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Boro–Garo
Boro–Garo
Geographic; distribution	Northeast India, Bangladesh
Linguistic classification	Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman Central Tibeto-Burman languages (?) Sal Boro–Garo; ; ; ;
Subdivisions	Boro; Garo; Koch; Deori; Dimasa; Kokborok; Tiwa;
Language codes
Glottolog	bodo1279
	Map of the Bodo-Garo languages

The Boro–Garo languages are a branch of Sino-Tibetan languages, spoken primarily in Northeast India and parts of Bangladesh.

The Boro–Garo languages form four groups: Boro, Garo, Koch and Deori. Boro–Garo languages were historically very widespread throughout the Brahmaputra Valley and in what are now the northern parts of Bangladesh,^[2] and it is speculated that the proto-Boro-Garo language was the lingua franca of the Brahmaputra valley before it was replaced by Assamese, to which it has made major contributions.

Branches

The Boro-Garo languages, as reported in the Language Survey of India 1903. The annotations are from Burling (2012) p22.

The Boro-Garo languages were identified in the Grierson's Language Survey of India, and the names of the languages and their modern equivalents are given below in the table.

Name in LSI	Modern names
Bodo	Boro
Lalung	Tiwa
Dimasa	Dimasa
Garo	Garo
Koch	Koch
Rabha	Rabha
Tripuri	Kokborok
Chutiya	Deori
Moran	Moran (since extinct)

Sub groups

The Boro-Garo languages have been further divided into four subgroups by Burling.

Koch languages: Atong, Koch, Ruga, Rabha
Garo languages: Garo, Megam
Bodo languages: Bodo, Dimasa, Barman, Tiwa, Kokborok (Tripuri), Kachari, Moran
Deori language

Old Hajong may have been a Bodo–Garo language.

Barman is a recently discovered Bodo–Garo language.^[3]

Boro is an associate official language of the state of Assam. Kokborok (Tripuri) is one of the official languages of the state of Tripura. Garo is an associate official language of Meghalaya. Megam has been strongly influenced by Khasic languages, while Deori-Chutia by the Idu Mishmi language.

Languages of the family feature verb-final word order. There is some flexibility in the order of the arguments, but a nominative–accusative distinction is marked with post-nominal clitics. The languages also prefix classifiers to numerals modifying nouns. tense, aspect and mood are indicated using verbal suffixes.^[4]

Origins

The linkage of the Boro–Garo languages with Konyak and Jingphaw languages suggest that proto-Boro-Garo entered Assam from somewhere to the northeast.^[5] It has been proposed that the proto-Boro-Garo language was a lingua franca of different linguistic communities, not all of who were native speakers,^[6] and that it began as a creolized lingua franca.^[7] This would account for the highly reduced morphology of Boro–Garo, with what morphology is present mostly being regular, loosely bound, and with transparent etymology, typical signs of recent origin.^[8]

Classification

Joseph & Burling (2006)

The Boro-Garo language Family Tree (Burling, 2012). Deuri, earlier erroneously called "Chutia", is the first split and is farthest from the other languages in this group. The original Boro-Garo language of the Chutia people, who currently speak Assamese, is unknown. Moran, a language belonging to the *Boro group*, was last recorded in the early 20th century and is no longer attested. The *Rabha group* is also called the *Koch group*. Thus, there are four sub-groups within this classification of the Boro-Garo languages: Deori, Boro, Garo and Rabha/Koch.

Joseph & Burling (2006:1-2) classify the Boro–Garo languages into four major groups. Wood (2008:6) also follows this classification.

Deori
Boro languages: Boro, Kokborok, Tiwa
Garo
Koch languages: Koch, Rabha, Wanang, Atong, and Ruga

Jacquesson (2006)

Jacquesson (2017:112)^[2] classifies the Boro-Garo languages as follows, and recognizes three major branches (Western, Central, and Eastern). The Koch languages and Garo are grouped together as Western Boro-Garo.

Western
- Garo,
- Rabha, Koch
Central
- Boro, Mech
- Bru
- Dimasa, Moran
- Kokborok
Eastern
- Deori

Jacquesson (2017)^[2] believes that the Boro–Garo languages had arrived in their present location from the southeast, and notes similarities shared with Zeme languages and Kuki-Chin languages.

Reconstruction

Proto-Boro–Garo has been reconstructed by Joseph and Burling (2006) and by Wood (2008).

Notes

^ Also known as Boro-Konyak-Jingpho or Brahmaputran.
^ ^a ^b ^c Jacquesson, François and van Breugel, Seino (2017). "The linguistic reconstruction of the past: The case of the Boro-Garo languages." In Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, 40, 90-122.doi:10.1075/ltba.40.1.04van [Note: English translation of the French original: Jacquesson, François (2006). ‘La reconstruction linguistique du passé: Le cas des language Boro-Garo’. Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 101(1): 273–303.]
^ A brief linguistic sketch of the Barman Thar (Language). Tezpur University.
^ Wood 2008, p. 7.
^ (DeLancey 2012:13)
^ "Briefly, I propose, following a suggestion by Burling (2007), that the Proto-Boro-Garo first as a lingua franca used for communication across the various linguistic communicates of the region and its striking simplicity and transparency reflect a period when it was widely spoken by communities for whom it was not a native language." (DeLancey 2012:3)
^ (DeLancey 2012:5)
^ DeLancey, Scott (2010). "Towards a History of Verb Agreement in Tibeto-Burman" (PDF). Himalayan Linguistics. 9 (1): 1–39 [28]. ISSN 1544-7502. Retrieved 2022-06-21.

References

DeLancey, Scott (2012). Hyslop, Gwendolyn; Morey, Stephen; w. Post, Mark (eds.). "On the Origin of Bodo-Garo". Northeast Indian Linguistics. 4: 3–20. doi:10.1017/UPO9789382264521.003. ISBN 9789382264521.
Joseph, U.V., and Burling, Robbins. 2006. Comparative phonology of the Boro Garo languages. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages Publication.
Wood, Daniel Cody (2008). An Initial Reconstruction of Proto-Boro-Garo (MA thesis). University of Oregon. hdl:1794/9485.