Chen Shou (Chinese: 陳壽; 233–297[1]), courtesy nameChengzuo (承祚), was a Chinese historian, politician, and writer who lived during the Three Kingdoms period and Jin dynasty of China. Chen Shou is best known for his most celebrated work, the Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi), which records the history of the late Eastern Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period. Chen Shou wrote the Sanguozhi primarily in the form of biographies of notable persons of those eras. Today, Chen's Records of the Three Kingdoms is part of the Twenty-Four Histories canon of Chinese history.
He started his career as an official in the state of Shu during the Three Kingdoms era but was demoted and sent out of the capital for his refusal to fawn on Huang Hao, an influential court eunuch in Shu in its twilight years. After the fall of Shu in 263, Chen Shou's career entered a period of stagnation before Zhang Hua recommended him to serve in the Jin government. He held mainly scribal and secretarial positions under the Jin government before dying from illness in 297. He had over 200 writings – about 30 of which he co-wrote with his relatives – attributed to him.[2]
According to the Jin Shu, Chen Shou served as a guange lingshi (觀閣令史; a clerk) in Shu. However, the Huayang Guozhi mentioned that he held the following appointments consecutively: Registrar (主簿) of the General of the Guards (衛將軍); donguan mishu lang (東觀秘書郎; an official librarian); Gentleman of Scattered Cavalry (散騎侍郎); and Gentleman of the Yellow Gate (黃門侍郎).[4] In the final years of Shu (c. 250s–260s), many officials fawned on Huang Hao, an influential court eunuch, in their bid to win his favour. Chen Shou's refusal to engage in such flattering and obsequious behaviour took a toll on his career: He was demoted on several occasions and sent out of the Shu capital, Chengdu.[5]
Career in Jin dynasty
After the fall of Shu in 263, Chen Shou's career entered a period of stagnation until Zhang Hua recommended him to serve in the government of the Jin dynasty. Zhang Hua appreciated Chen Shou's talent and felt that even though Chen did not have an untarnished reputation, he did not deserve to be demoted and dismissed while he was in Shu. Chen Shou was recommended as a xiaolian (civil service candidate), and appointed as a zuo zhuzuo lang (佐著作郎; an assistant scribe) and the acting Prefect (令) of Yangping County (陽平縣). In 274, he collected and compiled the writings of Zhuge Liang, the first chancellor of Shu,[6] and submitted them to the Jin imperial court. He was promoted to zhuzuo lang (著作郎; a scribe) and appointed as the zhongzheng (中正) of Baxi Commandery.[7] The Huayang Guozhi mentioned that he also served as the Chancellor (相) to the Marquis of Pingyang (平陽侯).[8]
When Zhang Hua recommended Chen Shou to serve as a Gentleman Palace Writer (中書郎), the Ministry of Personnel appointed Chen Shou as the Administrator (太守) of Changguang Commandery (長廣郡) instead on the recommendation of Xun Xu. The Jin Shu mentioned that Xun Xu detested Zhang Hua and disliked Chen Shou for his association with Zhang Hua, so he urged the Ministry of Personnel to reassign Chen Shou to another position. Chen Shou declined the appointment on the grounds that he had to look after his elderly mother.[9] The Huayang Guozhi gave a different account of Chen Shou's relationship with Xun Xu. It stated that Xun Xu and Zhang Hua were very pleased with Chen Shou's Sanguozhi and they remarked that Chen Shou surpassed Ban Gu and Sima Qian. However, later, Xun Xu was displeased by the Wei Shu – one of the three sections in the Sanguozhi – and did not want Chen Shou to work in the same office as him, so he had Chen Shou reassigned to be the Administrator of Changguang.[10]
In 278,[11] before the general Du Yu assumed his appointment as the commander of the Jin military forces in Jing Province, he recommended Chen Shou to Emperor Wu and stated that Chen Shou was capable of serving as a Gentleman of the Yellow Gate (黃門侍郎) or Gentleman of Scattered Cavalry (散騎侍郎). Emperor Wu accepted Du Yu's suggestion and appointed Chen Shou as a yushi zhishu (御史治書; an auditor).[12][13]
The Jin Shu mentioned that Chen Shou took a leave of absence when his mother died, and he fulfilled her dying wish to be buried in Luoyang. However, he ended up being castigated and demoted because his act of burying his mother in Luoyang – instead of in his hometown in Anhan County – was a violation of the proprieties of his time.[14] The Huayang Guozhi gave a varying account of the events: It was Chen Shou's stepmother (not his biological mother) who died. She did not want to be buried together with his father (in Anhan County),[15] so Chen Shou buried her in Luoyang.
