argument is one or more premises—sentences, statements, or propositions—directed towards arriving at a logical conclusion. The purpose of an argument...

Argument may refer to: The Argument (Fugazi album), 2001 The Argument (Grant Hart album), 2013 The Argument (film), a 2020 American film The Argument...

The doomsday argument (DA), or Carter catastrophe, is a probabilistic argument that aims to predict the total number of humans who will ever live. It...

(sometimes written as strawman) is the informal fallacy of refuting an argument different from the one actually under discussion, while not recognizing...

arguments alone, independent of their topic and content. Informal logic is associated with informal fallacies, critical thinking, and argumentation theory...

('an argument to the person'), refers to when a speaker attacks the character, motive, or some other attribute of the person making an argument rather...

Look up argument in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. In logic and philosophy, an argument is an attempt to persuade someone of something, or give evidence...

A musical argument is a means of creating tension through the relation of expressive content and musical form: Traditional dialectal music is representational:...

Argument mining, or argumentation mining, is a research area within the natural language processing field. The goal of argument mining is the automatic...

In philosophy of religion, a cosmological argument is an argument for the existence of God based on observational statements concerning the universe and...

The Kalam cosmological argument is a modern formulation of the cosmological argument for the existence of God. It is named after the Kalam (medieval Islamic...

religion and theology. A wide variety of arguments for and against the existence of God (with the same or similar arguments also generally being used when talking...

teleological argument (from τέλος, telos, 'end, aim, goal'), also known as physico-theological argument, argument from design, or intelligent design argument, is...

The Chinese room argument holds that a computer executing a program cannot have a mind, understanding, or consciousness, regardless of how intelligently...

A political argument is an instance of a logical argument applied to politics. Political arguments are used by academics, media pundits, candidates for...

A heuristic argument is an argument that reasons from the value of a method or principle that has been shown experimentally (especially through trial-and-error)...

The homunculus argument is an informal fallacy whereby a concept is explained in terms of the concept itself, recursively, without first defining or explaining...

Master argument for the classical master argument related to the problem of future contingents. The master argument is George Berkeley's argument that mind-independent...

In celestial mechanics, the argument of latitude ( u {\displaystyle u} ) is an angular parameter that defines the position of a body moving along a Kepler...

Wikiquote has quotations related to Argument from authority. An argument from authority (Latin: argumentum ab auctoritate, also called an appeal to authority...

reasoning that undermines an argument's support for its conclusion. In academic usage, the term usually applies to arguments, although it is sometimes used...

The "nothing to hide" argument is a logical fallacy which states that an individual has no reason to fear or oppose surveillance or breach of privacy,...

argument is a deductive philosophical argument, made from an ontological basis, that is advanced in support of the existence of God. Such arguments tend...

The argument of periapsis (also called argument of perifocus or argument of pericenter), symbolized as ω (omega), is one of the orbital elements of an...

The lazy argument or idle argument (Ancient Greek: ἀργὸς λόγος) is an attempt to undermine the philosophical doctrine of fatalism by demonstrating that...

The argument from illusion is an argument for the existence of sense-data. It is posed as a criticism of direct realism. Naturally occurring illusions...

Oral argument at the appellate level accompanies written briefs, which also advance the argument of each party in the legal dispute. Oral arguments can...

In philosophy of mind, the knowledge argument (also known as Mary's Room, Mary the Colour Scientist, or Mary the super-scientist) is a thought experiment...

diagonal argument, in mathematics, is a technique employed in proofs. The following theorems are notable examples: Cantor's diagonal argument (the earliest)...

The dream argument is the postulation that the act of dreaming provides preliminary evidence that the senses trusted to distinguish reality from illusion...

Argument to moderation (Latin: argumentum ad temperantiam)—also known as the false compromise, argument from middle ground, fallacy of gray, middle ground...

In computational complexity theory, the padding argument is a tool to conditionally prove that if some complexity classes are equal, then some other bigger...

An argument map or argument diagram is a visual representation of the structure of an argument. An argument map typically includes all the key components...

In general terms, a reason is a consideration in an argument that justifies or explains an action, belief, attitude, or fact. A reason, in many cases,...

In a slippery-slope argument, a course of action is rejected because the slippery slope advocate believes it will lead to a chain reaction resulting in...

named-parameter arguments, named arguments or keyword arguments refer to a computer language's support for function calls to clearly associate each argument with...

argumentum ad absurdum (Latin for "argument to absurdity"), apagogical argument, or proof by contradiction, is the form of argument that attempts to establish...

The Argument Web is a large-scale Web of interconnected arguments created by individuals as they express their opinions and interact with the opinions...

conditions an argument is valid. According to the semantic approach, an argument is valid if there is no possible interpretation of the argument whereby its...

In mathematics, an argument of a function is a value provided to obtain the function's result. It is also called an independent variable. For example,...

problem of evil, the argument from inconsistent revelations, the rejection of concepts that cannot be falsified, and the argument from nonbelief. Nonbelievers...

Isaac Newton's rotating bucket argument (also known as Newton's bucket) is a thought experiment that was designed to demonstrate that true rotational motion...

two, or three arguments. A predicate and its arguments form a predicate–argument structure. The discussion of predicates and arguments is associated most...

computational complexity theory and cryptography, averaging argument is a standard argument for proving theorems. It usually allows us to convert probabilistic...

In complex analysis, the argument principle (or Cauchy's argument principle) is a theorem relating the difference between the number of zeros and poles...

A transcendental argument is a kind of deductive argument that appeals to the necessary conditions that make something else possible. They are often anti-skeptical...

Rogerian argument (or Rogerian rhetoric) is a rhetorical and conflict resolution strategy based on empathizing with others, seeking common ground and mutual...

In argumentation theory, a term (or notion) is that part of a statement in an argument which refers to a specific thing. A term is usually, but not always...

An argument by example (also known as argument from example) is an argument in which a claim is supported by providing examples. Most conclusions drawn...

In argumentation, an objection is a reason arguing against a premise, argument, or conclusion. Definitions of objection vary in whether an objection is...

"modal argument," or the "clear and distinct perception argument," and secondly the "indivisibility" or "divisibility" argument. The argument is distinguished...

The argument from nonbelief is a philosophical argument for the nonexistence of God that asserts an inconsistency between God's existence and a world...

Semantic argument is a type of argument in which one fixes the meaning of a term in order to support their argument. Semantic arguments are commonly used...

censorship, when miscasting an opponent's argument as hyperbole even when the comparison made by the argument is appropriate. Godwin has criticized the...

Arguendo is a Latin legal term meaning for the sake of argument. "Assuming, arguendo, that ..." and similar phrases are used in courtroom settings, academic...

In argumentation theory, an argumentation scheme or argument scheme is a template that represents a common type of argument used in ordinary conversation...

The Sołtan argument is an astrophysical theory outlined in 1982 by Polish astronomer Andrzej Sołtan [pl]. It maintains that if quasars were powered by...

In mathematics, especially in category theory, Quillen’s small object argument, when applicable, constructs a factorization of a morphism in a functorial...

Argumentation theory is the interdisciplinary study of how conclusions can be supported or undermined by premises through logical reasoning. With historical...

are: the argument from "first mover"; the argument from universal causation; the argument from contingency; the argument from degree; the argument from final...

In computer programming, a parameter, or formal argument, is a variable that represents an argument to a function call. A function's signature defines...

The open-question argument is a philosophical argument put forward by British philosopher G. E. Moore in §13 of Principia Ethica (1903), to refute the...

that act as the starting points of arguments by presenting reasons to substantiate or refute assertions. Each argument is made up of a set of premises together...

motte-and-bailey castle), also called the castle and courtyard, is a form of argument and an informal fallacy where an arguer conflates two positions that share...

