Al-Asma'i (magazine)

Al-Asma'i

Cover of the first issue, 1 September 1908
Editor	Hanna El-Issa
Editor	Khalil Sakakini
Editor	Issaf Nashashibi
Categories	Literary and political
Frequency	Biweekly
Founder	Hanna El-Issa
First issue	1 September 1908
Final issue Number	1 February 1909 11
Country	Ottoman Empire
Based in	Edited in Jaffa, printed and distributed in Jerusalem
Language	Arabic

Al-Asma'i (Arabic: الأصمعي, romanized: al-Aṣmaʿī, lit. 'The Hearing') was a short-lived Arabic literary and political biweekly magazine published in 1908 and 1909 in Palestine, then part of the Ottoman Empire. The magazine was one of the first publications to emerge in Palestine following the lifting of press censorship.^[1] It was printed and distributed in Jerusalem, while the magazine's headquarters and offices were in Jaffa.^[2]

The magazine was established by Hanna El-Issa, an Arab Christian businessman from Jaffa,^[3] in the wake of the 1908 Young Turk Revolution, which lifted press censorship in the empire.^[1] He was intermittently joined by writers including Khalil Sakakini, Isaaf Nashashibi, and Mananah Sidawi.^[2] The publication was named after Al-Asmaʿi, an early Arab scholar.^[4] The first edition of Al-Asma'i was published on 1 September 1908 and the last one on 1 February 1909, for a total of eleven editions over a period of five months.^[5]

Al-Asma'i presented issues facing Palestinian society, describing its difficulties and hardships, as well as conveying its demands.^[6] From the start, Al-Asma'i was opposed to and fearful of Zionism, and opposed Jewish immigration to Palestine from a perspective of local patriotism and Arab nationalism.^[7] The magazine frequently criticized the Zionist settlers and accused them of unfair competition with Arab craftsmen and traders, resenting the privileges they enjoyed from foreign powers, and considered them a threat to the local population.^[7][8][9]

It also focused on the Arab laity's struggle against the Greek clergy dominating the Jerusalem Orthodox Patriarchate, known as the Arab Orthodox Movement. It wrote about topics of interests to Arab peasants, such as agricultural development,^[2][8] and promoted women's issues, including importance of their education.^[10] The magazine was discontinued due to the owner Hanna El-Issa's preoccupation with the Arab Orthodox Movement, and his death on 12 September 1909. His brother Yousef El-Issa and cousin Issa El-Issa, later went on to establish Falastin in 1911, which became one of the most influential Palestinian dailies.^[11]

Background

See also: History of Palestinian journalism

Ottoman licensing approval for Al-Asma'i, 1908

Prior to 1908, the Palestine region of the Ottoman Empire had no Arabic-language press, except for an official gazette published in Jerusalem in both Arabic and Turkish.^[12] But after the Young Turk Revolution that year, which lifted press censorship in the empire, fifteen publications emerged in Palestine.^[13] Many of these leading publications were edited or published by prominent figures from the Palestinian Arab Christian community, particularly members of the Orthodox Church.^[12][14] Al-Asma'i and the newspaper Al-Quds were one of the first two publications to have emerged in Palestine in 1908.^{[15][16][17][18]}

Al-Asma'i's founder and editor was Hanna El-Issa, an Arab Christian businessman from Jaffa,^[3] who was a member of the El-Issa family, which had pioneered newspaper publishing in Palestine.^[19] Hanna was the older brother to Yousef El-Issa, and cousin to Issa El-Issa, the two founders of Falastin in 1911, which became one of the most influential Palestinian dailies.^[11][20] Hanna also wrote for the Jerusalem-based newspaper Al-Quds owned by Jurji Habib Hannania, whose equipment he used for the printing of the magazine.^[21] Thus Al-Asma'i was printed and distributed in Jerusalem, but its headquarters and offices were in Jaffa.^[2]

Its first issue was published on 1 September 1908 and the last one was on 1 February 1909.^[2] Being published every two weeks, it had eleven editions published over five months.^[2][5] In addition to Hanna El-Issa, it was intermittently edited by a number of authors including Khalil Sakakini, Isaaf Nashashibi, and Mananah Sidawi.^[2] The magazine is often mentioned in Sakakini's memoirs; in one example, he mentions in a 1908 entry: "I washed and exercised, and after breakfast I sat at my desk, smoked my nargilah and proofread the drafts for al-Asma'i."^[22]

Political positions

Portrait of Khalil Sakakini, an editor of Al-Asma'i, taken in Jerusalem, 1906

Arab Orthodox Movement

See also: Arab Orthodox Movement

The Arab Orthodox Movement is a political and social movement dating since the late 19th century that aims for the Arabization of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem, which has jurisdiction over the Orthodox communities of the regions of Palestine, and Transjordan, to which most Christians there belong.^[23] Both editors Hanna El-Issa and Khalil Sakakini were Arab Christian members of the Orthodox Church and active figures in the movement, which they frequently wrote about in the magazine.^[24]

Opposition to Zionism

See also: Anti-Zionism

From the start, Al-Asma'i was opposed to and fearful of Zionism, and opposed Jewish immigration to Palestine from a perspective of local patriotism and Arab nationalism.^[25][26][9] Scholar Neville J. Mandel considered that this represented early anti-Zionist tendencies, writing that: "In so doing, they were in advance, sometimes very much in advance, of their readers."^[9]

The magazine frequently criticized the Zionist settlers and accused them of unfair competition with Arab craftsmen and traders, resenting the privileges they enjoyed from foreign powers, and considered them a threat to the local population.^{[8][9][7][27]} It cited how their foreign citizenships entailed them exemptions from certain taxes, and how their European skills and culture gave them other advantages.^[28][29] To oppose them, Al-Asma'i proposed various policies, including preference for buying locally produced goods, instead of "foreign", i.e. Jewish ones; and the promotion of industry and commerce by wealthy Arabs.^[30] In one article, the magazine lamented about the Jewish immigrants:^[30]

They harm the local population and wrong them, by relying on the special rights accorded to foreign powers in the Ottoman Empire and on the corruption and treachery of the local administration. Moreover, they are free from most of the taxes and heavy impositions on Ottoman subjects. Their labour competes with the local population and creates their own means of sustenance. The local population cannot stand up to their competition.

View of the Muslim Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem where the magazine was printed and published, 1910

In another article in Al-Asma'i written by Arab Muslim writer Isaaf Nashashibi criticized the unwillingness and failure of the European Jewish immigrants to integrate in their new surroundings or to bother learning Arabic, which was a common theme in the Arab anti-Zionist press of the time.^[31] Nashashibi wrote that Jews "should help in reviving this [Arabic] language after its destruction," and urged that they “rid their hearts of those empty aspirations like the question of Zionism or governing Palestine,” arguing that there was no chance of reaching such hopes. “If the Jews want to live a good life with us, they should unite with us in respecting this beautiful language... They should imitate our brothers, the Christians, who are founding schools and teaching this beautiful language.”^[31]

Al-Asma'i's attacks on Zionism led to a number of complaints by Zionists to the district attorney, Yusuf Al-Hakim, representing the Ottoman Empire in Jaffa. The complaints were mainly initiated by Shimon Moyal and his wife Esther, Jews of Moroccan origin, as well as by Nissim Malul, a Jew of Tunisian origin.^[19]

Other topics

The magazine also was concerned with agricultural affairs, and the state of Arab fellahin (peasants), to which it recommended that the younger generation of Arabs learn and follow Jewish agricultural methods. This point was illustrated by a comparison between the lower standard of living in large Arab villages compared to the ones in smaller Jewish colonies.^[30] It promoted creating specialized banks providing financial loans for agricultural development.^[2] It was also concerned with women's issues, highlighting the importance of their education.^[10]

Discontinuation

The magazine's last edition appeared on 1 February 1909, as its owner Hanna El-Issa was preoccupied with the Arab Orthodox Movement and was representing Jaffa as part of an Orthodox delegation sent to the Ottoman government in Istanbul to negotiate for the establishment of a mixed council in the Jerusalem Church that would represent the Palestinian Arab community in addition to the Greek clergy; and for the provision of thirty thousand Ottoman gold pounds annually by the church for educational and social projects. Having returned from Istanbul to undergo surgery, Hanna died shortly afterwards on 12 September 1909 in Jerusalem.^[24]

The provisions negotiated by the Orthodox delegation were not realized, which triggered a series of demonstrations and protests among the Arab laity demanding their implementation. It was at this point that Issa El-Issa left his job as a bank clerk and joined the movement against the Church by establishing the newspaper Falastin in 1911, following the advice of his late cousin Hanna who told him that establishing a new newspaper would help him reach out to a larger audience.^[32] Issa utilized contacts in Al-Asma'i to acquire writers for his new newspaper,^[5] which became one of the most influential Palestinian dailies.^[11]

See also

• Media of the Ottoman Empire
• History of Palestinian journalism
• Falastin

References

1. Mandel 1976, p. 127.
2. Kabha 2007, p. xvi.
3. Morris 2011, p. 106.
4. Ben-Bassat 2011, p. 225.
5. Toksoz 2014, p. 104.
6. Kabha 2007, p. 127.
7. Muslih 1988, p. 80.
8. Khalaf 2009, p. 56.
9. Mandel 1976, p. 80.
10. "الصحف الأدبية في الحارات المقدسية في العهد العثماني". Al-Quds Al-Arabi (in Arabic). 27 August 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
11. Salim Tamari (25 October 2020). "The Vagabond Café and Jerusalem's Prince of Idleness" (PDF). Retrieved 25 March 2024.
12. Tamari 2017, p. 97.
13. Dowty 2019, p. 184.
14. Dowty 2019, p. 126.
15. