After international arbitration endorsed the American position in 1872, Britain settled the matter by paying the United States $15.5 million, ending the dispute and leading to a treaty that restored friendly relations between Britain and the United States. That international arbitration established a precedent, and the case aroused interest in codifying public international law. The case too resulted in the warming of relations between Britain and the US, which had begun the 1800s as rivals, and ended the century, as something of partners.
Though both the Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary were thought to favor the Confederacy at the time of Alabama's construction, British public opinion was divided on the issue, and MPs such as Richard Cobden campaigned against it. The subsequent departure of the Alabama proved to be publicly embarrassing, and Palmerston and Russell were later forced to admit that the ship should not have been allowed to depart. The Government had requested advice from the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, Sir Alexander Cockburn, who ruled that her release did not violate Britain's neutrality, because she was not outfitted with guns at the time that she left British ports.[1]
In the next year, Britain detained two ironclad warships constructed in Birkenhead and destined for the Confederacy. As a result of the uproar over the Alabama, Palmerston instructed the British Admiralty to tender an offer for the purchase of the ships. They had been bought by a go-between, Monsieur Bravay of Paris (who had ordered their construction as an intermediary for Confederate principals).
The claims
In what were called the Alabama Claims, in 1869 the United States claimed direct and collateral damage against Great Britain. In the particular case of the Alabama, the United States claimed that Britain had violated neutrality by allowing five warships to be constructed, especially the Alabama, knowing that it would eventually enter into naval service with the Confederacy.
Other particulars included the following: In the summer of 1862, the British-built steam warship Oreto was delivered to Nassau in the Bahamas with the secret understanding that it would be later transferred to the Confederate States Navy. Upon transfer, it was commissioned CSS Florida. British Royal Navy Admiral George Willes Watson (1827–1897) aided the transfer, and Watson's actions were reviewed by the tribunal.[2]
Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts, the chairman of the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee, also demanded that "indirect damages" be included, specifically the British blockade runners.[3]British blockade runners played a pivotal role in sustaining the war effort of the Confederacy, smuggling through the Union blockade thousands of tons of gunpowder, half a million rifles, and several hundred cannons to the Confederacy.[4] Such acts may have lengthened the Civil War by two years and cost 400,000 more lives of soldiers and civilians on both sides.[5][6]
Payment
Sumner originally asked for $2 billion in damages, or alternatively, the ceding of Canada to the U.S. When American Secretary of State William H. Seward negotiated the Alaska Purchase in 1867, he intended it as the first step in a comprehensive plan to gain control of the entire northwest Pacific Coast. Seward was a firm believer in "Manifest Destiny", primarily for its commercial advantages to the United States. Seward expected the West Coast Province of British Columbia to seek annexation to the United States and thought Britain might accept this in exchange for the Alabama claims. Soon other U.S. politicians endorsed annexation, with the goal of annexing British Columbia, the central Canadian Red River Colony (later Manitoba), and eastern Nova Scotia, in exchange for dropping the damage claims.
The idea reached a peak in the spring and summer of 1870, with American expansionists, Canadian separatists, and British anti-imperialists seemingly combining forces. The plan was dropped for several reasons: London continued to stall, American commercial and financial groups pressed Washington for a quick settlement of the dispute in cash, Canada offered to have British Columbia enter the Canadian Confederation on very generous terms, which bolstered nationalist sentiment in British Columbia that already favored fealty to the British Empire, Congress became preoccupied with Reconstruction, and most Americans showed little interest in territorial expansion after the long years, expenses and losses of the Civil War.[7][8]
In 1871, Hamilton Fish, President Ulysses S. Grant's Secretary of State, worked out an agreement with British representative Sir John Rose to create a commission in Washington comprising six members from the British Empire and six members from the United States. Its assignment was to resolve the Alabama claims, refinancing, and other international disputes between Canada and the United States by treaty.[9] On March 8, 1871, the Treaty of Washington was signed at the State Department and the U.S. Senate ratified the treaty on May 24, 1871.[10] In accord with the treaty, an international arbitration tribunal met in Geneva. The treaty had provisions regarding the settlement process for the Alabama Claims but did not include "indirect damages", settled disputed Atlantic fisheries and the San Juan Boundary (concerning the Oregon boundary line). Britain and the United States became perpetual allies after the treaty, with Britain having expressed regret over the Alabama damages.[11]
Negotiations had taken place in Suitland, Maryland, at the estate of businessman Samuel Taylor Suit. The tribunal session was held in a reception room of the Town Hall in Geneva, Switzerland. This has been named salle de l'Alabama.