Argumental (working title Whose Side Are You On?) is a British improvised comedy panel game hosted originally by John Sergeant and later Sean Lock, alongside...

ontological proof is a formal argument by the mathematician Kurt Gödel (1906–1978) for the existence of God. The argument is in a line of development that...

use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning in the construction of an argument that may appear to be well-reasoned if unnoticed. The term was introduced...

The replaceability argument, or the logic of the larder, is a philosophical argument against vegetarianism. It holds that consuming animal products can...

In the C++ programming language, argument-dependent lookup (ADL), or argument-dependent name lookup, applies to the lookup of an unqualified function name...

Cantor's diagonal argument (among various similar names) is a mathematical proof that there are infinite sets which cannot be put into one-to-one correspondence...

The argument from reason is a transcendental argument against metaphysical naturalism and for the existence of God (or at least a supernatural being that...

problem of evil as having been rebutted by various defenses. The evidential arguments remain discussed among contemporary philosophers. In the context of the...

The Meinongian argument is a type of ontological argument or an "a priori argument" that seeks to prove the existence of God. This is through an assertion...

when an argument's premises assume the truth of the conclusion. Historically, begging the question refers to a fault in a dialectical argument in which...

In mathematics, the Eckmann–Hilton argument (or Eckmann–Hilton principle or Eckmann–Hilton theorem) is an argument about two unital magma structures on...

profession, argument in the alternative is a strategy in which a lawyer advances several competing (and possibly mutually exclusive) arguments in order to...

In computer programming, a default argument is an argument to a function that a programmer is not required to specify. In most programming languages,...

Benatar's asymmetry argument for antinatalism is an argument based on the difference between harms and benefits viewed in two scenarios — when the person...

Argument is a 1979 book by the philosopher William Lane Craig, in which the author offers a contemporary defense of the Kalām cosmological argument and...

javelin argument, credited to Lucretius, is an ancient logical argument that the universe, or cosmological space, must be infinite. The javelin argument was...

tone argument or tone policing is an informal fallacy or rhetorical tactic in which someone focuses on the tone or emotional expression of an argument rather...

The private language argument argues that the idea of a "private language"—i.e., a language that is understandable by only a single individual—is incoherent...

In argumentation theory, an argumentum ad populum (Latin for 'appeal to the people') is an informal fallacy that asserts a claim is true, good, or correct...

The Argument is a 2020 American comedy-drama film, directed by Robert Schwartzman, from a screenplay by Zac Stanford. It stars Maggie Q, Danny Pudi, Cleopatra...

Practical arguments are a logical structure used to determine the validity or dependencies of a claim made in natural-language arguments. An argument can be...

Argument from fallacy is the formal fallacy of analyzing an argument and inferring that, since it contains a fallacy, its conclusion must be false. It...

The Penrose–Lucas argument is a logical argument partially based on Kurt Gödel's first incompleteness theorem. In 1931, Gödel proved that every effectively...

refers to a variety of methods of reasoning in which the conclusion of an argument is supported not with deductive certainty, but at best with some degree...

The hole argument was the argument, developed by German-born physicist Albert Einstein, that general covariance was not applicable to the equations of...

"Argument Clinic" is a sketch from Monty Python's Flying Circus, written by John Cleese and Graham Chapman. The sketch was originally broadcast as part...

The swamping argument is an objection against Darwinism made by Fleeming Jenkin. He asserted that an accidentally-appearing profitable variety cannot be...

The Quine–Putnam indispensability argument is an argument in the philosophy of mathematics for the existence of abstract mathematical objects such as...

Das Argument: Zeitschrift für Philosophie und Sozialwissenschaften (English: The Argument: Journal for Philosophy and Social Sciences) is a bimonthly...

cryptography, the hybrid argument is a proof technique used to show that two distributions are computationally indistinguishable. Hybrid arguments had their origin...

In mathematics (particularly in complex analysis), the argument of a complex number z, denoted arg(z), is the angle between the positive real axis and...

The Argument is the sixth and final studio album by American post-hardcore band Fugazi, released on October 16, 2001, by Dischord Records. It was recorded...

The evolutionary argument against naturalism (EAAN) is a philosophical argument asserting a problem with believing both evolution and philosophical naturalism...

"evil demon". In 2003, philosopher Nick Bostrom proposed the simulation argument suggesting that if a civilization becomes capable of creating conscious...

In analytic philosophy, the paradigm case argument (PCA) is an argument which is applied as a rebuttal to the claim that certain concepts, such as free...

infinite regress argument is an argument against a theory based on the fact that this theory leads to an infinite regress. For such an argument to be successful...

In computer science, a charging argument is used to compare the output of an optimization algorithm to an optimal solution. It is typically used to show...

Argument from ignorance (Latin: argumentum ad ignorantiam), or appeal to ignorance, is an informal fallacy where something is claimed to be true or false...

The deliberative indispensability argument is an argument for normative realism defended by David Enoch, most prominently in his 2011 book Taking Morality...

Argument was an Australian sloop of some 8 tons, built in Sydney and registered on 8 October 1800. In March 1809 Argument, Experiment and Hazard left...

programming portal Command-line argument parsing refers to methods used in a programming language to parse command-line arguments. A command-line option or...

complex number, while the angle from the positive real axis is called the argument of the complex number. The complex numbers of absolute value one form the...

Drive-By Argument was an indietronica band from Ayr, Scotland. The quintet released their self-titled début album Drive-By Argument on 19 May 2008. The...

access consciousness but no phenomenal consciousness. Philosophical zombie arguments are used against forms of physicalism and in defense of the hard problem...

and visualisation of arguments and debates. In the 1980s and 1990s, philosophical theories of arguments in general, and argumentation theory in particular...

The Christological argument is the argument for the existence of God, which holds that if certain claims about Jesus are valid, then one should accept...

An argument in literature is a brief summary, often in prose, of a poem or section of a poem or other work. It is often appended to the beginning of each...

defect in an argument whereby the premises are just as much in need of proof or evidence as the conclusion. As a consequence, the argument becomes a matter...

which one making an argument fails to address the issue in question. Often an opposing counsel can legally object to such arguments by declaring them irrelevant...

argument may refer to: Pigeonhole principle Combinatorial proof This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Counting argument....

The argument from degrees, also known as the degrees of perfection argument or the henological argument, is an argument for the existence of God first...

A closing argument, summation, or summing up is the concluding statement of each party's counsel reiterating the important arguments for the trier of fact...

An Argument with Myself is an extended play by Swedish indie pop musician Jens Lekman, released on 19 September 2011 on Secretly Canadian. On 19 March...

also known as argumentum ad consequentiam (Latin for "argument to the consequence"), is an argument that concludes a hypothesis (typically a belief) to...

The argument from morality is an argument for the existence of God. Arguments from morality tend to be based on moral normativity or moral order. Arguments...

The argument from desire is an argument for the existence of the immortality of the soul. The best-known defender of the argument is the Christian writer...

fields, an argumentation framework is a way to deal with contentious information and draw conclusions from it using formalized arguments. In an abstract...

Ad nauseam is a Latin term used to describe an argument or a discussion that has been extended to the figurative point of nausea. For example, "this has...

The explanatory indispensability argument is an argument in the philosophy of mathematics for the existence of mathematical objects. It claims that rationally...

also known as the broccoli test, broccoli argument, broccoli hypothetical or broccoli horrible, was an argument used by those opposed to healthcare reform...

In mathematics, the arguments of the maxima (abbreviated arg max or argmax) and arguments of the minima (abbreviated arg min or argmin) are the input...

An argumentum ad crumenam argument, also known as an argument to the purse, is the informal fallacy of drawing conclusions based on the speaker's financial...

its attribution to Fermi, and alternative terms like the "Hart–Tipler argument" or "Tsiolkovsky–Fermi–Viewing–Hart paradox" have been proposed. According...

