On resigning from his post under Wellington in 1812, his half-brother Lord Castlereagh helped him to launch a diplomatic career. He was posted to Berlin in 1813, and then as ambassador to Austria, where his half-brother was the British plenipotentiary at the Congress of Vienna.
He married Lady Catherine Bligh in 1804 and then, in 1819, Lady Frances Anne Vane, a rich heiress, changing his surname to hers, thus becoming Charles Vane instead of Charles Stewart. In 1822 he succeeded his half-brother as 3rd Marquess of Londonderry, inheriting estates in the north of Ireland where, as an unyielding landlord, his reputation suffered in the Great Famine. It was a reputation he matched as a coal operator on his wife's land in County Durham. In opposition to the Mines and Collieries Act of 1842, he insisted on his right to use child labour.
Birth and origins
Charles was born on 18 May 1778 in Dublin[1] as the second son of Robert Stewart and the first son by his second wife Frances Pratt. His father's family was Ulster-Scots and Presbyterian. His father was then a wealthy member of the Irish landed gentry but would later be created a Marquess.
Charles's mother was English, a daughter of Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden, a leading English jurist. His parents had married on 7 June 1775.[2] Charles was brought up as an Anglican, a member of the Church of Ireland.[3]
Charles had a half-brother from his father's first marriage who played an important role in his life:
Robert (1769–1822), known as "Lord Castlereagh", who achieved prominence as Foreign Secretary
In 1789, when he was 11, his father, Robert Stewart, was created Baron Londonderry.[6]
On 3 April 1791, at the age of 12, Charles Stewart entered the British Army as an ensign in the 108th Regiment. He was commissioned a lieutenant on 8 January 1793 in this same unit.[7] He saw service in 1794 in the Flanders Campaign of the French Revolutionary Wars, and on the Rhine and Danube in 1795.[8]
In 1795 his father was created Viscount Castlereagh[9] and in 1796 Marquess of Londonderry in the Irish peerage.[10]
In 1800, Charles Stewart was elected in the Tory interest to the Irish House of Commons as member of parliament for Thomastown borough, County Kilkenny, in place of George Dunbar,[11] and after only two months exchanged this seat for that of County Londonderry,[12] being replaced at Thomastown by John Cradock.[13] After the abolition of the Irish Parliament with the Act of Union in 1801, In July and August 1802 Stewart was re-elected for the country in the first general election of the United Kingdom and sat until the parliament's dissolution in 1806.[14] He was reelected again in 1806, in 1807, after which he became Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, and again in 1812. In July 1814 he was summoned to the House of Lords and replaced as MP for Londonderry by his uncle Alexander Stewart of Ards.[15]
First marriage and son
On 8 August 1804 at the church of St George's, Hanover Square, London, Charles Stewart married Lady Catherine Bligh.[16][17] She was the 4th and youngest daughter of the 3rd Earl of Darnley. She was three years older than he. On 7 July 1805 the couple had a son, named Frederick, who was to become the 4th Marquess of Londonderry.[18] She died during the night of 10–11 February 1812, of fever following a minor operation, while her husband was on his way home from Spain.[19]
The war started with the Corunna Campaign (1808–1809), in which the British troops were commanded by Sir John Moore. In this campaign Charles Stewart commanded a brigade of cavalry, and played, together with Lord Paget, a prominent role in the cavalry clash of Benavente where the French General Lefebvre-Desnouettes was taken prisoner.[21][22] He suffered from ophthalmia during the latter stages of the retreat.[23] Moore sent him back to London carrying dispatches for Castlereagh and other leading figures[24] and he missed the climactic battle where British forces successfully managed to evacuate in the face of Marshal Soult's army at which Moore was killed in action.[citation needed]
Wellesley's Spanish campaign
When British troops returned to the Iberian Peninsula after the Corunna Campaign, they were commanded by Sir Arthur Wellesley (later the Duke of Wellington). Charles Stewart was appointed, in April 1809, Adjutant General to Wellesley. This was an administrative job and not much to his liking, especially as Wellesley never discussed his decisions with subordinates.[25] Nevertheless, he sometimes managed to see action and distinguished himself, for example spontaneously leading a squadron cavalry charge at the Second Battle of Porto (May 1809), and further distinguishing himself at the battle of Talavera (July 1809), for which he received the thanks of the Parliament on 2 February 1810, when he returned to England due to illness.[26] He also excelled at Bussaco in September 1810 and at Fuentes de Oñoro (May 1811) where he took a French Colonel prisoner in single combat.[27]
He resigned his position as Adjutant General in February 1812. Some say due to bad health,[28][29] but others say that Wellington fired him. Wellington apparently appreciated him as a soldier but judged him a "sad brouillon and mischief-maker" among his staff.[30]
His half-brother Robert had made a brilliant diplomatic and political career. Charles and his half-brother remained lifelong friends and wrote each other many letters. Robert helped Charles to start a diplomatic career.