Later years
According to the Jin Shu, many years after his demotion, Chen Shou was appointed as a zhongshuzi (中庶子; an aide) to the crown prince Sima Yu, but he did not assume his role.[16] He died of illness at the age of 65 (by East Asian age reckoning) in 297 during the reign of Emperor Hui.[1]
The Huayang Guozhi gave a different account of the events before Chen Shou's death. It stated that Chen Shou was appointed as a zhongshuzi to Sima Yu, but was reassigned to be a Regular Mounted Attendant (散騎常侍) again after the crown prince was deposed in 299.[17] Emperor Hui told Zhang Hua, "(Chen) Shou possesses genuine talent. He should not remain in his current appointment for long." Zhang Hua wanted to nominate Chen Shou to take up one of the posts of the Nine Ministers, but lost his life in 300 CE during the War of the Eight Princes.[17] Chen Shou died in Luoyang later. His talents and achievements were not reflected in his status at the time of his death and many people felt that it was an injustice to him.[18] The Huayang Guozhi account apparently suggests that Chen Shou died in 300 CE or after, which did not match his year of death mentioned in the Jin Shu account.
Sometime in the third century after 280,[19] Chen Shou wrote his magnum opus: the 65-volume Sanguozhi (Records of the Three Kingdoms), which records the history of the late Eastern Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period. The text was divided into three sections – Book of Wei (魏書), Book of Shu (蜀書) and Book of Wu (吳書) – and was composed of mainly biographies of notable persons in those eras.
Chen Shou received acclaim from his contemporaries for his work and was praised as an excellent historian. Around the time, another historian, Xiahou Zhan (夏侯湛), was writing his own Book of Wei (魏書; Wei Shu), which recorded the history of Wei in the Three Kingdoms era. He destroyed his work after reading Chen Shou's Sanguozhi. Zhang Hua was so deeply impressed with the Sanguozhi that he told Chen Shou, "We should entrust the responsibility of writing the Book of Jin to you." Chen Shou was highly regarded as such after he wrote the Sanguozhi.[20]
Controversies
Despite his achievements, Chen Shou faced accusations and other controversies. The Jin Shu mentioned two controversies surrounding Chen Shou and his writing of the Sanguozhi, which his critics used to disparage him.[21] Tang Geng (唐庚), a scholar from the Song dynasty, in his work called the Three Kingdoms Miscellaneous Cases (三國雜事; Sanguo Zashi) also criticised Chen Shou as a historian for two reasons.
Extorting grain
The first one was about Chen Shou attempting to extort 1,000 hu[note 2] of grain from the sons of Ding Yi (丁儀) and his younger brother Ding Yi (丁廙)[note 3] – two officials in Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. He promised them that he would write biographies for their fathers in the Sanguozhi if they gave him the grain, but they refused, so he did not write the biographies. However, the Jin Shu prefaced the anecdote with the term huoyun (或云), which meant "rumours".[22]
The Qing dynasty writer Pan Mei (潘眉) rebutted the Jin Shu's account about Chen Shou attempting to extort from the Dings and called it "uninformed". He disproved the claim that the Ding brothers were very famous officials in Wei by pointing out that they had neither held important appointments nor made any significant achievements. Pan also felt that a historian was clearly justified if he decided to not write biographies for the Ding brothers, because, in his opinion, the Dings had committed grievous sins – instigating sibling rivalry and causing instability in the Wei imperial clan[note 4] – which made them unworthy of having biographies in historical records. Pan further noted that there were also other notable persons in Wei (e.g. Chen Lin, Wu Zhi and Yang Xiu) who did not have biographies in the Sanguozhi, so being notable did not mean that a person should have a biography written for him. His concluding remarks on this issue were that the Jin Shu made a malicious claim (about Chen Shou).[23]
Bias
The second one suggested that Chen Shou held personal grudges against the Shu chancellorZhuge Liang and his son Zhuge Zhan, hence he wrote negative comments about them in the Sanguozhi. Chen Shou's father[note 5] was a military adviser to the Shu general Ma Su. When Ma Su was executed by Zhuge Liang after his failure at the Battle of Jieting in 228, Chen Shou's father was implicated and sentenced to kun (髡), a punishment involving the shaving of a person's head. Zhuge Zhan belittled Chen Shou before. When Chen Shou wrote the biographies of Zhuge Liang and Zhuge Zhan in the Sanguozhi, he commented on them as follows: Military leadership was not Zhuge Liang's forte, and he lacked the resourcefulness of a brilliant military leader; Zhuge Zhan excelled only in literary arts, and he had an exaggerated reputation.[24]
The Qing dynasty writer Zhao Yi refuted the Jin Shu claim that Chen Shou was prejudiced against Zhuge Liang in the Sanguozhi, and remarked that the claim was "an uninformed statement". He commented that military leadership did not necessarily have to be regarded as Zhuge Liang's forte because Zhuge also made outstanding achievements in other fields. Zhao also pointed out two pieces of evidence which contradict the Jin Shu claim: Chen Shou gave highly positive comments about Zhuge Liang's ability as a politician in the Zhuge Liang Collection and in his personal commentary at the end of Zhuge's biography in the Sanguozhi. Zhao Yi's concluding remarks on this issue were that Chen Shou had clearly identified Zhuge Liang's strengths and weaknesses in his appraisal of Zhuge Liang in the Sanguozhi.[25]
Claim that Shu Han lacked a Historical Bureau
Chen Shou in the biography of Liu Shan wrote that the state of Shu Han did not have a historical bureau or department, justifying the pitiful condition of the biography of their officials.[26] Tang Geng cast doubt on this claim, remarking that although ancient texts advised to have one scribe write every word of his sovereign while another writes every action, those were merely hyperbolic terms. He provides past examples of people combining their role as historian alongside other function of the government. Furthermore, when the Rites of Zhou (pre-1st century BC) was written, even local warlords would have a historical bureau, so for Shu Han to suddenly lack one is suspect. Finally, he points out that Chen Shou contradicts the statement in the same biography when he wrote "the Historical Bureau (史官) reported the sighting of a brilliant star,"[27] just three paragraphs later.[28]
Referring to Liu Bei and Liu Shan's state as Shu rather than Han
Tang Geng commented that since the Records of the Grand Historian until his own time, every state in official history is referred to by the name they used no matter their circumstances as it was basic decency to do so. However, Chen Shou was the sole historian who made an exception for Shu Han. Throughout its existence, Liu Bei and Liu Shan always used the name "Han" for their state since they were positioning themselves as a continuation of the Han dynasty. While "Shu" was a geographical term for where their state was based in, it was also a derisive name used by the Wei and Jin dynasties to discredit their claim of continuing the Han. Chen Shou opted to use the name "Shu" in his works, which in Tang Geng's view, was a deliberate neglect of impartiality to appease his patrons and personal animosity.
To contrast, he brought up a similar situation during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, where the Southern Tang was called Wu and the Northern Han was called Jin in derogative manners. Yet, historical documents still refer to them by their respective self titles. Tang Geng then laments that recently, someone had used Chen Shou's works as an example to convince a historian to not record the events he considered minor.[29]
Other works
According to the Jin Shu, Chen Shou collected and compiled the writings of Zhuge Liang during his early career under the Jin dynasty. The compiled text was called Shu Xiang Zhuge Liang Ji (蜀相諸葛亮集; Collection of the Shu Chancellor Zhuge Liang).[30] The Huayang Guozhi mentioned that later on, Zhang Hua proposed to Emperor Wu to have the text reorganized and composed as a 24-volumes. At the time, Shou Liang was also doing his own research on Zhuge Liang's works, with his outcome quite different from Chen Shou's original version. In the end, the text was rewritten, and became the Zhuge Liang Gushi (諸葛亮故事; Memoirs of Zhuge Liang).[31]
Since the end of the Jianwu era (25–56 CE) in the Eastern Han dynasty, writers such as Zheng Boyi (鄭伯邑), Zhao Yanxin (趙彥信), Chen Shenbo (陳申伯), Zhu Yuanling (祝元靈) and Wang Wenbiao (王文表) had co-written the Bashu Qijiu Zhuan (巴蜀耆舊傳; Biographies of Famous People from Bashu). Chen Shou felt that the Bashu Qijiu Zhuan was not comprehensive enough, so he expanded it to the 10-volume Yibu Qijiu Zhuan (益部耆舊傳; Biographies of Famous People from Yi Province).[note 6][32] His work was presented by the official Wen Li (文立) to Emperor Wu, who praised it.[33]