In epistemology, the regress argument is the argument that any proposition requires a justification. However, any justification itself requires support...

Transcendental Argument for the existence of God (TAG) is a transcendental argument that attempts to prove the existence of God. Several distinct arguments are supposed...

In philosophy, the Rietdijk–Putnam argument, named after C. Wim Rietdijk [nl] and Hilary Putnam, uses 20th-century findings in physics – specifically in...

Win Every Argument: The Art of Debating, Persuading, and Public Speaking is a 2023 non-fiction book by Mehdi Hasan. Win Every Argument is 336-page non-fiction...

The God Argument: The Case against Religion and for Humanism is a 2013 book by the English philosopher and humanist A. C. Grayling, in which he counters...

In mathematics, the hypergeometric function of a matrix argument is a generalization of the classical hypergeometric series. It is a function defined by...

tollendo ponens (MTP), Latin for "mode that affirms by denying") is a valid argument form which is a syllogism having a disjunctive statement for one of its...

Argumentum ad baculum (Latin for "argument to the cudgel" or "appeal to the stick") is a type of argument made when one attempts to appeal to force to...

The argument from consciousness is an argument for the existence of God that claims characteristics of human consciousness (such as qualia) cannot be explained...

In logic, specifically in deductive reasoning, an argument is valid if and only if it takes a form that makes it impossible for the premises to be true...

Argument from analogy is a special type of inductive argument, where perceived similarities are used as a basis to infer some further similarity that...

Argument from incredulity, also known as argument from personal incredulity, appeal to common sense, or the divine fallacy, is a fallacy in informal logic...

command-line argument or parameter is an item of information provided to a program when it is started. A program can have many command-line arguments that identify...

The 861 argument is a statutory argument used by tax protesters in the United States, which interprets a portion of the Internal Revenue Code as invalidating...

appeal to nature is a rhetorical technique for presenting and proposing the argument that "a thing is good because it is 'natural', or bad because it is 'unnatural'...

In linguistics, differential argument marking (DAM) is the phenomenon of a language's encoding a single grammatical function (e.g. subject or object) in...

In philosophy, Weyl's tile argument, introduced by Hermann Weyl in 1949, is an argument against the notion that physical space is "discrete", as if composed...

The Argument Interchange Format (AIF) is an international effort to develop a representational mechanism for exchanging argument resources between research...

Wittgenstein's Poker: The Story of a Ten-Minute Argument Between Two Great Philosophers is a 2001 book by BBC journalists David Edmonds and John Eidinow...

slingshot argument is one of a group of arguments claiming to show that all true sentences stand for the same thing. This type of argument was dubbed...

constructor is a constructor that takes no arguments. Also known as a 0-argument constructor, no-argument constructor, parameterless constructor or default...

Of the many and varied argument forms that can possibly be constructed, only very few are valid argument forms. In order to evaluate these forms, statements...

of loaded language – often passing as folk wisdom – intended to end an argument and bypass cognitive dissonance with a cliché rather than a point. Some...

In group theory, a branch of mathematics, Frattini's argument is an important lemma in the structure theory of finite groups. It is named after Giovanni...

An etymological fallacy is an argument of equivocation, arguing that a word is defined by its etymology, and that its customary usage is therefore incorrect...

The Consequence Argument is a philosophical argument for the incompatibility of free will and determinism. The argument was most notably introduced by...

The trademark argument is an a priori argument for the existence of God developed by the French philosopher and mathematician René Descartes. The name...

To make an argument from silence (Latin: argumentum ex silentio) is to express a conclusion that is based on the absence of statements in historical documents...

The argument from beauty (also the aesthetic argument) is an argument for the existence of a realm of immaterial ideas or, most commonly, for the existence...

The argument from love is an argument for the existence of God that suggests the depth, complexity, and universality of love point to a transcendent source...

In reasoning and argument mapping, a counterargument is an objection to an objection. A counterargument can be used to rebut an objection to a premise...

A polar concept argument is a type of argument that posits the understanding of one concept, from the mere understanding of its polar opposite. A well-known...

to a formal fallacy. While "the logical argument is a non sequitur" is synonymous with "the logical argument is invalid", the term non sequitur typically...

Such an argument is called a valid argument, for example: all men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal. For valid arguments, it is...

The Third Argument (Serbian: Treći argument) is a Serbian graphic novel based on the works of Serbian writer Milorad Pavić, with script by Zoran Stefanović...

attempts to overwhelm an opponent by presenting an excessive number of arguments, without regard for their accuracy or strength, with a rapidity that makes...

The argument from miracles is an argument for the existence of God that begins by asserting that there are kinds of possible events the best explanation...

The Argument (With Annotations) is a 2017 Canadian-British short experimental drama film written, directed, and edited by video artist Daniel Cockburn...

his first edition of Political Justice (1793), William Godwin included arguments favoring the possibility of "earthly immortality" (what would now be called...

The Argument is an American online media company and opinion-focused web magazine known for publishing commentary, analysis, and reported essays on politics...

invalidate someone else's argument on the basis that the same idea was promoted or practised by Adolf Hitler or the Nazi Party. Arguments can be termed reductio...

The infant industry argument is an economic rationale for trade protectionism. The core of the argument is that nascent industries often do not have the...

analyzing rhetorical arguments. The Toulmin model of argumentation, a diagram containing six interrelated components used for analyzing arguments, and published...

The argument from religious experience is an argument for the existence of God. It holds that the best explanation for religious experiences is that they...

The incompatible-properties argument is the idea that no description of God is consistent with reality. For example, if one takes the definition of God...

Probabilistic argument may refer to: Probabilistic argument, any argument involving probability theory Probabilistic method, a method of non-constructive...

philosophical argument advanced by Blaise Pascal (1623–1662), a French mathematician, philosopher, physicist, and theologian. This argument posits that...

Argument–deduction–proof distinctions originated with logic itself. Naturally, the terminology evolved. An argument, more fully a premise–conclusion argument...

published in Philosophy & Public Affairs in 1971. Granting for the sake of argument that the fetus has a right to life, Thomson uses thought experiments to...

The wax argument or the sheet of wax example is a thought experiment that René Descartes created in the second of his Meditations on First Philosophy....

Lewis's trilemma is an apologetic argument traditionally used to argue for the divinity of Jesus by postulating that the only alternatives are that he...

corresponding conditional of an argument (or derivation) is a material conditional whose antecedent is the conjunction of the argument's (or derivation's) premises...

The argument from marginal cases (also known as the argument from species overlap) is a philosophical argument within animal rights theory regarding the...

whereby a macro may be declared to accept a varying number of arguments. Variable-argument macros were introduced in 1999 in the ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (C99)...

which the main argument ('subject') of an intransitive verb, the agent argument ('subject') of a transitive verb, and the patient argument ('direct object')...

are a type of incorrect argument in natural language. The source of the error is not necessarily due to the form of the argument, as is the case for formal...

critical density needed to prevent the Big Crunch (the "Dicke coincidences" argument). The most recent measurements may suggest that the observed density of...

form in a given language. The logical form of an argument is called the argument form of the argument. The importance of the concept of form to logic was...

argument without responding to the substance of the argument. Some authors have also described the fallacy as the act of "ridicul[ing]" an argument as...

'strife' in Greek). No matter how one attempts to refute eristic arguments, the argument is designed so that any means of refutation will fail. For example...

In combinatorial game theory, the strategy-stealing argument is a general argument that shows, for many two-player games, that the second player cannot...

mathematical proofs and philosophical arguments in print publications, to indicate that the proof or the argument is complete. The phrase quod erat demonstrandum...

Irreducible complexity (IC) is the argument that certain biological systems with multiple interacting parts would not function if one of the parts were...