The final award of $15,500,000 formed part of the Treaty of Washington and was paid out by Great Britain in 1872. This was balanced against damages of $1,929,819 paid by the United States to Great Britain for illegal Union blockade practices and ceded fishing privileges.[13]
According to Vladimir Nabokov, the core incident has a legacy in literary reference, being used as a plot device in Anna Karenina, by Leo Tolstoy. In one early passage, Stiva Oblonsky has a dream that may show his having read of the Alabama Claims through the Kölnische Zeitung.[18] And in the Jules Verne novel Around the World in Eighty Days Inspector Fix warns Phileas Fogg that the riot they encounter in San Francisco may be connected to the claim.[19]
^Kenneth M.. Startup, "'This Small Act of Courtesy:' Admiral Sir George Willes Watson, Trouble, Trials, and Turmoil in Bahama Waters," Journal of the Bahamas Historical Society, October 2009, Vol. 31, pp. 57–62.
^Doris W. Dashew, "The Story of an Illusion: The Plan to Trade Alabama Claims for Canada," Civil War History, December 1969, Vol. 15 Issue 4, pp. 332–348
^David E. Shi, "Seward's Attempt to Annex British Columbia, 1865–1869", Pacific Historical Review, May 1978, Vol. 47 Issue 2, pp. 217–238.
^Smith, Jean Edward (2001). Grant. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. ISBN0-684-84927-5. pp. 510, 511.
Bingham, T. (2005). "The Alabama Claims Arbitration". International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 50: 1–25. doi:10.1093/iclq/54.1.1., reprinted in Bingham, T. (2011). Lives of the Law: Selected Essays and Speeches 2000-2010. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 13–40. ISBN978-0-19-969730-4.
Blegen, Theodore C. "A Plan for the Union of British North America and the United States, 1866." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 4.4 (1918): 470-483 online.
Bowen, C. S. C. (1868). The Alabama Claims and Arbitration Considered from a Legal Point of View. London.
Alabama Outline of Alabama Constitution of Alabama Seal of Alabama List of governors of Alabama Alabama River University of Alabama CSS Alabama Alabama Theatre Alabama Legislature Alabama A&M University History of Alabama Alabama Territory Flag of Alabama Alabama Republican Party Alabama people Geography of Alabama Alabama City, Alabama Attorney General of Alabama Scouting in Alabama List of breweries in Alabama Alabama–LSU football rivalry Alabama Power Encyclopedia of Alabama Alabama in the American Civil War Alabama State University Alabama Historical Association Massey, Alabama Alabama S…
enate Alabama Claims Abanda, Alabama Crime in Alabama University of Alabama System List of lakes of Alabama List of counties in Alabama South Alabama Alabama (band) Tuscaloosa, Alabama Courts of Alabama Paleontology in Alabama State Auditor of Alabama Equality Alabama Alabama Live Alabama Crimson Tide football Alabama State Bar Alabama Crimson Tide List of newspapers in Alabama North Alabama–West Alabama football rivalry Collirene, Alabama Elections in Alabama Alabama Moon Huntsville, Alabama Education in Alabama Demographics of Alabama Murder in Alabama law Episcopal Diocese of Alabama University of Alabama at Birmingham Alabama Legislative Black Caucus v. Alabama Gun laws in Alabama Alabama Institute for the Deaf and Blind University of Alabama in Huntsville Alabama Democratic Party Bulgers, Alabama Ballplay, Alabama University of South Alabama South Alabama Jaguars Mobile, Alabama My Home's in Alabama List of Alabama state symbols Alabama State House Economy of Alabama List of municipalities in Alabama Alabama House of Representatives Concordia College Alabama Barton, Alabama Birmingham, Alabama Coastal Alabama Community College Alabama Department of Public Safety Alabama Bapt