Other writings by Chen Shou include: the 50-volume Gu Guo Zhi (古國志; Records of Ancient States), which received high praise;[32][34] the 7-volume Guansi Lun (官司論; Dissertation on Bureaucracy), which used historical examples to discuss reforms; Shi Yi (釋諱; Explaining Taboos); Guang Guo Lun (廣國論);[35]Wei Mingchen Zou (魏名臣奏; Memorials by Notable Officials of Cao Wei).[36]
Family and relatives
Chen Fu (陳符), whose courtesy name was Changxin (長信), was the son of Chen Shou's elder brother. He was also known for his literary talent and he succeeded his uncle as an Assistant Gentleman of Writing. He also served as the Prefect (令) of Shanglian County (上廉縣).[37]
Chen Fu's younger brother, Chen Li (陳蒞), whose courtesy name was Shudu (叔度), served as an Attendant Officer (別駕) in Liang Province and later under Sima You, the Prince of Qi (齊王) and General of Agile Cavalry (驃騎將軍). He also died in Luoyang.[38]
Chen Li had a younger relative, Chen Jie (陳階), whose courtesy name was Dazhi (達之). Chen Jie assumed the following appointments: Registrar (主簿) of the governor of Yi Province; baozhongling (褒中令); West Commandant (西部都尉) of Yongchang Commandery (永昌郡); Administrator (太守) of Jianning (建寧) and Xinggu (興古) commanderies. Chen Jie was also well known for his literary talent.[39]
Chen Fu, Chen Li and Chen Jie each wrote more than 10 works out of the over 200 writings attributed to Chen Shou.[2]
Anecdotes
Filial mourning period
The Jin Shu mentioned that Chen Shou fell sick during the filial mourning period after his father's death. Some guests who visited his home expressed disapproval when they saw him being served medicine by his servants, because he was expected to lead an austere life during that period. His fellow townsfolk criticised him when they heard about it.[40]
Conflict with Li Xiang
According to the Huayang Guozhi, Chen Shou was a close friend of Li Xiang, courtesy name was Shulong (叔龍), from Zitong Commandery (梓潼郡). Li Xiang was famous for his talent and capacity, his reputation was similar to Chen Shou. He was recommended as a xiucai (秀才) and served as a Gentleman of Writing (尚書郎). He was reassigned to be the Administrator (太守) of Jianping Commandery (建平郡), but he declined the appointment and claimed that he was ill because he wanted to remain in his home province. He was then appointed as the Administrator of Guanghan Commandery (廣漢郡 around present-day Guanghan, Sichuan). Relations between Chen Shou and Li Xiang deteriorated and they started making false accusations against each other. Other officials scorned them for their petty quarrels.[41]
Qiao Zhou's advice to Chen Shou
According to the Jin Shu, Chen Shou's mentor, Qiao Zhou, often told Chen, "You'll become famous for your talent. However, it might not be a misfortune if you encounter any setback. You should be more mindful about what you do." Fang Xuanling remarked that Chen Shou's experiences – being demoted and humiliated when he was in Shu, and again while he was serving under the Jin dynasty – fitted what Qiao Zhou said about him.[42]
Appraisal
Chang Qu, who wrote Chen Shou's biography in the Chronicles of Huayang (Huayang Guo Zhi),[note 7] appraised Chen Shou as follows: "Learn from the past, promote and consolidate those reflections."[43]
After Chen Shou's death, the official Fan Jun (范頵) and others wrote a memorial to Emperor Hui: "In the past, Emperor Wu of Han issued an imperial decree: 'Sima Xiangru is critically ill. Retrieve his writings.' The emissary who collected Sima Xiangru's writings told Emperor Wu about the fengshan ceremonies, which were mentioned in Sima's writings. The emperor was very surprised. We, Your Majesty's subjects, propose: The late zhishu shi yushi Chen Shou wrote the Sanguozhi, which contains good advice and evaluates successes and failures. It is beneficial to promoting culture. Even though its writing style is not comparable to the works of (Sima) Xiangru, its message is simpler and clearer. We hope that it can be collected and reproduced." Emperor Hui approved and issued an imperial decree ordering the Intendant of Henan (河南尹) and Prefect of Luoyang (洛陽令) to send scribes to Chen Shou's house and copy the Sanguozhi.[44]
In the fifth century, Emperor Wen of the Liu Song dynasty felt that Chen Shou's Sanguozhi was too short and not comprehensive enough, so he commissioned Pei Songzhi to annotate the Sanguozhi. Pei Songzhi completed his assignment in 429. He included new materials he collected through research, and added his personal commentary. Pei Songzhi's annotations increased the length of the Sanguozhi to nearly twice its original.