The beech argument (German: Buchenargument) is a now mostly outdated argument in Indo-European studies that is in favour of placing the Indo-European...

Retrieved April 11, 2018. "There Is No Debate, The "American Chopper" Argument Meme Is Undeniably Funny". BuzzFeed. Retrieved April 11, 2018. Other sources...

The 50 Year Argument is a documentary film by Martin Scorsese and co-directed by David Tedeschi about the history and influence of the New York Review...

of ad hominem arguments which attack the speaker rather than addressing the claims, but they are a distinct class of fallacious argument, and both are...

Topical logic is the logic of topical argument, a branch of rhetoric developed in the Late Antique period from earlier works, such as Aristotle's Topics...

the argument produced significant literature, and works such as The Matrix franchise are considered inspired by Putnam's argument. Putnam's argument is...

Specious reasoning is a form of argument or analysis that relies on lies, misdirection, or misinterpreted information to make its point. Assertions made...

incorrect because of being traditional. Appeal to novelty Argument from authority Argument to moderation Common sense Conservatism Herd mentality Inductive...

Argument About Basia (Polish: Awantura o Basię) is a Polish novel by Kornel Makuszyński, written in 1936, but released one year later. The book's first...

an argument as untrue or absurd. The dismissal is made by stating or reiterating that the argument is absurd, without providing further argumentation. This...

antinatalists believe human reproduction is problematic. The most common arguments for antinatalism include imposing a risk of serious harm onto someone...

A polysyllogism is a complex argument (also known as chain arguments of which there are four kinds: polysyllogisms, sorites, epicheirema, and dilemmas)...

Electric Arguments is the third studio album by the Fireman, released on 24 November 2008 on the duo's website. It was announced on 29 September 2008...

an appeal to emotion, and therefore may become a logical fallacy. Art, Argument, and Advocacy (2002) argued that the appeal substitutes emotion for reason...

Probabilistic argumentation refers to different formal frameworks pertaining to probabilistic logic. All share the idea that qualitative aspects can be...

συλλογισμός, syllogismos, 'conclusion, inference') is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two...

Tamir that presents a liberal argument in support of national particularism. Liberal nationalism presents an argument that nationalism can work under...

or the horse laugh) is an informal fallacy which presents an opponent's argument as absurd, ridiculous, or humorous, and therefore not worthy of serious...

standard output. The function accepts a format C-string argument and a variable number of value arguments that the function serializes per the format string...

The Jane Austen Argument is an Australian musical duo from Melbourne. Formed in 2010 by Tom Dickins (vocals, piano, ukulele) and Jen Kingwell (piano, vocals...

referred to as an evolutionary debunking argument or evolutionary debunking thesis, is a philosophical argument which holds that, because humans (like all...

In general relativity, the sticky bead argument is a simple thought experiment designed to show that gravitational radiation is indeed predicted by general...

disagreement hierarchy in a 2008 essay "How to Disagree", putting types of argument into a seven-point hierarchy and observing that "If moving up the disagreement...

The logic of argumentation (LA) is a formalised description of the ways in which humans reason and argue about propositions. It is used, for example,...

parts of formal logic, serving as the logical structure of valid arguments. If an argument with true premises follows a rule of inference then the conclusion...

presumes that a speaker's argument is false or invalid and then explains why the speaker made that argument (even if said argument is actually correct) by...

The argument from poor design, also known as the dysteleological argument, is an argument against the assumption of the existence of a creator God, based...

Sport Your Argument is a weekly sports talk radio show based in Washington, D.C., hosted by Matt Potter and Casey Angel, broadcast on Yahoo Sports Radio...

Being Right: 38 Ways to Win an Argument (also The Art of Controversy, or Eristic Dialectic: The Art of Winning an Argument; German: Eristische Dialektik:...

necessarily agreed to by the person who is asked the question does the argument containing them become fallacious. Hence, the same question may be loaded...

The self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal is an attempt to refute the doomsday argument (that there is a credible link between the brevity of the...

consequential relationship between two or more events Reason (argument), a premise in support of an argument, for what reason or purpose Grounding (metaphysics)...

of chaos, strife, and discord) refers to an argument that aims to successfully dispute another's argument, rather than searching for truth. According...

Demonstration of the Truthful or Proof of the Veracious, among others) is a formal argument for proving the existence of God introduced by the Islamic philosopher...

and argument is often unclear and many attorneys will infuse at least a little argumentation into their opening (often prefacing borderline arguments with...

specific form of hand-waving whereby one attempts to advance an argument by giving an argument loaded with jargon and obscure results or by marking it as obvious...

promotes an oblique argument of a verb to the role of subject; the underlying subject may then be expressed as an oblique argument. A given language may...

revived and transformed in the early modern period by Immanuel Kant's arguments that our knowledge of reality is completely based on mental structures:...

The argument from free will, also called the paradox of free will or theological fatalism, contends that omniscience and free will are incompatible and...

In decision theory, economics, and probability theory, the Dutch book arguments are a set of results showing that agents must satisfy the axioms of rational...

according to which each object only inhabits one possible world. Common arguments for modal realism refer to their theoretical usefulness for modal reasoning...

sand from which grains are removed individually. One might construct the argument from the following premises: 1,000,000 grains of sand is a heap of sand...

evidence cited is actually no different from the assertion itself. An argument that actually contains premises that are all the same as the assertion...

Appeal to motive is a pattern of argument which consists in challenging a thesis by calling into question the motives of its proposer. It can be considered...

requires statistical evidence. Misuse of anecdotal evidence in the form of argument from anecdote is an informal fallacy and is sometimes referred to as the...

The Riemann zeta function ζ {\displaystyle \zeta } is a function whose argument may be any complex number other than 1, and whose values are also complex...

discredit the opponent's argument by attacking the opponent's own personal behaviour and actions as being inconsistent with their argument, so that the opponent...

the attention away from the topic that is being discussed. This type of argument is called a "quibble" or "quillet". Trivial objections are a special case...

and one of the a posteriori arguments for this is the argument from design or the teleological argument. The argument is that the existence of God can...

part of rhetorical strategies (e.g., in politics), or may be used in argumentation inadvertently. The expression was popularized in 1807 by the English...

basis in law and are generally rooted in conspiracy theories. Pseudolegal arguments deviate significantly from most conventional understandings of law and...

alignment is the grammatical relationship between arguments—specifically, between the two arguments (in English, subject and object) of transitive verbs...

characterized by the manipulation of the recipient's emotions in order to win an argument, especially in the absence of factual evidence. This kind of appeal to...

function. An adjunct is not an argument (nor is it a predicative expression), and an argument is not an adjunct. The argument–adjunct distinction is central...

explanation" (Lipton, 2004). For instance, one argument commonly used—the "miracle argument" or "no miracles argument"—starts out by observing that scientific...

Intelligent design (ID) is a pseudoscientific argument for the existence of God, presented by proponents as "an evidence-based scientific theory about...

Hypothesis" and their arguments, presenting seven arguments against the hypothesis as put forward by "Wells and his predecessors": "Arguments from silence" are...

The expression has been used to illustrate problems such as the regress argument in epistemology. Early variants of the saying do not always have explicit...

The significand (also coefficient, sometimes argument, or more ambiguously mantissa, fraction, or characteristic) is the first (left) part of a number...

fortiori (literally "argument from the stronger [reason]") (UK: /ˈɑː fɔːrtiˈoʊri/, US: /ˈeɪ fɔːrʃiˈɔːraɪ/) is a form of argumentation that draws upon existing...

Alvin Plantinga's free-will defense is a logical argument developed by the American analytic philosopher Alvin Plantinga and published in its final version...

against it. They will go over their side of the argument without considering the alternative arguments. Self-propaganda is a form of propaganda and indoctrination...

phrase used to describe pseudoscience or bad science. It describes an argument or explanation that purports to be scientific but uses faulty reasoning...

actual parameters, a.k.a. arguments, to match. Different programming languages provide different conventions for passing arguments. In some languages, such...

from 2014 to 2024. Craig has updated and defended the Kalam cosmological argument for the existence of God, a formulation that goes back to antiquity. He...

The essence of this inductive fallacy lies on the overestimation of an argument based on insufficiently large samples under an implied margin of error...

to put them into. This seemingly obvious statement, a type of counting argument, can be used to demonstrate possibly unexpected results. For example, given...

common parlance, the "apple of discord" is the core, kernel, or crux of an argument, or a small matter that could lead to a bigger dispute. In the Eixample...

Closing Argument (born April 4, 2002, in Florida) is a retired Thoroughbred racehorse. The son of Successful Appeal won the 2005 Holy Bull Stakes and finished...

Introduction to the End of an Argument / Intifada - Speaking for Oneself... Speaking for Others (Arabic: مقدمة لنهائيات جدال Transliteration: Muqadimmah...

A false premise is an incorrect proposition that forms the basis of an argument or syllogism. Since the premise (proposition, or assumption) is not correct...

such system can demonstrate its own consistency. Employing a diagonal argument, Gödel's incompleteness theorems were among the first of several closely...

known as argument by pigheadedness, is a deductive fallacy of circularity where the person in question simply refuses to believe the argument, ignoring...

the Ottoman Empire's successor state, the Republic of Turkey. Borrowing arguments used by the CUP to justify its actions, Armenian genocide denial rests...

written: The one-sidedness fallacy does not make an argument invalid. It may not even make the argument unsound. The fallacy consists in persuading readers...

2008). Attacking Faulty Reasoning: A Practical Guide to Fallacy-Free Arguments. Cengage Learning. pp. 121–123. ISBN 978-0-495-09506-4. Fischer, D. H...

the level of rational argument, but begin by denouncing all argument; they may forbid their followers to listen to rational argument, because it is deceptive...

The Talmud uses many types of logical arguments. Some of the most common arguments and terms are listed here. The term chazakah (Hebrew: חזקה — literally...

function of indefinite arity, i.e., one which accepts a variable number of arguments. Support for variadic functions differs widely among programming languages...

that arguments from uncertainty fail because the mere fact that one might be mistaken in finding certain arguments persuasive (for example, arguments for...

is not a consequence of the end-to-end argument. It is the success of packets that make the end-to-end argument relevant." No arbitrarily reliable data...

school. He was most notable for logic innovations, including his master argument formulated in response to Aristotle's discussion of future contingents...

functions with multiple vector-valued arguments, with the functions being linear maps with respect to each argument. It involves concepts such as matrices...

fallibilism, which deny that knowledge or absolute certainty is possible. Arguments for and against agnosticism are discussed in the academic literature....

the set of natural numbers. Cantor's argument for this theorem is presented with one small change. This argument can be improved by using a definition...

In classical logic, a hypothetical syllogism is a valid argument form, a deductive syllogism with a conditional statement for one or both of its premises...

tolerance, creation, and cooperation. The most prominent argument for nihilism is the argument from queerness. J. L. Mackie argues that there are no objective...

abortion debate are logical arguments that can be made either in support of or in opposition to abortion. The philosophical arguments in the abortion debate...

As with any logical fallacy, identifying that the reasoning behind an argument is flawed does not necessarily imply that the resulting conclusion is false...

Court has agreed to hear and has not yet decided. Future argument dates are in parentheses; arguments in these cases have been scheduled, but have not, and...

translating a function that takes multiple arguments into a sequence of families of functions, each taking a single argument. In the prototypical example, one...

a sharp criticism of the church and foreshadowed further 14th century arguments that pitted royalist national sovereignty against the principles of papal...

Mark B. Feldman filed an amicus brief supporting the government. Oral argument took place on January 17, 2023. Lisa Blatt argued on behalf of Halkbank...

been using mirror arguments to justify his government's violent policies against the Palestinians ... Netanyahu’s mirror arguments have nothing to do...

proof: The circular argument, in which the proof of some proposition presupposes the truth of that very proposition The regressive argument, in which each...

heroin, than someone who has never used marijuana. False equivalence arguments are often used in journalism and in politics, where flaws of one politician...

Schwartzman directed the films Dreamland (2016), The Unicorn (2018), and The Argument (2020), acted in his cousin Sofia Coppola's projects Lick the Star (1998)...

Dispositio is the system used for the organization of arguments in the context of Western classical rhetoric. The word is Latin, and can be translated...

be consumed in the first few minutes after the Big Bang. This "diproton argument" is disputed by other physicists, who calculate that as long as the increase...

In programming, a tag is an argument to a subroutine that determines other arguments passed to it, which is used as a way to pass indefinite number of...

A thesis statement is a statement of one's core argument, the main idea(s), and/or a concise summary of an essay, research paper, etc. It is usually expressed...

The Argument is a play by Alexandra Gersten-Vassilaros. Originally premiering Off-Broadway at Vineyard Theatre in New York City, on May 11, 2005. Directed...

Male expendability, the relative expendability argument, or the expendable male hypothesis, is the idea that the lives of male humans are of less concern...

conduct. Logic is the study of correct reasoning and explores how good arguments can be distinguished from bad ones. Metaphysics examines the most general...

identical for identical arguments (no variation with local static variables, non-local variables, mutable reference arguments or input streams, i.e.,...

study of how humans can use formal reasoning to produce logically valid arguments and true conclusions. Reasoning may be subdivided into forms of logical...

between unrelated things Affirming the consequent – Type of fallacious argument (logical fallacy) Association fallacy – Formal fallacy Cargo cult – New...

violate a textualist interpretation of the statutory deadline. During oral arguments held on November 12, 2024, Associate Justice Samuel Alito appeared to...

considerably. Many notable theologians and philosophers have developed arguments for and against the existence of God. In monotheistic religious belief...

implication elimination, or affirming the antecedent, is a deductive argument form and rule of inference. It can be summarized as "P implies Q. P is...

knowledge, represented by a function e {\displaystyle e} that takes as an argument a set of hypotheses and gives as a result the corresponding set of manifestations...

continuation-passing style takes an extra argument: an explicit continuation; i.e., a function of one argument. When the CPS function has computed its result...

\neg Q} (therefore, not-P implies not-Q) Arguments of this form are invalid. Informally, this means that arguments of this form do not give good reason to...

proven, e.g., the assertion that "unicorns exist", by using the following argument: We know that "Not all lemons are yellow", as it has been assumed to be...

Attacking Faulty Reasoning: A Practical Guide to Fallacy-free Arguments is a textbook on logical fallacies by T. Edward Damer that has been used for many...

a fallacious argument formulated by Fred Hoyle against Earth-based abiogenesis and in favor of panspermia. The junkyard tornado argument has been taken...

Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations is a 1977 book by the philosopher Michael Walzer. Published by Basic Books, it is...

holds two-week oral argument sessions each month from October through April. Each side has thirty minutes to present its argument (the court may choose...

epistemological argument formulated by G. E. Moore against philosophical skepticism about the external world and in support of common sense. The argument takes...

theorems do not lead to any valid argument against mechanism. This consensus that Gödelian anti-mechanist arguments are doomed to failure is laid out...

better at remembering our thoughts about an argument during the argument, rather than the actual argument itself. Two types of cognitive responses exist:...

Theory of Forms and in the process brings to bear five arguments against the theory. Argument 1. (130e–131e) If particular things come to partake of the...

speak") is a discussion or conference, especially one designed to end an argument or hostilities between two groups of people. As a verb, the term can be...

tradition. Christian theologians use biblical exegesis, rational analysis and argument. Theologians may undertake the study of Christian theology for a variety...

abstract generalization of many diagonal arguments in mathematics and logic, such as Cantor's diagonal argument, Cantor's theorem, Russell's paradox, Gödel's...

javelin used as a thrown weapon in the Roman legions Javelin argument, a logical argument supporting the infinite size of the universe Javelin (DC Comics)...

right to my opinion") is an informal fallacy in which someone dismisses arguments against their position by asserting that they have a right to hold their...

