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	Cliff Edwards as a wounded soldier in Gone With the Wind (1939), with Vivien Leigh and Olivia de Havilland. (In the final film, Edwards is not visible.)

Cliff Edwards
Cliff Edwards
	Edwards in 1947
Born	Clifton Avon Edwards; June 14, 1895; Hannibal, Missouri, U.S.
Died	July 17, 1971 (aged 76); Hollywood, California, U.S.
Resting place	Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery
Other names	Ukulele Ike
Occupations	Musician; actor;
Years active	1918–1971
Spouses	; Gertrude Ryrholm (m. 1919; div. 1923) ; Irene Wylie (m. 1923; div. 1931) ; Judith Barrett (m. 1932; div. 1936)
	Musical career
Genres	Jazz; vaudeville;
Instruments	Vocals; ʻukulele;
Labels	Audiophile Records; Walt Disney Records;

Clifton Avon "Cliff" Edwards (June 14, 1895 – July 17, 1971), nicknamed "Ukulele Ike", was an American musician and actor. He enjoyed considerable popularity in the 1920s and early 1930s, specializing in jazzy renditions of pop standards and novelty tunes. He had a number one hit with "Singin' in the Rain" in 1929. He also did voices for animated cartoons later in his career, and he is best known as the voice of Jiminy Cricket in Walt Disney's Pinocchio (1940)^[1] and Fun and Fancy Free (1947), and Dandy (Jim) Crow in Walt Disney's Dumbo (1941).^[2]

Early life and musical career

Edwards was born in Hannibal, Missouri. He left school at age 14 and soon moved to St. Louis, Missouri, and Saint Charles, Missouri, where he entertained as a singer in saloons. As many places had pianos in bad shape or none at all, Edwards taught himself to play ʻukulele to serve as his own accompanist (choosing it because it was the cheapest instrument in the music shop). He was nicknamed "Ukulele Ike" by a club owner who could never remember his name. He got his first break in 1918 at the Arsonia Cafe in Chicago, Illinois, where he performed a song called "Ja-Da", written by the club's pianist, Bob Carleton. Edwards and Carleton made it a hit on the vaudeville circuit. Vaudeville headliner Joe Frisco hired Edwards as part of his act, which was featured at the Palace in New York City—the most prestigious vaudeville theater—and later in the Ziegfeld Follies.^[3] ^[4]

Edwards made his first phonograph records in 1919. He recorded early examples of jazz scat singing in 1922. The following year he signed a contract with Pathé Records. He became one of the most popular singers of the 1920s, appearing in several Broadway shows. He recorded many of the pop and novelty hits of the day, including "California, Here I Come", "Hard Hearted Hannah", "Yes Sir, That's My Baby", and "I'll See You in My Dreams".

In 1924, Edwards performed as the headliner at the Palace, the pinnacle of his vaudeville success. That year he also featured in George and Ira Gershwin's first Broadway musical Lady Be Good, alongside Fred and Adele Astaire. As a recording artist, his hits included "Paddlin’ Madeleine Home" (1925), "I Can't Give You Anything but Love" (1928), and the classic "Singin' in the Rain" (1929), which he introduced. Edwards's own compositions included "(I'm Cryin' 'Cause I Know I'm) Losing You", "You're So Cute (Mama o' Mine)", "Little Somebody of Mine", and "I Want to Call You 'Sweet Mama'". He also recorded a few "off-color" novelty songs for under-the-counter sales, including "I'm a Bear in a Lady's Boudoir", "Mr. Insurance Man", and "Give It to Mary with Love".

Edwards, more than any other performer, was responsible for the soaring popularity of the ʻukulele.^[5] Millions of ʻukuleles were sold during the decade, and Tin Pan Alley publishers added ʻukulele chords to standard sheet music. Edwards always played American Martin ukuleles, favoring the small soprano model in his early career. In his later years, he moved to the larger tenor ʻukulele, which was becoming popular in the 1930s.

Edwards continued to record until shortly before his death in 1971. His last record album, Ukulele Ike, was released posthumously on the independent Glendale label. He reprised many of his 1920s hits; his failing health was however evident in the recordings.^[6]

Film, radio, and television

In 1929, Cliff Edwards was playing at the Orpheum Theater in Los Angeles where he caught the attention of movie producer-director Irving Thalberg. His film company Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer hired Edwards to appear in early sound movies. After performing in some short films, Edwards was one of the stars in the feature Hollywood Revue of 1929, doing some comic bits and singing some numbers, including the film debut of his hit "Singin' in the Rain". He appeared in a total of 33 films for MGM through 1933. He had a small role as Mike, playing a ʻukulele very briefly at the beginning of the 1931 movie Laughing Sinners (1931), starring Joan Crawford.

Edwards had a friendly working relationship with MGM's comedy star Buster Keaton, who featured Edwards in three of his films. Keaton, himself a former vaudevillian, enjoyed singing and harmonized with Edwards between takes. One of these casual jam sessions was captured on film, in Doughboys (1930), in which Keaton and Edwards scat-sing their way through "You Never Did That Before".