Berlin
From May 1813 until the end of the war, Sir Charles was Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Berlin,[32] and was also Military Commissioner with the allied armies, being wounded at the Battle of Kulm in August 1813.[citation needed]
Vienna
In 1814 he was also appointed Ambassador to Austria, a post he held for nine years (1814–1823). On 18 June 1814, to make him more acceptable in Vienna, Stewart was ennobled as Baron Stewart, of Stewart's Court and Ballylawn in County Donegal, by the Prince Regent.[33] In the same year, he received honorary degrees from Oxford and Cambridge, was admitted to the Privy Council, and was appointed a Lord of the Bedchamber to the king.[citation needed]
Lord Stewart, as he now was, attended the Congress of Vienna with his half-brother Lord Castlereagh as one of the British plenipotentiaries. He was not well regarded as he made a spectacle of himself with his loutish behaviour, was apparently rather often inebriated, and frequented prostitutes quite openly.[34] He earned himself the sobriquet of Lord Pumpernickel after a loutish character in a play in fashion.[35]
In the following years he also served as British observer at the congresses of Troppau, Laibach and Verona. As the great powers were taking an increasingly reactionary approach, the British government sent Lord Stewart to observe, but not participate in the decisions.
Second marriage and children
Lady Frances Anne Tempest, daughter and heiress of Sir Henry Vane-Tempest, 2nd Baronet
Before the end of his diplomatic career Lord Stewart had, on 3 April 1819, married his second wife, Lady Frances Anne Vane-Tempest, daughter and heiress of Sir Henry Vane-Tempest,[36] at her mother's house in Bruton Street, Mayfair, and took her surname of Vane, by Royal licence, as had been stipulated in her father's will.[37] He was henceforth known as Charles William Vane, whereas his son out of his first marriage stayed Frederick Stewart.[citation needed]
Children by Frances Anne Emily Vane-Tempest:[citation needed]
Lady Adelaide Emelina Caroline Vane (c. 1830–1882); disgraced the family by eloping with her brother's tutor, Rev. Frederick Henry Law.
Lord Ernest McDonnell Vane-Tempest (1836–1885), fell in with a press-gang and had to be bought a commission in the army, from which he was subsequently cashiered.