{\displaystyle M={\frac {1}{N}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}\sigma _{i}.} A bogus argument analogous to the argument in the last section now establishes that the average magnetization...

condition is that an adversely affected party provide satisfactory evidence or argument that the decree should not take effect (i.e. the decree takes effect unless...

of an (explicit or implied) argument, and is considered by some philosophers an informal fallacy. A poisoned-well "argument" has the following form: Unfavorable...

Kialo is an online structured debate platform with argument maps in the form of debate trees. It is a collaborative reasoning tool for thoughtful discussion...

is a predicate that takes only individual(s) constants or variables as argument(s). Compare second-order predicate and higher-order predicate. This is...

continues to advance, these gaps tend to shrink, potentially weakening the argument for God's existence. Critics contend that such an approach can undermine...

list indicates that the function consumes no arguments. The run-time environment actually passes two arguments (typed int and char *[]), but this implementation...

patient case, is a grammatical case used in some languages to mark the argument of an intransitive verb, but not used with transitive verbs. It is generally...

In computing and mathematics, the function atan2 is the 2-argument arctangent. By definition, θ = atan2 ⁡ ( y , x ) {\displaystyle \theta =\operatorname...

started to happen) – a form of slippery slope argument. When this outcome is actually unlikely (the argument is fallacious), it has also been called the...

2025). "When Americans bite their tongues: The Argument polls free speech attitudes". The Argument. Retrieved September 21, 2025. "The Economist/YouGov...

perfect solution fallacy is a related informal fallacy that occurs when an argument assumes that a perfect solution exists or that a solution should be rejected...

Chronological snobbery is an argument that the thinking, art, or science of an earlier time is inherently inferior to that of the present, simply by virtue...

function that takes a function as argument) that returns some fixed point (a value that is mapped to itself) of its argument function, if one exists. Formally...

histories and orientations is imperative" (p. 182). The argument from inconsistent revelations is an argument that aims to show that one cannot choose one religion...

best-known philosophical work of British idealist J. M. E. McTaggart. In the argument, first published as a journal article in Mind in 1908, McTaggart argues...

The Transgender Issue: An Argument for Justice is a 2021 non-fiction book by Shon Faye on the subject of transgender liberation in the United Kingdom....

source software for collective structured argumentation and argument analysis via argumentation graphs or argument maps in which the type of connections can...

logical structure of arguments. This makes it possible to use the precise rules of formal logic to assess whether these arguments are correct. It can also...

is preferred when the argument ⁠ x {\displaystyle x} ⁠ is a complicated expression. It is called exponential because its argument can be seen as an exponent...

Tax protesters in the United States advance a number of conspiracy arguments asserting that Congress, the courts and various agencies within the federal...

Absolute (philosophy) – Philosophical or theological concept Argument from beauty – Argument for the existence of God Attractor – Limiting set in dynamical...

Neither one nor many is a spiritual and philosophical argument that truly existing entities are not merely singular (since they always comprise multiple...

and arguments of a court case. Bench memos are used by the judge as a reference during preparation for trial, the hearing of lawyers' arguments, and...

An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity is a satirical essay by Jonathan Swift defending Christianity, and in particular, Anglicanism, against contemporary...

Araucaria is an argument mapping software tool developed in 2001 by Chris Reed and Glenn Rowe, in the Argumentation Research Group at the School of Computing...

The watchmaker analogy or watchmaker argument is a teleological argument, an argument for the existence of God. In broad terms, the watchmaker analogy...

between status quo and new inventions, an appeal to novelty argument is not in itself a valid argument. The fallacy may take two forms: overestimating the new...

The Argument is the fourth and final solo studio album from Grant Hart, formerly of the band Hüsker Dü. The album was released in 2013, four years before...

appl) is a grammatical voice that promotes an oblique argument of a verb to the core object argument. It is generally considered a valency-increasing morpheme...

Christian apologetics, and this argument in particular, have been criticized. Philosopher John Beversluis described Lewis's arguments as "textually careless and...

explanandum under a generalization from which it may be derived in a deductive argument. For example, “All gases expand when heated; this gas was heated; therefore...

transformation, is a function that always returns the value that was used as its argument, unchanged. That is, when f {\displaystyle f} is the identity function...

the rich and capitalism for the poor" is a classical political-economic argument asserting that, in advanced capitalist societies, state policies assure...

fallacies of relevance Arguments Ad nauseam Sealioning Argument from anecdote Argument from incredulity Argument from silence Argument to moderation Argumentum...

"mode that by denying denies") and denying the consequent, is a deductive argument form and a rule of inference. Modus tollens is a mixed hypothetical syllogism...

defense of ethical non-naturalism against ethical naturalism, Moore's argument is concerned with the semantic and metaphysical underpinnings of ethics...

at the University of Amsterdam, is an argumentation theory that is used to analyze and evaluate argumentation in actual practice. Unlike strictly logical...

the five canons of rhetoric, is the method used for the discovery of arguments in Western rhetoric and comes from the Latin word, meaning "invention"...

Stoic logic focuses on highly intentional reasoning through propositions, arguments, and the differentiation between truth and falsehood. Philosophical discourse...

based on the geographical evidence given in the Odyssey. Bittlestone's argument that Paliki should be identified with Homer's Ithaca has received favourable...

or sometimes "arccsch" or "arccosech") The hyperbolic functions take an argument called a hyperbolic angle. The magnitude of a hyperbolic angle is the area...

Unix-like operating system. The term Unix domain socket refers to the domain argument value AF_UNIX passed to the system call that creates the socket. The same...

Persuasive writing is a form of written argument designed to convince, motivate, or sway readers toward a specific point of view or opinion on a given...

adds, "the 'demon-argument' is not an argument at all. Descartes does not need another argument at this stage: the dream argument has already shown the...

they also cannot be demonstrated directly in an argument – a more nuanced approach is needed. Arguments for qualia generally come in the form of thought...

dilemmas are usually discussed in terms of deductive arguments, but they can also occur as defeasible arguments. The human liability to commit false dilemmas...

have developed an argument for dualism dubbed the "argument from reason". They credit C.S. Lewis with first bringing the argument to light in his book...

Argument (7 February 1977 – after 1996) was a French Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. In his early racing career he showed consistent form and was placed...

necessity and sufficiency) is a formal fallacy (or an invalid form of argument) that is committed when, in the context of an indicative conditional statement...

first two arguments must be xmm/ymm/zmm vector register arguments, while the last argument may be either a vector register or memory argument. Under AVX-512...

experiment is an imaginary scenario that is meant to elucidate or test an argument or theory. It is often an experiment that would be hard, impossible, or...

themselves to humankind. Theologians use various forms of analysis and argument (experiential, philosophical, ethnographic, historical, and others) to...

second argument is executed or evaluated only if the first argument does not suffice to determine the value of the expression: when the first argument of...

relative dévissage which is well-suited to certain kinds of inductive arguments. They used this technique to give a new criterion for a module to be flat...

Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Proof most often refers to: Proof (truth), argument or sufficient evidence for the truth of a proposition Alcohol proof, a...

refutation') and under other names, is the informal fallacy of presenting an argument whose conclusion fails to address the issue in question. It falls into...

form the chorus Chorus Leader Slave Students First Student Wrong Argument Right Argument First Creditor Second Creditor Witness Xanthias The play begins...

of arguments and counter-arguments) through formalisation of dialectic. These attempts include pre-formal and partially formal treatises on argument and...