Edwards was also an occasional supporting player in feature films and short subjects at Warner Bros. and RKO Radio Pictures. He played a wisecracking sidekick to Western star George O'Brien, and he filled in for Allen Jenkins as "Goldie" opposite Tom Conway in The Falcon Strikes Back. In a 1940 short, he led a cowboy chorus in Cliff Edwards and His Buckaroos. Throughout the 1940s he appeared in a number of "B" Westerns playing the comic, singing sidekick to the hero, seven times with Charles Starrett and six with Tim Holt.

Edwards appeared in the darkly sardonic Western comedy The Bad Man of Brimstone (1937), and he played the character "Endicott" in the screwball comedy film His Girl Friday (1940). In 1939, he voiced the off-screen wounded Confederate soldier in Gone with the Wind in a hospital scene with Vivien Leigh and Olivia de Havilland.

His most famous voice role was as Jiminy Cricket in Walt Disney's Pinocchio (1940), where he sings Give a Little Whistle and When You Wish Upon a Star. Edwards's rendition of "When You Wish Upon a Star" is probably his most familiar recorded legacy. He voiced the head crow in Disney's Dumbo (1941) and sang "When I See an Elephant Fly".

In 1932, Edwards had his first national radio show on CBS Radio. He continued hosting network radio shows through 1946. In the early 1930s, however, Edwards' popularity faded as public taste shifted to crooners such as Russ Columbo, Rudy Vallee, and Bing Crosby.

Arthur Godfrey's use of the ʻukulele spurred a surge in its popularity and those that played it, including Edwards. Like many vaudeville stars, Edwards was an early arrival on television. In the 1949 season, he starred in The Cliff Edwards Show, a three-days-a-week (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday evenings) TV variety show on CBS. In the 1950s and early 1960s, he made appearances on The Mickey Mouse Club, in addition to performing his Jiminy Cricket voice for various Disney shorts and the Disney Christmas spectacular, From All of Us to All of You.^[7]

Personal life

Edwards was careless with the money he made in the 1920s, always trying to sustain his expensive habits and lifestyle. He continued working during the Great Depression, but never again enjoyed his former prosperity. Most of his income went to alimony for his three former wives, and paying debts, and he declared bankruptcy four times during the 1930s and early 1940s. Edwards married his first wife Gertrude (Benson) Ryrholm in 1917, but they divorced four years later.^[8] He married Irene Wylie in 1923; they divorced in 1931. In 1932, he married his third and final wife, actress Judith Barrett.^[9] They divorced in 1936.^[9]

As well as being a lifelong heavy tobacco smoker,^[10] Edwards also was an alcoholic, a drug addict and a gambler for much of his career.^[11]

Later years and death

In his final years, Edwards lived in a home for indigent actors and often spent his time at the Walt Disney Studios to be available any time he could get voice work. He was sometimes taken to lunch by animators whom he befriended and told stories of his days in vaudeville.

Edwards died on July 17, 1971, at the age of 76 from a cardiac arrest brought on by arteriosclerosis.^[12] At the time of his death, Edwards was a penniless charity patient at the Virgil Convalescent Hospital in Hollywood, California. His body was unclaimed and was donated to the University of California, Los Angeles medical school. When Walt Disney Productions, which had been quietly paying many of his medical expenses, discovered this, they offered to purchase his remains and pay for the burial. Instead, it was done by the Actors' Fund of America (which had also aided Edwards) and the Motion Picture and Television Relief Fund. Disney paid for his grave marker.^[13]

Honors

In 2000, Edwards was awarded as a Disney Legend for voice-acting. In 2002, Edwards' 1940 recording on Victor, Victor 26477, "When You Wish Upon a Star", was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.

Discography

Ukulele Ike Sings Again (Disneyland, 1956)
A Day at Disneyland with Walt Disney and Jiminy Cricket (Disneyland, 1957)
The Story of Walt Disney's Cinderella (Disneyland, 1957)
Songs, Games & Fun (RCA Victor, 1958)
Ukulele Ike (Glendale, 1978)
Cliff Edwards and His Hot Combination 1925–1926 (Retrieval, 1978)
The Vintage Recordings of Cliff Edwards (Ukulele Ike) (Take Two, 1979)
The Musical Score of The Wizard of Oz/The Song Hits from Walt Disney's Pinocchio (MCA, 1980)
Ukulele Ike 1930's Radio Transcriptions: Live June 1947 (Collectors' Choice, 1996)