On 12 August 1822, his half-brother committed suicide.[38] He succeeded his half-brother as 3rd Marquess of Londonderry in 1822. The following year Lord Londonderry was also created Earl Vane and Viscount Seaham, of Seaham in the County Palatine of Durham, with remainder to the heirs male of the body of his second wife.[39]
His half-brother's death also meant the end of his diplomatic career. He quit the diplomatic service in 1823. Queen Victoria had a low esteem of Londonderry's abilities as a civil servant. She said that he should, in her opinion, not be given any post of importance.[40]
Residences
Wynyard Park, c.1880
Lord Londonderry used his new bride's immense wealth to acquire the Seaham Hall estate in County Durham, developing the coalfields there. He also built the harbour at Seaham, to rival nearby Sunderland. He commissioned Benjamin Wyatt to build a mansion at Wynyard Park. It was completed by Philip Wyatt in 1841 and cost £130,000 (equivalent to £10,772,000 in 2016) to build and furnish. Unfortunately, just as the mansion was being completed, a fire broke out and gutted the house; it was later restored and remodelled by Ignatius Bonomi.[citation needed]
In 1836 the Orange Order was accused of plotting to place Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland and Imperial Grand Master of the Orange Order, on the throne in place of Victoria when his brother King William IV died. Once the plot was revealed, the House of Commons called upon the King to disband the Order.[41] Under pressure from Joseph Hume, William Molesworth and Lord John Russell, the King indicated measures would have to be taken and the Duke of Cumberland was forced to dissolve the Orange lodges.[42]
Hume laid evidence before the House of Commons that the plotters had approached Londonderry. In July 1832, the Marquess had received a letter from Lieutenant-Colonel W. B. Fairman, the Deputy Grand Secretary of the Orange Institution of Great Britain, advising him that following "a death of importance" (the passing of the King) the Orangemen would abandon their policy of "non-resistance" to the present "Popish Cabinet, and democratical Ministry" (the parliamentary reform ministry of Earl Grey) and that "it might be political" for the Marquess to join them. Noting that there were already Orange lodges in Newcastle, South Shields, and Darlington, Fairman also suggested to Londonderry that to assume the role in Durham of County Grand Master might be advantageous to him "in a personal sense": his "pitmen" (the miners employed in his collieries) might be induced to organise lodges among themselves which would "prove a partial check against their entering into cabals [i.e. trade unions] hereafter".[43]
While he conceded that he wished the government should do more to check "the baneful influence of the Liberal and Radical associations", including trade unions, Londonderry went to some length in the House of Lords to deny any possible connection between himself and "the alleged project for altering the succession to the throne".[44] To Fairman he had replied: "the present state of liberal Whig feeling in this very Whig county, and the very refractory and insubordinate state of the pitmen, entirely preclude the possibility of successful efforts at this juncture". He had also spoken with Lord Kenyon (his then house guest, who had led opposition to Catholic Emancipation)[45] and had "no doubt" he would "convince his Royal Highness" (the Duke of Cumberland), as well as Fairman, "that the present moment is not the time when the object can be forwarded."[43]
Londonderry led the opposition to the Mines and Collieries Act of 1842 in the House of Lords. He is reported to have raged furiously against any attempt to deny the collieries the use of child labour.[46][47] Speaking on behalf of the Yorkshire Coal-Owners Association, Londonderry said "With respect to the age at which males should be admitted into mines, the members of this association have unanimously agreed to fix it at eight years... In the thin coal mines it is more especially requisite that boys, varying in age from eight to fourteen, should be employed; as the underground roads could not be made of sufficient height for taller persons without incurring an outlay so great as to render the working of such mines unprofitable".[48]
Frances Vane (1800–1865), Marchioness of Londonderry, and her son, George. Thomas Lawrence c.1828
Irish famine
By the time of the outbreak of the Great Irish Famine in 1845, Londonderry was one of the ten richest men in the United Kingdom. While many landlords made efforts to mitigate the worst effects of the famine on their tenants, Londonderry was criticised for meanness: he and his wife gave only £30 to the local relief committee but spent £15,000 renovating Mount Stewart, their Irish home.[49]
In contrast to his neighbour, the Marquess of Downshire, he rejected rent reductions (for which he was excoriated by James MacKnight in the Presbyterian weekly, the Banner of Ulster).[50] Invoking the admonitions of the Prime Minister Lord Russell and of his predecessor Sir Robert Peel, he advised his tenants "to help themselves and heaven will help them": only the most "supine and inert" among them could be "suffering in any serious degree under the failure of the potato".[51]
During the tenant right campaign of the early 1850s, Londonderry insisted on his full rights and this alienated many of his tenants.[52] He was in disagreement over this question with his eldest son and heir Frederick, who was more liberally inclined.
Napoleon and Abd-el-Kader
Back in England, Londonderry befriended Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (later Napoleon III) while the latter was exiled in London between 1836 and 1840. After Bonaparte had been elected president of France in 1851, Londonderry asked him to free Abd-el-Kader.[53]
Frederick built Scrabo Tower near Newtownards as a monument to the memory of his father. Of the 730 subscribers to the cost, just 450 were connected to the Stewart estate on which there were 1,200 tenants farmers and many associated employees (in 1850, organised in the all-Ireland Tenant Right League, 700 of these tenants had signed an address demanding tenant right and lower rents).[58] Two-thirds of the cost of the tower was met by 98 subscribers (in a list headed by Emperor Napoleon III) most of whom were fellow gentry.*[59]
He was succeeded as Marquess of Londonderry by his eldest son, Frederick Stewart, the only child from his first marriage, and as Earl Vane by George Vane, the eldest son from his second marriage. At Charles's death Frederick, therefore, became the 4th Marquess of Londonderry, whereas George became the 2nd Earl Vane. George was later to become the 5th Marquess after his half-brother had died childless.[citation needed]
The Honourable Charles Stewart from 1789 until 1813 (because his father was created Baron Londonderry in 1789),
The Honourable Sir Charles Stewart from 1813 to 1814 (because he was made a Knight of the Bath),
The Right Honourable The Lord Stewart from 1814 to 1822 (because he was made a baron in his own right)
The Most Honourable The Marquess of Londonderry.
Works
The 3rd Marquess was a prolific writer and editor. He wrote books about his own military and diplomatic career and published many of his half-brother's papers.
War memoirs
The following two books describe the Napoleonic War as he saw them happen. The first describes his experience of the Peninsular War. The second the War of the Sixth Coalition, which forced Napoleon to abdicate:
Narrative of the War in Germany and France: In 1813 and 1814 (London: Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley, 1830) online at Internet Archive
Castlereagh papers
The 3rd Marquess also compiled, edited, and published many of the papers left by his half-brother and published them in the following twelve volumes, divided in three series.
The first series, consisting of four volumes, numbered 1 – 4, appeared in 1848 and 1849 under the title Memoirs and Correspondence. The volumes are not marked "first series on the title pages. They are:
Memoirs and Correspondence of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry, Volume 1 (London: Henry Colburn, 1848) online at Internet Archive - The Irish Rebellion
Memoirs and Correspondence of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry, Volume 2 (London: Henry Colburn, 1848) online at Internet Archive - Arrangements for a Union
Memoirs and Correspondence of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry, Volume 3 (London: Henry Colburn, 1849) online at Internet Archive - Completion of the Legislative Union
Memoirs and Correspondence of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry, Volume 4 (London, Henry Colburn, 1849) online at Internet Archive - Concessions to Catholics and Dissenters: Emmett's Insurrection
The second series, consisting of four volumes, appeared in 1851 under the title Correspondence, Despatches and Other Papers. The volume numbers continue, despite being marked "2nd series" and are therefore 4 to 8. They are:
Correspondence Despatches and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry, Series 2, Volume 5 (London: William Shoberl, 1851) online at Internet Archive - Military and Miscellaneous
Correspondence Despatches and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry, Series 2, Volume 6 (London: William Shoberl, 1851) online at Internet Archive - Military and Miscellaneous
Correspondence Despatches and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry, Series 2, Volume 7 (London: William Shoberl, 1851) online at Internet Archive - Military and Miscellaneous
Correspondence Despatches and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry, Series 2, Volume 8 (London: William Shoberl, 1851) online at Internet Archive - Military and Miscellaneous
The third series appeared in 1853. The four volumes have the same title as the second series. The volume numbering is irregular. They are:
Correspondence Despatches and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry, Volume 9 (London: John Murray, 1853) online at Internet Archive - Military and Diplomatic
Correspondence Despatches and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry, Volume 11 (London: John Murray, 1853) online at Hathi Trust
Correspondence Despatches and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry, Series 3, Volume 3 (London: John Murray, 1853) online at Internet Archive - Military and Diplomatic
Correspondence Despatches and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry, Volume 12 (London: John Murray, 1853) online at Internet Archive
^This family tree is based on the genealogies of the marquesses of Londonderry.[4][5] Also see the lists of children in the text.
Citations
^ abCokayne 1893, p. 132, line 10. "He (the Hon. Charles Stewart) was b. [born] 18 May 1778 in Mary street, Dublin;"
^ abDebrett 1838, p. 518, right column, line 8. "The marquess m. [married] 2ndly, 7 June 1775, Frances, eldest da. of Charles Pratt, 1st earl Camden, and sister to the present marquess Camden, and by her (who d. 18 Jan. 1833, æt. 82) had issue ..."
^Lloyd & Heesom 2004, p. 95, line 13. "Charles was raised as an Anglican, in contrast to the family's Presbyterian tradition."
^"No. 13131". The London Gazette. 9 September 1789. p. 597. His Majesty's Royal Letters have been received granting the dignity of a Baron of this Kingdom to the following gentlemen ... The Right Honourable Robert Stewart, Baron Londonderry ...
^ abAlison 1861a, p. 4. "... he entered the army on 3d April 1791 as an ensign in the 108th Regiment. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant in the same regiment on the 8th January 1793, and received a company in it on 7 August 1794."
^ ab"No. 13821". The London Gazette. 10 October 1795. p. 1052. To Robert Lord Londonderry, and the Heirs Male of his Body lawfully begotten, the Dignity of Viscount Castlereagh, of Castlereagh in the County Down
^ ab"No. 13922". The London Gazette. 10 August 1796. p. 781. To Robert Lord Viscount Castlereagh, and the Heirs Male of his Body lawfully begotten, by the Name Stile and Title of Earl of Londonderry, of the County of Londonderry
^House of Commons 1878, p. 688 above. "Hon. Charles William Stewart, in place of Mr. Dunbar, Gentleman at Large to the Lord-Lieutenant / Thomastown Borough"
^House of Commons 1878, p. 689. "Hon. Charles William Stewart, in place of Mr. Conolly, who accepted office of Escheator of Munster / County Londonderry."
^House of Commons 1878, p. 688 below. "Major General John Francis Cradock, in place of Mr. Stewart who accepted office of Escheator of Ulster / Thomastown Borough"
^House of Commons 1878, p. 214 228, 240, 256, 271. "Charles William Stewart esq. of Kilrea in the said city and county / 20 May 1807 / County Londonderry."
^ abCokayne 1893, p. 132, line 38b. "He m. [married] firstly, 8 Aug. 1804 at St. Geo Han sq., Catherine 4th da. [daughter] of John (Bligh) 3rd Earl of Darnley [I.] ...
^Cokayne 1893, p. 133, line 8. "Frederick William Robert (Stewart), Marquess of Londonderry &c. [I. [Ireland] ] also Baron Stewart of Stewart's Court and Ballylawn, s. [son] and h. [heir], being only s. by first wife; b. [born] 7 July 1805, in South street, Grosvenor sq.;"
^Burke 1949, p. 1248, line 9. "Frederick William Robert, 4th Marquess of Londonderry, K.P., P.C., Lord-Lieut. co. Down ..."
^ abVane 1828, p. 207. "... Lord Paget and the writer of these pages arrived: when the former made haste to bring up the 10th hussars, whilst the latter put himself at the head of the detachments already in the field. ... leaving in our hands the General Le Fevre their Colonel ..."
^Hugo 1838, p. 109, left column. "... le général Lefebvre-Desnouettes passa à gué cette rivière avec trois escadrons de chasseurs de la garde, et se trouva bientôt en face de toute la cavalerie Anglaise commandée par les généraux Stewart et Paget. Les Français malgré leurs courageux efforts, ne purent pas lutter contre de forces si supérieures, et repassèrent l'Esla, abandonnant aux Anglais une soixantaine d'hommes blessés ou démontés, parmi lesquels se trouvait le général Lefebvre-Desnouettes."
^Macdonald, Janet. Sir John Moore: The Making of a Controversial Hero. Pen and Sword, 2016. p.234
^ abAlison 1861a, p. 423. "Sir Charles Stewart, who made Colonel La Motte, of the 18th Chasseurs, prisoner in single combat"
^ abLloyd 1898, p. 278, right column, bottom. "... a return of intermittent fever obliged him to go home in February, and he saw no further service in the Peninsula."
^Alison 1861a, p. 480. "... and he became so seriously ill that Lord Wellington, much against both their wishes, insisted on his return. He embarked for Britain, accordingly, in the beginning of February 1812."
^Jennings 1885, p. 346. "Charles Stewart (third Marquis of Londonderry) was a sad brouillon and mischief-maker. I was obliged to get rid of him."
^"No. 16699". The London Gazette. 30 January 1813. pp. 227–228. Knights Companions of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath
^"No. 16729". The London Gazette. 17 May 1813. p. 944. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of His Majesty the King of Prussia
^ ab"No. 16909". The London Gazette. 18 June 1814. p. 1255. to grant the dignity of a baron of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland onto the Honourable Sir Charles William Stewart
^Zamoyski 2007, p. 345. "The image of the British delegation was not improved by the behaviour of the ambassador. Lord Stewart, who drank and whored quite openly, touch up young women in public ..."
^Zamoyski 2007, p. 400. "Lord Pumpernickel, as he had been dubbed after the character of a cretinous lout in a popular play running at the time ..."
^ abCokayne 1893, p. 132, line 40. "He m. [married] secondly, 3 April 1819 on which occasion he took by Royal lic. 5 May 1829, the name of Vane in lieu of that of Stewart, Frances Anne Emily, da of Sir Henry Vane-Tempest, 2d Bart. of Long Newton, co. Durham ...K.G. 19 June 1852."
^"No. 17480". The London Gazette. 25 May 1819. p. 906. ... may, in compliance with the provisions of the last will and testament of the said Sir Henry Vane, Bart. from henceforth continue to respectively use the surname of Vane only ...
^Urquhart 2007, p. 68. "Queen Victoria's mandate 'that Lord Londonderry should not be employed in any post of importance, as this would, in her opinion, be detrimental to the interests of the country'"
^"The Cumberland Plot" New Zealand Tablet, Volume XXIX, Issue 5, 31 January 1901, Page 3
^Murphy, James H. Abject Loyalty: Nationalism and Monarchy in Ireland During the Reign of Queen Victoria The Catholic University of America Press (2001) p18
^Kinealy 2013, p. 53. "Lord Londonderry and his wife made contributions of £20 and £10 to their local relief committees at the beginning of 1847. The following year the Londonderrys expended £15,000 renovating their home in Mount Stewart"
^Peter Brooke (1983), "Religion and secular thought 1800-75", in J.C. Beckett et al., Belfast, the Making of the City, Appletree Press, ISBN0-86281-100-7, Belfast, p. 117
^Parkhill, Trevor. ""Chivalrous rather than administrative": the carrier of the third marquess of Londonderry, soldier, diplomat, landlord.". In Blackstock, Alan; Magennis, Eoin (eds.). Politics and Political Culture in Britain and Ireland, 1750-1850. Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation. pp. 166–167. ISBN9781903688687.
^"Scrabo Tower - Historic Buildings Details". Department for Communities. Archived from the original on 18 July 2018. Retrieved 1 September 2018. In fact, rather than the object of the tenant affection, the 3rd Marquis, had alienated many of his tenantry through his unbending attitude during the Tenant Right campaign of the early 1850s.
^"Miscellaneous". The Spectator. 12 April 1851. p. 8. Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2018. Pardon me, my Prince, if I take the liberty to write to you ...
^Alison 1861b, p. 289. "The Garter of Wellington having become vacant by his death, it was conferred, on the very day on which the intelligence was received [17 September 1852] on the Marquess of Londonderry."
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