In mathematics, the argument shift method is a method for constructing functions in involution with respect to Poisson–Lie brackets, introduced by Mishchenko...

University (1999–2001). He runs a philosophy-themed blog, "Thoughts, Arguments, and Rants" and is a contributing member of the political blog Crooked...

(or a similar emotion) has nothing to do with the actual point of the argument, or 2) when the emotional appeal is exaggerated or excessive compared to...

his own paradox, which relied on reasoning similar to Cantor's diagonal argument. According to Hilbert, it even initiated Ernst Zermelo's version of Russell's...

restaurant in Carlton. Gatto claimed it was in self-defence following a heated argument. Veniamin was born to Greek Cypriot immigrant parents, and was raised in...

violated. To support the idea of the minimal state, Nozick presents an argument that illustrates how the minimalist state arises naturally from a Lockean...

non-negative integers. Much more significant is Cantor's discovery of an argument that is applicable to any set, and shows that the theorem holds for infinite...

shooting and killing his son Marvin Jr. on April 1, 1984, following an argument at their home. Gay was born the third of 13 surviving children to George...

outlined the "neural substitution argument" in Mind Children, published 7 years before David Chalmers published a similar argument in his paper "Absent Qualia...

In string theory, the Brandenberger–Vafa mechanism is an argument for why the observable universe has one macroscopic timelike and three macroscopic spacelike...

Against this argument stands the fact that many skeptics and atheist philosophers during this time were not prosecuted. According to the argument for political...

loader executes the specified interpreter program, passing to it as an argument the path that was initially used when attempting to run the script, so...

shouting match in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A shouting match is an argument or debate characterized by the loud volume or intensity of the participants...

violation of the Ex Post Facto Clause. Lower federal courts rejected his argument, reasoning that restitution was mainly meant to compensate victims and...

with its argument encompassed in parentheses. For example, the following expression represents the application of the function ƒ to its argument x. f (...

thesis of hedonism is that "pleasure is the only good", which leads to the argument that any component of life that is not pleasurable does nothing directly...

false) and relations between propositions, including the construction of arguments based on them. Compound propositions are formed by connecting propositions...

verb argument around which sentences "revolve" in a given language. This usually means the following: If the verb has more than zero arguments, then...

Natural slavery (or Aristotelian slavery) is the argument set forth in Aristotle's Politics that some people are slaves by nature, while others are slaves...

of their language without innate language-specific cognitive biases. Arguments from the poverty of the stimulus are used as evidence for universal grammar...

predicate-argument structures. They can function as arguments, as adjuncts, or as predicative expressions. That is, embedded clauses can be an argument of a...

the dark night paradox or Olbers and Cheseaux's paradox, is a historical argument in astrophysics and physical cosmology that says the darkness of the night...

fact that this trend is revealed in multiple sources tends to undermine arguments that it is because of reduced reporting or changes in investigatory or...

horses are the same color. There is no actual contradiction, as these arguments have a crucial flaw that makes them incorrect. This example was originally...

horizontal bar extending the square root sign over the argument can indicate the extent of the argument. Obtaining the absolute value of a number is a unary...

No Room for Argument is an album by American jazz trumpeter Wallace Roney, recorded in 2000 and released on the Stretch label. The AllMusic review by Paula...

often a verb, taking no arguments. Valency refers to how many and what kinds of arguments a predicate licenses—i.e. what arguments the predicate selects...

unqualified, unidentified, biased, or fabricated source in support of an argument. One particular case of misattribution is the Matthew effect. A quotation...

at: Cornell LLI Oral arguments Audio of oral arguments, oyez.org, transcripts accompany the audio Transcript of First Oral Argument in Roe v. Wade 410 U...

Argumentation and Advocacy is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Taylor & Francis, edited by Beth Innocenti of University of Kansas...

representational, a view called intentionalism or representationalism. This argument is sometimes extended to claim that there are no purely qualitative aspects...

A closed-circle argument is one that is unfalsifiable. Psychoanalytic theory, for example, is held up by the proponents of Karl Popper as an of an ideology...

It is committed when one makes an illicit use of Leibniz's law in an argument. Leibniz's law states that if A and B are the same object, then A and B...

distinctions. Persian, he claims, has but one word that covers all of these. Arguments of this nature fill page after page of the Muhakamat. Below is an extract...

1)) or in the hyperbolic number plane, the hyperbolic angle measure (argument to the hyperbolic functions) is indeed the arc length of a hyperbolic arc...

(‘from the later’) are the two categories of knowledge, justification, or argument, determining whether or not a proposition is reliant on outside sensory...

analysis, interpretation, evaluation, criticism and construction of argumentation." This definition reflects what had been implicit in their practice...

simply that some internal structures do not generate intelligence. The argument is related to John Searle's Chinese room.[citation needed][original research...

studies, the salmon problem or salmon argument (also known by the German term Lachsargument) is an outdated argument in favour of placing the Indo-European...

out by AMPS had been pointed out earlier by Samir Mathur who used the argument in favour of the fuzzball proposal. The use of a firewall to resolve this...

soundness can refer to either a property of arguments or a property of formal deductive systems. An argument is sound if (and only if) it is both valid...

the "tu quoque" pattern, which is a subtype of the ad hominem style of argument. The communication intent is often to distract from the content of a topic...

Descartes offers proofs of a benevolent God (the trademark argument and the ontological argument respectively). Descartes has faith in the account of reality...

also provides heuristics for understanding, discovering, and developing arguments for particular situations. Aristotle defined rhetoric as "the faculty...

the court rejected his first argument. In his second argument on failure to accommodate, the court rejected the argument, saying that the employer does...

who cut other people with knives. Therefore, surgeons are criminals. The argument is committing the fallacy of accident because it erroneously generalizes...

will in general. Religions vary greatly in their response to the standard argument against free will and thus might appeal to any number of responses to the...

adding) ambiguity in arguments because it can lead to incorrect conclusions and can be used to deliberately conceal bad arguments. For example, a politician...

in the name of the faith, from the Crusades to modern terrorism. The arguments against Christianity include claims that it is a faith of violence, corruption...

phrases, take arguments (see argument (linguistics)). Broadly, arguments can be divided into two types: internal or external. Internal arguments are those...

Commonly-cited arguments for and against the prohibition of drugs include the following: Supporters of prohibition claim that drug laws have a successful...

In logical argument and mathematical proof, the therefore sign, ∴, is generally used before a logical consequence, such as the conclusion of a syllogism...

assumption or implicit assumption is an assumption that underlies a logical argument, course of action, decision, or judgment that is not explicitly voiced...

statement logically follows from one or more statements. A valid logical argument is one in which the conclusion is entailed by the premises, because the...

in red. Two common arguments supporting substance theory are the argument from grammar and the argument from conception. The argument from grammar uses...

mathematics ever since. Originally, the term variable was used primarily for the argument of a function, in which case its value could be thought of as varying within...

leads to the breakdown of Gödel's argument. However, it has been shown that a modified version of Gödel's original argument in modal logics K and T avoids...

In Evidence, Argument, and Persuasion in the Policy Process, published in 1989, Italian political scientist Giandomenico Majone contrasts a vision of policy...

can know that God exists as a basic belief, requiring no argument. He developed this argument in two different ways: firstly, in God and Other Minds (1967)...

however, when the compliment is sincere, and directly related to the argument. Example: "You are a stunningly beautiful girl – you should become a model...

man argument used by antifeminists in which a distorted or fabricated version of feminism is used in an attempt to mock or dismiss feminist arguments. A...

Medical Services, LLC v. Russo was not granted. The Court heard oral arguments on October 12, 2021. On March 3, 2022, it reversed the Sixth Circuit by...

