Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela of Austria

This article is about the daughter of Maria Theresa. For the daughter of Ferdinand I, see Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany.

Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela of Austria
Portrait by Jean-Étienne Liotard, 1762
Born	(1750-02-04)4 February 1750 Hofburg Palace, Vienna, Archduchy of Austria, Holy Roman Empire
Died	23 December 1762(1762-12-23) (aged 12) Hofburg Palace, Vienna, Archduchy of Austria, Holy Roman Empire
Burial	Imperial Crypt
Names German: Maria Joanna Gabriella Josepha Antonia French: Marie Jeanne Gabrielle Josèphe Antoinette English: Mary Joan Gabriella Josepha Antonia
House	Habsburg-Lorraine
Father	Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor
Mother	Maria Theresa

Archduchess Maria Johanna of Austria (German: Maria Johanna Gabriele Josefa Antonia; 4 February 1750 – 23 December 1762) was an Archduchess of Austria as the eleventh child of Empress Maria Theresa and Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor. She was originally meant to marry Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, however, the marriage plans were never finalised due to Maria Johanna's death due to smallpox.^[1]

Childhood

Maria Johanna was born on 4 February 1750 at the Hofburg Palace in Vienna, Austria, as the eleventh child and eighth daughter of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor and Empress Maria Theresa. She was raised in the Kindskammer with her many siblings, though she was particularly close with her sister Maria Josepha,^{[citation needed]} whom was born a year after Maria Johanna in 1751. The two were educated together and had the same tutors.^[2][3]

Portrait of Maria Johanna (left) and her favourite sister, Maria Josepha (right)

Maria Johanna strictly studied Latin, French, Italian, Greek, Spanish, German, English, history, geography, land surveying, mathematics, and theology—from the age of three.^[4] She was also taught how to dance and sing, and was known to have excelled at these subjects.^{[citation needed]} She often gave musical performances, as she loved to sing.^{[citation needed]} She also loved to act.

Additionally, Maria Johanna and her sisters were highly educated in dance and singing. While her brothers were taught to play different instruments, Maria Johanna and her sisters were given singing lessons. A special theatre was built at the Schönbrunn Palace, specially for the children; Maria Johanna and her siblings gave frequent musical performances. All in all, Maria Johanna and her sister Maria Josepha "developed satisfactory, worked hard at their lessons and were involved in numerous festivities in which they participated enthusiastically."^[3]

Betrothal

Portrait of Maria Johanna by Martin van Meytens, ca. 1760

Maria Theresa and King Charles III of Spain both agreed that Maria Johanna's sister, Maria Amalia, would marry Charles' son Ferdinand III, King of Sicily and IV of Naples, however, Charles later wanted to break off the engagement due to Maria Amalia being five years older than Ferdinand. Since Maria Johanna was just one year older than Ferdinand, she was betrothed to him instead.^[5]

Death

Maria Johanna's sarcophagus in the Imperial Crypt

In the second half of the eighteenth-century, smallpox was ravaging through the Holy Roman Empire. Leopold Mozart, father of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, wrote that "in the whole of Vienna, nothing was spoken of except smallpox. If 10 children were on the death register, 9 of them had died from smallpox."^[6] In December 1762, Maria Johanna caught the disease and died on 23 December; her painful death was described by her sister-in-law Isabella.^[7] Her mother, Maria Theresa, found comfort in the fact that before her death Maria Johanna made a complete confession of her sins to a Catholic priest. Maria Theresa wrote to Maria Johanna's sister, Maria Christina:

Your sister has confessed her sins for three-quarters of an hour, with a preciseness, repentance and devotion which brought her confessor to tears; since then, she is very weak. I cannot thank the loving God enough that he gives me this comfort; I give her completely into his hand and expect that her destiny cannot be anything than happy."^[7]

Aftermath

The loss of Maria Johanna to smallpox, along with that of other members of the family, contributed to Maria Theresa's decision to have the younger members of her family inoculated, and the subsequent acceptance of smallpox inoculation in Austria.^[8]

Ancestry

Ancestors of Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela of Austria[9]

16. Nicholas II, Duke of Lorraine 8. Charles V, Duke of Lorraine 17. Claude Françoise of Lorraine 4. Leopold, Duke of Lorraine 18. Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor 9. Eleanor of Austria 19. Eleonora Gonzaga 2. Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor 20. Louis XIII of France 10. Philippe I, Duke of Orléans 21. Anne of Austria 5. Élisabeth Charlotte of Orléans 22. Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine 11. Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate 23. Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel 1. Archduchess Maria Johanna Gabriela of Austria 24. Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (= 18) 12. Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor 25. Maria Anna of Austria 6. Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor 26. Philip William, Elector Palatine 13. Eleonor Magdalene of Neuburg 27. Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt 3. Maria Theresa of Austria 28. Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 14. Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 29. Elisabeth Juliana of Schleswig-Holstein 7. Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick 30. Albert Ernest I, Prince of Oettingen-Oettingen 15. Christine Louise of Oettingen-Oettingen 31. Christine Friederike of Württemberg

References

1. "Kaisergruft: Johanna Gabriela". Kaisergruft. kaisergruft.at. Archived from the original on 5 January 2009. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
2. Iby 2009, p. 29.
3. Iby 2009, p. 57.
4. Iby 2009, p. 32.
5. Hopkins, Donald R. (2002). The greatest killer: smallpox in history, with a new introduction. University of Chicago Press. p. 63. ISBN 0-226-35168-8.
6. Magiels 2010, p. 21.
7. Stollberg-Rilinger 2017, p. 507.
8. Stollberg-Rilinger 2017, p. 507-514.
9. Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 1.

Bibliography

• Iby, Elfriede (2009). Maria Theresa: Biography of a Monarch (1st ed.). Schloß Schönbrunn. ISBN 978-3-901568-57-2.
• Magiels, Geerdt (2010). From Sunlight to Inlight (1st ed.). VUBPrint. ISBN 9789054876458.
• Mahan, Jabez Alexander (1932). Maria Theresa of Austria. New York: Crowell.
• Stollberg-Rilinger, Barbara (2017). Maria Theresia: Die Kaiserin in ihrer Zeit. Eine Biographie. Munich: C.H. Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-69748-7.

External links