додавши посилання на надійні (авторитетні) джерела. Матеріал без джерел може бути піддано сумніву та вилучено. (липень 2017) Українська народна партія «Собор» — українська політична пар...

 

ランディ・バースRandy Bass 阪神タイガース時代基本情報国籍 アメリカ合衆国出身地 オクラホマ州ロートン生年月日 (1954-03-13) 1954年3月13日(69歳)身長体重 184 cm95 kg選手情報投球・打席 右投左打ポジション 一塁手 右翼手プロ入り 1972年 MLBドラフト7巡目初出場 MLB / 1977年9月3日NPB / 1983年4月16日最終出場 MLB / 1982年6月7日NPB / 1988年5月5日経歴(括弧内はプロチーム在籍年度) ...

Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Cet article ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources (décembre 2013). Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les références utiles à sa vérifiabilité et en les liant à la section « Notes et références » En pratique : Quelles sources sont attendues ? ...

 

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada April 2017. Takayoshi TodaInformasi pribadiNama lengkap Takayoshi TodaTanggal lahir 8 Desember 1979 (umur 44)Tempat lahir Prefektur Miyazaki, JepangPosisi bermain BekKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2002-2006 Shonan Bellmare 2007-2008 Gainare Tottori * Penam...

 

Non-profit located in Monterey, California Big Sur Land TrustFounded1978 (45 years ago) (1978)HeadquartersMonterey, California, United StatesArea served California Central CoastMethodConservation by DesignRevenue US$6.08 million (2015)EndowmentUS$6.9 million (2015)Employees 16Websitebigsurlandtrust.org The Big Sur Land Trust is a private 501(c)(3) non-profit located in Monterey, California, that has played an instrumental role in preserving land in California's Big Sur and Centr...

2 Samuel 17Kitab Samuel (Kitab 1 & 2 Samuel) lengkap pada Kodeks Leningrad, dibuat tahun 1008.KitabKitab 1 SamuelKategoriNevi'imBagian Alkitab KristenPerjanjian LamaUrutan dalamKitab Kristen10← pasal 16 pasal 18 → 2 Samuel 17 (atau II Samuel 17, disingkat 2Sam 17) adalah bagian dari Kitab 2 Samuel dalam Alkitab Ibrani dan Perjanjian Lama di Alkitab Kristen. Dalam Alkitab Ibrani termasuk Nabi-nabi Awal atau Nevi'im Rishonim [נביאים ראשונים] dalam bagian Nevi'im (נ...

 

Catholic archdiocese in Croatia Archdiocese of ZadarArchidioecesis IadrensisZadarska nadbiskupijaMap of deaneries and parishesLocationCountryCroatiaEcclesiastical provinceSplitskaMetropolitanExempt to Holy SeeStatisticsArea3,009 km2 (1,162 sq mi)Population- Total- Catholics~164.310[1]~151.215[1] (92.03%)Parishes119Schools2InformationDenominationCatholic ChurchSui iuris churchLatin ChurchRiteRoman RiteEstablished• 3rd century (Diocese)• 1154 (A...

 

Strategi Solo vs Squad di Free Fire: Cara Menang Mudah!