(the angle per unit time) or the temporal rate of change of the phase argument of a sinusoidal waveform or sine function (for example, in oscillations...

humanity to survive in the future. The concept originates in Robin Hanson's argument that the failure to find any extraterrestrial civilizations in the observable...

Tax protester arguments are arguments made by people, primarily in the United States, who contend that tax laws are unconstitutional or otherwise invalid...

question and thus cannot prove something is impossible, is a version of an argument from silence. Appeal to accomplishment is a form of appeal to authority...

Q_{C}=L/a_{LC}-(P_{W}/P_{C})Q_{W}\geq L/a_{LC}-(a_{LW}/a_{LC})Q_{W}} . A symmetric argument holds for Foreign. Therefore, by trading and specializing in a good for...

friends in the hours leading up to his death. Socrates explores various arguments for the soul's immortality with the Pythagorean philosophers Simmias and...

predicate logic, the atoms are predicate symbols together with their arguments, each argument being a term. In model theory, atomic formulas are merely strings...

noncitizens with reinstated removal orders. The Supreme Court held oral arguments on January 11, 2021. On June 29, 2021, the Supreme Court reversed the...

policy debate, a widely accepted doctrine or "debate theory" divides the argument elements of supporting the resolution affirmative into five subtopical...

absolute values, or moduli, and the angle or argument of the product is the sum of the two angles, or arguments. In particular, multiplication by a complex...

(SIA) represents one of the major objections to the doomsday argument (DA). The doomsday argument states that humanity is unlikely to survive for long, as...

First Circuit's decision. On March 4, 2025, the Supreme Court heard oral arguments with the justices largely agreeing with Noel Francisco's advocacy against...

question Gertrude's sanity before concluding his argument. Forrest Bowman began his closing argument in an openly critical manner as he attacked the decision...

what is being described. In law, puffery is usually invoked as a defense argument: it identifies general praising speech, typically produced by a seller...

and New Testament studies. Habermas is the creator of the "minimal facts argument," an apologetic method that uses what Habermas has claimed are widely accepted...

system, background framework, or Weltanschauung, that is required for the argument to make sense. A variety of Christian apologetics, called presuppositional...

during the socialist calculation debate in the early 20th century. Early arguments against the utilization of central economic planning for a socialist economy...

of origins or fallacy of virtue) is a fallacy of irrelevance in which arguments or information are dismissed or validated based solely on their source...

The Yamato period (大和時代, Yamato-jidai) is the period of Japanese history when the imperial court ruled from modern-day Nara Prefecture, then known as Yamato...

εἴλημμαι) something received or taken. Thus, something taken for granted in an argument. There is no formal distinction between a lemma and a theorem, only one...

especially appropriate for a sinusoidal function, since its value at any argument t {\displaystyle t} then can be expressed as φ ( t ) {\displaystyle \varphi...

proposition by baldly asserting that it is "just how it is" distorts the argument by opting out of it entirely: the claimant declares an issue to be intrinsic...

In topology, quantum mechanics and geometrodynamics, rolling-ball arguments are used to describe how the perceived geometry and connectedness of a surface...

Proponents of organ sales claim that this line of argument confuses the kidney with the whole person. Another argument against organ markets is that they will give...

three sisters grew up in Volos, and moved in Austria in 2012, after an argument with Hellenic Aquatics Federation. She competed at the 2024 Paris Olympics...

reactions to Carr's argument being polarised. At the Britannica Blog, a part of the discussion focused on the apparent bias in Carr's argument toward literary...

a transitive or intransitive verb in English. The case for the single argument of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb is called the...

used to state and prove impossibility results akin to Cantor's diagonal argument, Gödel's incompleteness theorem, and Turing's halting problem. In particular...

developed the argument from divine hiddenness (or hiddenness argument) against the existence of a God. Discussion of Schellenberg's argument continues today...

1996. Max Cavalera left Sepultura shortly after the concert, following an argument with his bandmates outside the band's touring bus. The two other bands...

xargs (short for "extended arguments") is a command on Unix and most Unix-like operating systems used to build and execute commands from standard input...

of all things", and he controversially would strive to "make the weaker argument the stronger". The arts of the sophists were known as sophistry and gained...

infinities. The inequality was later stated more simply in his diagonal argument in 1891. Cantor defined cardinality in terms of bijective functions: two...

is best known for his natural theology exposition of the teleological argument for the existence of God in his 1802 work Natural Theology or Evidences...

was established by that point in specific reference to Morton's original argument. Under Henry VII, John Morton was made Archbishop of Canterbury in 1486...

the Science of Extraordinary Athletic Performance to make a more general argument against overspecialization. In the book, he argues that range – defined...

both idealized and criticized in ancient literature and philosophy. The argument has recently been made that pederasty was idealized in Archaic period;...

generally given credit for, including being the first to present an epsilon argument. In his 1821 book Cours d'analyse, Augustin-Louis Cauchy discussed variable...

A deliberatorium or collaboratorium is a form of online collaborative argument mapping. It was first deployed as the MIT Collaboratorium, and directed...

Did Jesus Exist? The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth is a 2012 book by Bart D. Ehrman, a scholar of the New Testament. In this book, written...

enough genetic markers are studied simultaneously. Edwards saw Lewontin's argument as based on a political stance, denying biological differences to argue...

is usually written in the infix form: s ∗ t The argument s is placed on the left side, and the argument t is on the right side. Even if the symbol of the...

sentient beings into existence. Central to this view is his asymmetry argument, which holds that the absence of pain is good even if no one benefits from...

appeal to loyalty is a logical fallacy committed when the premise of an argument uses a perceived need for loyalty of some sort to distract from the issue...

well-documented leftward slant in political affiliation. To Bruce, this is an argument against tenure, but my point is that the more I am persuaded that there...

Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care by Joan C. Tronto is an American book published in 1993, contributing to the debate over the...

"Overprecision". Fallacy files. Pirie, Madsen (2015). How to Win Every Argument: The Use and Abuse of Logic. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 78–80. ISBN 9781472526977...

with apparent disregard for the merit of one's own arguments. It includes presenting an argument with reason to know that it would certainly fail, or...

Descartes, who was not a skeptic but used some traditional skeptical arguments in his Meditations to help establish his rationalist approach to knowledge—attempts...

described as an insincere pretense of ignorance as a way to disassemble an argument, saying "[i]n contemporary internet slang, eironeia is «sealioning»." Use...

has distanced himself from this characterization, however. Ontological Arguments and Belief in God, 1996 ISBN 0-521-48120-1. Philosophical Perspectives...

is an argument for viewing national patent systems as a cloak for protectionist trade policies at a national level. Two strands of this argument exist:...

individual (i.e. a certain "thisness"). Duns Scotus also developed a complex argument for the existence of God, and argued for the Immaculate Conception of Mary...

ethics by devising a new theory which he named argumentation ethics. Hoppe asserted that any argument which in any respect purports to contradict libertarian...

Tax protesters in the United States have advanced a number of arguments asserting that the assessment and collection of the federal income tax violates...

Tax protesters in the United States advance a number of administrative arguments asserting that the assessment and collection of the federal income tax...

modus ponens. This argument form was created by Bart Verheij to address certain arguments which are types of modus ponens arguments, but must be considered...

This fallacy has the following argument form: Either P or Q is true. Q is frightening. Therefore, P is true. The argument is invalid. The appeal to emotion...

Alston, Michael C. Rea, and Michael Bergmann. The argument from a proper basis is an ontological argument for the existence of God related to fideism. Alvin...

Elizaveta Gaufman described the fallacy as a tool to reverse someone's argument against them. The phrase was used as a Russian political joke about a dispute...

application and earlier defined combinators to define a result from its arguments. Combinatory logic was originally intended as a 'pre-logic' that would...

envelopes in the switching argument. The simple resolution depended on a particular interpretation of what the writer of the argument is trying to calculate:...