Asynchrony (game theory)

In game theory, asynchrony refers to a gameplay structure where interactions and decisions do not occur in uniformly timed rounds. Unlike synchronous systems, where agents act in coordination with a shared timing mechanism, asynchronous systems lack a global clock, allowing agents to operate at independent and arbitrary speeds relative to one another. This flexibility introduces unique strategic dynamics and complexities to the study of decision-making in such environments.^[1]

For example, in an asynchronous online auction, bidders may place bids at any time before the auction ends, rather than in fixed, simultaneous turns, leading to unpredictable timing strategies and outcomes.

External links

Abraham, I., Alvisi, L., & Halpern, J. Y. (2011). Distributed computing meets game theory: combining insights from two fields. Acm Sigact News, 42(2), 69–76.

Ben-Or, M. (1983). Another Advantage of Free Choice: Completely Asynchronous Agreement Protocols. In Proc. 2nd ACM Symp. on Principles of Distributed Computing, pp. 27–30.

Solodkin, L., & Oshman, R. (2021). Truthful Information Dissemination in General Asynchronous Networks. In 35th International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC 2021). Schloss Dagstuhl-Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik. https://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2021/14839/pdf/LIPIcs-DISC-2021-37.pdf

Yifrach, A., & Mansour, Y. (2018, July). Fair leader election for rational agents in asynchronous rings and networks. In Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing (pp. 217-226). https://arxiv.org/pdf/1805.04778.pdf

References

^ Halpern, J. Y. (2003). A computer scientist looks at game theory. Games and Economic Behavior, 45(1), p. 120

v t e Topics of game theory
Definitions	Asynchrony Bayesian regret Best response Bounded rationality Cheap talk Complete contract Complete information Complete mixing Confrontation analysis Congestion game Conjectural variation Contingent cooperator Coopetition Determinacy Dynamic inconsistency Escalation of commitment Extensive-form game Farsightedness First-player and second-player win Game complexity Game form Game semantics Game theory Game tree Hierarchy of beliefs Imperfect information Incomplete information Information set Mechanism design Move by nature Mutual knowledge Normal-form game No-win situation Non-credible threat Null move Outcome Payoff Perfect information Perfect recall Ply Preference Rationality Sequential game Simultaneous action selection Spite Solved game Strategic complements Strategic dominance Strategic form Strategic interaction Strategic move Strategy Subgame Succinct game Topological game Tragedy of the commons
Equilibrium concepts	Backward induction Bayes correlated equilibrium Bayesian efficiency Bayesian game Bayesian Nash equilibrium Berge equilibrium Bertrand–Edgeworth model Coalition-proof Nash equilibrium Core Correlated equilibrium Edgeworth price cycle Epsilon-equilibrium Evolutionarily stable strategy Gibbs equilibrium Implementation theory Incentive compatibility Incomplete contracts Inequity aversion Individual rationality Iterated elimination of dominated strategies Hierarchy of beliefs Markov perfect equilibrium Mertens-stable equilibrium Nash equilibrium One-shot deviation principle Open-loop model Pareto efficiency Participation constraint Payoff dominance Perfect Bayesian equilibrium Price of anarchy Program equilibrium Proper equilibrium Quantal response equilibrium Quasi-perfect equilibrium Rational agent Rationalizability Rationalizable strategy Risk dominance Satisfaction equilibrium Self-confirming equilibrium Sequential equilibrium Shapley value Strong Nash equilibrium Subgame perfection Trembling hand equilibrium
Strategies	Appeasement Behavioral strategy Bid shading Cheap talk Collusion Commitment device De-escalation Deterrence Markov strategy Dominant strategies Escalation Fictitious play Focal point Forward induction Grim trigger Hobbesian trap Markov strategy Max-dominated strategy Mixed strategy Pairing strategy Pure strategy Strategy-stealing argument Tit for tat
Classes of games	Asymmetric game Auction Bargaining problem Cooperative game Deterministic game Differential game Finite game Global game Infinite game Intransitive game n-player game Large Poisson game Market game Mean-field game Mean payoff game Minimum effort game Multi-stage game Network game Non-cooperative game Potential game Quantum refereed game Repeated game Screening game Signaling game Simultaneous game Stochastic game Strictly determined game Supermodular game Symmetric game Zero-sum game
Games	All-pay auction Battle of the sexes Bertrand competition Blotto game Centipede game Chess Chicken Coordination game Cournot competition Deadlock Dictator game Trust game Diner's dilemma Dollar auction Checkers El Farol Bar problem Electronic mail game Fair cake-cutting Fair division Gift-exchange game Go Guess 2/3 of the average Induction puzzles Infinite chess Keynesian beauty contest Kuhn poker Lewis signaling game Matching pennies Nash bargaining game Obligationes Optional prisoner's dilemma Pirate game Prisoner's dilemma Princess and monster game Public goods game Pursuit game Rendezvous problem Rock paper scissors Stackelberg competition Stag hunt Traveler's dilemma Two-level game theory Ultimatum game Volunteer's dilemma War of attrition
Theorems & theories	Arrow's impossibility theorem Aumann's agreement theorem Brouwer fixed-point theorem Competitive altruism Folk theorem Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem Gibbs lemma Glicksberg's theorem Kakutani fixed-point theorem Kuhn's theorem Myerson–Satterthwaite theorem Nash's theorem Negamax theorem One-shot deviation principle Parrondo's paradox Prim–Read theory Purification theorem Rational ignorance Rational irrationality Revelation principle Revenue equivalence theorem Shapley's axioms Sperner's lemma Sprague–Grundy theorem Zermelo's theorem
Key figures	Albert W. Tucker Alvin E. Roth Amos Tversky Antoine Augustin Cournot Ariel Rubinstein Claude Shannon Daniel Kahneman David Gale David K. Levine David M. Kreps Donald B. Gillies Drew Fudenberg Eric Maskin Harold W. Kuhn Herbert Simon Herbert Scarf Hervé Moulin Jean Tirole Jean-François Mertens Jennifer Tour Chayes John Conway John Nash John Harsanyi John Maynard Smith John von Neumann Ken Binmore Kenneth Arrow Kenneth Binmore Leonid Hurwicz Lloyd Shapley Martin Shubik Melvin Dresher Merrill M. Flood Olga Bondareva Oskar Morgenstern Paul Milgrom Peyton Young Reinhard Selten Robert Aumann Robert Axelrod Robert B. Wilson Roger Myerson Samuel Bowles Suzanne Scotchmer Thomas Schelling William Vickrey
Search optimizations	Alpha–beta pruning Aspiration window Expectiminimax Game tree search Lazy SMP Lemke–Howson algorithm max^n algorithm Minimax algorithm Monte Carlo tree search Negamax Paranoid algorithm Principal variation search
Subfields	Algorithmic game theory Behavioral game theory Combinatorial game theory Compositional game theory Confrontation analysis Contract theory Cooperative game Drama theory Evolutionary game theory Graphical game theory Heresthetic Implementation theory Mean-field game theory Negotiation theory Quantum game theory Social software
Miscellaneous	Bertrand paradox Chainstore paradox Computational complexity of games Glossary of game theory Helly metric Lemke–Howson algorithm List of game theorists List of games in game theory Multi-agent system PPAD-complete

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