Wanjuanlou
The Wanjuanlou (萬卷樓; 万卷楼; Wànjuànlóu; 'tower of 10', '000 volumes of writings') – a tourist attraction in the Xishan Scenic Spot, Shunqing District, Nanchong, Sichuan – is named the source of the culture of the Three Kingdoms period by the Sichuan provincial government. The tower was constructed in the early third century (222–237) during the Three Kingdoms era. It was also the place where Chen Shou studied in his early life. It was destroyed in the 1960s after years of neglect, but was rebuilt in 1990 by the Chinese government at a cost of four million yuan.
The present tower, which covers an area of 2,400 square metres, consists of three main attractions – the Reading Tower of Chen Shou, the Chen Shou Memorial Hall, and Collecting Books Tower.[45] The tower has on display a collection of writings, illustrations, objects and photographs related to Chen Shou's life, his works and his legacy.[46]
^Chen Shou's biography in the Jin Shu mentioned that he died at the age of 65 (by East Asian age reckoning) in the 7th year of the Yuankang era (291–299) in the reign of Emperor Hui of Jin.[1] By calculation, Chen Shou's birth year should be around 233.
^Hu (斛) was an ancient Chinese unit of measurement of weight. Depending on the historical era, it could be equivalent to 5 or 10 dou (斗). 1 dou was equivalent to 120 jin. 1 jin ranges from 500g to about 605g by modern standards.
^The younger Ding Yi's name was erroneously recorded as "Ding Hao" (丁暠) in the Jin Shu.
^The Ding brothers were close associates of Cao Zhi, a younger brother of Wei's founding emperor, Cao Pi. In the mid 210s, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi engaged in a power struggle over the succession to their father's place. The contention concluded in 217 with victory for Cao Pi, who executed the Dings after he ascended the throne in 220.
^The book was called Yidu Qijiu Zhuan (益都耆舊傳; Biographies of Famous People from Yi Province's Capital) in the Jin Shu.
^Chen Shou's biography is recorded in the eleventh volume of the Huayang Guo Zhi, titled Biographies of later worthies (後賢志), covering the life of notable persons from the Sichuan region who lived during the Jin dynasty.
^(《礼记》人君言则左史书之，动则右史书之。《周礼》建官备矣，独不闻有所谓左右史者。虽有太史，然不以注记为职。是时诸侯皆有史，岂天子独阙乎？春秋之时，卜田宅者、占云日者，皆称太史，则太史殆阴阳家流。然书赵盾者、书崔杼者，亦称太史，则太史又似掌注记者。盖方是时，学者通知天卜，而卜兴废者亦不甚用蓍龟。太史伯以祝融之功而推楚国之必兴，太史赵以虞舜之德而占陈氏之未亡。其论议证据有绝人者，故阴阳注记得兼掌之。汉司马谈父子为太史令，以论著为己任，而又掌天官，则兼掌之效于兹可见。魏晋之际，始署著作郎，自是太史之职分而为二。孔明之时未也。按后主景耀元年，史官奏景星见，于是大赦改元，而曰蜀不置史，妄矣。) Three Kingdoms Miscellaneous Cases
^(上自司马迁《史记》，下至《五代史》，其间数千百年，正统偏霸与夫僭窃乱贼，甚微至弱之国，外至蛮夷戎狄之邦，史家未有不书其国号者，而《三国志》独不然。刘备父子相继四十馀年，始终号汉，未尝一称蜀；其称蜀，俗流之语耳。陈寿黜其正号，从其俗称，循魏晋之私意，废史家之公法。用意如此，则其所书善恶褒贬予夺，尚可信乎！魏晋之世，称备为蜀，犹五代称李璟为吴，称刘崇为晋矣。今《五代史》作南唐、东汉世家，未尝以吴、晋称之，独陈寿如此，初无义例，直徇好恶耳。往时欧阳文忠公作《五代史》，王荆公曰：‘五代之事无足采者，此何足烦公；三国可喜事甚多，悉为陈寿所坏，可更为之。’公然其言，竟不暇作也，惜哉！) Three Kingdoms Miscellaneous Cases
Pan, Mei (c. 19th century). Sanguozhi Kaozheng (三國志考證; Research on the Records of the Three Kingdoms).
Luo, Guanzhong (2007). Three Kingdoms: A Historical Novel. Vol. IV. Translated by Roberts, Moss. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. ISBN978-7-119-00590-4.
Frédéric III de ThuringeFrédéric III et Catherine de Henneberg,mural du XIXe siècle dans l'Albrechtsburg de Meissen.Titres de noblesseMargraveLandgrave (en)BiographieNaissance 14 décembre 1332DresdeDécès 21 mai 1381 (à 48 ans)AltenbourgSépulture Abbaye d'AltzelleFamille Maison de WettinPère Frédéric IIMère Mathilde de Bavière (en)Fratrie Élisabeth de Misnie (en)Balthazar de ThuringeLouis de MisnieGuillaume Ier de MisnieConjoint Environ Catherine d'Henn...
Capital city of the Czech Republic Praha redirects here. For other uses, see Praha (disambiguation). This article is about the capital of the Czech Republic. For other uses, see Prague (disambiguation). Capital city in Czech RepublicPrague Praha (Czech)Capital cityPanorama with Prague CastleNational TheatrePankrác districtOld Town SquareMalá Strana FlagCoat of armsWordmarkMottoes: Praga Caput Rei publicae (Latin)[1]Prague, Head of the Republic other historical mottos ...
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (يوليو 2020) ليلي سانت سير معلومات شخصية اسم الولادة (بالإنجليزية: Marie Frances Van Schaack) الميلاد 3 يونيو 1918 مينيابوليس الوفاة 29 يناير 1999 (80 سنة) لوس أنجلوس مو
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Terre d'Espagne. Terre d'Espagne Données clés Titre original The Spanish Earth Réalisation Joris Ivens Scénario Joris Ivens, Prudencio de Pereda, John Dos Passos, Lillian Hellman, Ernest Hemingway, Archibald Macleish Pays de production États-Unis Genre Documentaire Durée 51 minutes Sortie 1937 Pour plus de détails, voir Fiche technique et Distribution Terre d'Espagne est un film documentaire américain réalisé par Joris Ivens sorti en 1937. Synopsis ...
View of Vourvoulos. Vourvoulos (Greek: Βουρβούλος) is a village on the island of Santorini in Greece.[1] It is located 3,7 kilometers northeast of the capital Fira, built on a slope facing the east shore of the island. Vourvoulos is part of the Thira region and had 535 permanent inhabitants according to the Greek census of 2011.[2] A number of small beaches lie along this stretch of the east coast. The most northerly is Xiropigado, a narrow strip of pebble down a dir...
1927 film Madame Dares an EscapadeLivio Pavanelli and Betty BirdDirected byHans OttoWritten byHans OttoStarringXenia DesniLivio PavanelliCarmen CartellieriCinematographyWalter WeißeProductioncompanyDomo-Strauß-FilmDistributed byDomo-Strauß-FilmRelease dateJune 1927CountryGermanyLanguagesSilent German intertitles Madame Dares an Escapade (German: Madame wagt einen Seitensprung) is a 1927 German silent film directed by Hans Otto and starring Xenia Desni, Livio Pavanelli and Carmen Cartellier...
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Stauffenberg film – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 2004 German filmStauffenbergDirected byJo BaierWritten byJo BaierStarringSebastian KochUlrich TukurHardy Krüger, Jr.CinematographyGunnar Fu...
Tennis tournament2009 Commonwealth Bank Tournament of ChampionsDateNovember 4–8Edition1stChampionsSingles Aravane Rezaï Commonwealth Bank Tournament of Champions · 2010 → The 2009 Commonwealth Bank Tournament of Champions was a singles-only tennis tournament that was played on indoor hard courts. It was the first edition of the Commonwealth Bank Tournament of Champions and was part of the 2009 WTA Tour. It was held at the Bali International Convention Centre in Bali, Indon...
For her sister of the same name, see Grand Duchess Natalia Petrovna of Russia (1713–1715). In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming conventions, the patronymic is Petrovna. This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Grand Duchess Natalia Petrovna of Russia – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2021)...
Lee Min-ho (Korean: 이민호; Hanja: 李敏鎬, born June 22, 1987) is a South Korean actor and singer. Discography Extended plays Title Album details Peak chart positions Sales KOR[1] JPN[2] My Everything[3] Released: May 22, 2013 (KOR) Label: Starhaus Entertainment Formats: CD, digital download Track listing Without You Love Motion My Little Princess 너와 나 그리고 우리 (You & I) 조각 (Pieces of Love) My Everything [2013 re-record...
Gait abnormality Medical conditionFoot dropShown here, the right foot drops due to paralysis of the tibialis anterior muscle, while the left foot demonstrates normal lifting abilities.SpecialtyNeurology A patient recovering from surgery to treat foot drop, with limited plantar and dorsiflexion. Foot drop is a gait abnormality in which the dropping of the forefoot happens due to weakness, irritation or damage to the deep fibular nerve (deep peroneal), including the sciatic nerve, or para...
Zoo in Doonside, New South Wales, Australia Featherdale Wildlife ParkYellow-footed rock-wallaby at Featherdale Wildlife Park33°45′58″S 150°53′03″E / 33.76611°S 150.88417°E / -33.76611; 150.88417Date opened1972; 51 years ago (1972)LocationDoonside, New South Wales, AustraliaMajor exhibitsMammalsBirdsWildlifeReptilesMarsupialsWebsitewww.featherdale.com.au Featherdale Wildlife Park is a zoo located in Doonside, Sydney, Australia. The park is ...
Bersatu Dalam DamaiAlbum studio karya Utha LikumahuwaDirilis1983Direkam?GenrePopLabelJackson RecordProduserJackson AriefKronologi Utha Likumahuwa Dengarlah Suara kami (1982)'Dengarlah Suara kami'1982 Bersatu Dalam Damai (1983) Aku Pasti Datang (1985)'Aku Pasti Datang'1985 Bersatu Dalam Damai adalah album dari penyanyi Utha Likumahuwa yang dirilis pada tahun 1983. Selain lagu Bersatu Dalam Damai, the biggest hits dari album ini adalah lagu karya Dodo Zakaria berjudul Esok Kan Masih Ada. Di...
2018 studio album by Nine Inch NailsBad WitchStudio album by Nine Inch NailsReleasedJune 22, 2018 (2018-06-22)GenreIndustrial rockLength30:11LabelThe Null CorporationCapitolProducerTrent ReznorAtticus RossNine Inch Nails chronology Add Violence(2017) Bad Witch(2018) Ghosts V: Together(2020) Nine Inch Nails studio album chronology Hesitation Marks(2013) Bad Witch(2018) Ghosts V: Together(2020) Halo numbers chronology Halo 31(2017) Halo 32(2018) Halo 33(2020) Singles from...
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) A half-arch is the piece of gold, silver or platinum, usually decorated with jewels, that links the circlet (circular base) of a hoop crown to the monde at the top of the crown. Number of Arches European trad...
Radio antenna that radiates extremely low frequency electromagnetic waves The U.S. Navy Clam Lake, Wisconsin ELF transmitter in 1982. Sections of the power lines that make up the two crossed ground dipole antennas can be seen passing through the forest at lower left. In radio communication, a ground dipole,[1] also referred to as an earth dipole antenna, transmission line antenna,[1] and in technical literature as a horizontal electric dipole (HED),[1][2][3...
شهر العسل في فيجاسHoneymoon in Vegas (بالإنجليزية) معلومات عامةالصنف الفني كوميديالموضوع قمار تاريخ الصدور 1992مدة العرض 92 دقيقةاللغة الأصلية الإنجليزيةالبلد الولايات المتحدةموقع التصوير لاس فيغاس فالي الطاقمالمخرج أندرو بيرغمان[1][2][3] السيناريو أندرو بيرغمان البطول...
يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2018) هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحس...
Kronoberg Castle ruins with forecourt island Kronoberg Castle ruins Kronoberg Castle (Swedish: Kronobergs slott) is a medieval ruined castle (slottsruin) located on an island in Helgasjön (the Helga Lake), 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) north of Växjö in Kronoberg County, which is named after the castle. The castle ruin used to be open to tourists in the summer months,[1] but is permanently closed to tourists since January 2023 due to lack of maintenance.[2] History In 1444 Lar...
,_297.jpg)