Partial filmography

Marianne (1929) as Soapy
So This Is College (1929) as Windy
The Hollywood Revue of 1929 (1929) as Himself
They Learned About Women (1930) as Singer in Harlem Madness number (uncredited)
Lord Byron of Broadway (1930) as Joe
Crazy House (1930, Short) as Writer
Doughboys (1930) as Nescopeck
Montana Moon (1930) as Froggy
Children of Pleasure (1930) as Cliff - Radio Performer (uncredited)
Way Out West (1930) as Trilby
Good News (1930) as Kearney
Those Three French Girls (1930) as Owly
Remote Control (1930) as Hog Caller (uncredited)
Dance, Fools, Dance (1931) as Bert Scranton
The Prodigal (1931) as Snipe, a Tramp
Parlor, Bedroom and Bath (1931) as Bell Hop
Stepping Out (1931) as Paul Perkins
Shipmates (1931) as Bilge
Laughing Sinners (1931) as Mike
The Great Lover (1931) as Finny
Sidewalks of New York (1931) as Poggle
The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931) as Victor Lebeau
Hell Divers (1931) as "Baldy"
Young Bride (1932) as Pete
Fast Life (1932) as Bumpy
Flying Devils (1933) as 'Screwy' Edwards
Take a Chance (1933) as Louie Webb
George White's Scandals (1934) as Stew Hart
George White's 1935 Scandals (1935) as Dude
Red Salute (1935) as P.J. Rooney
The Man I Marry (1936) as Jerry Ridgeway
They Gave Him a Gun (1937) as Laro
Between Two Women (1937) as Snoopy
Saratoga (1937) as Tip
Bad Guy (1937) as 'Hi-Line'
The Women Men Marry (1937) as Jerry Little
The Bad Man of Brimstone (1937) as 'Buzz' McCreedy
Big City (1937)
The Girl of the Golden West (1938) as Minstrel Joe
The Little Adventuress (1938) as Handy
Maisie (1939) as 'Shorty' Miller
Smuggled Cargo (1939) as Professor
Gone with the Wind (1939) as Reminiscent Soldier
His Girl Friday (1940) as Reporter Endicott
High School (1940) as Jeff Jefferson
Pinocchio (1940) as Jiminy Cricket (voice, uncredited)
Millionaires in Prison (1940) as Happy
Flowing Gold (1940) as 'Hot Rocks' Harris
Cliff Edwards and His Buckaroos (1940) as "Mr. Cliff" (Western short)
Friendly Neighbors (1940) as Notes
She Couldn't Say No (1940) as Banjo Page
The Monster and the Girl (1941) as Leon Beecher 'Tips' Stokes
Knockout (1941) as Pinky (credits) / Sleepy
Power Dive (1941) as Squid Watkins
International Squadron (1941) as Omaha McGrath
Dumbo (1941) as Dandy Crow (voice, uncredited)
Sundown Jim (1942) as Stable proprietor
Bandit Ranger (1942) as Ike
Red River Robin Hood (1942) as Ike
Seven Miles from Alcatraz (1942) as Stormy
Pirates of the Prairie (1942) as Ike
American Empire (1942) as Runty
Der Fuehrer's Face (1943) as Nazi lead singer^[14]
Fighting Frontier (1943) as Ike
Salute for Three (1943) as Foggy
The Falcon Strikes Back (1943) as Goldie Locke
Sagebrush Law (1943) as Ike
The Avenging Rider (1943) as Ike
Fun and Fancy Free (1947) as Jiminy Cricket (voice)
Bat Masterson (1959) as AJ Mulvaney - Town Undertaker
Platinum High School (1960) as Frank (uncredited)
The Man from Button Willow (1965) as Doc / The Whip (voice, uncredited)
Once Upon a Studio (2023) as Jiminy Cricket (voice, archive audio)

References

^ "Pinocchio (film)". D23. Retrieved 2021-11-28.
^ "Dumbo (film)". D23. Retrieved 2021-11-28.
^ Tranquada, Jim (2012). The Ukulele: a History. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 121–3. ISBN 978-0-8248-3544-6.
^ Whitcomb, Ian (2012). Ukulele Heroes: The Golden Age. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Hal Leonard Books. ISBN 978-1-4584-1654-4.
^ Tranquada, Jim (2012). The Ukulele: a History. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 122–3. ISBN 978-0-8248-3544-6.
^ Glendale Records GL-6011 LP, 1978
^ Tranquada, Jim (2012). The Ukulele: a History. University of Hawaii Press. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-8248-3544-6.
^ Cullen, Frank; Hackman, Florence; McNeilly, Donald (2007). Vaudeville old & new: an encyclopedia of variety performances in America. Psychology Press. p. 347. ISBN 978-0-415-93853-2.
^ ^a ^b "Judith Barrett Weds". The Brownsville Herald. Texas, Brownsville. Associated Press. March 23, 1940. p. 2. Retrieved July 12, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Cliff Edwards: The Voice of Disney's Jiminy Cricket by David Soren | The American Vaudeville Museum". Vaudeville.sites.arizona.edu. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
^ "Disney's forgotten genius". Independent.ie. 12 May 2006. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
^ New York Times (July 22, 1971). "Cliff Edwards, 76, 'Ukulele Ike' Of Stage and Film, Dies on Coast". nytimes.com. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
^ "Disney First Christmas Special". Tvparty.com. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
^ Scott, Keith (3 October 2022). Cartoon Voices of the Golden Age, Vol. 2. BearManor Media.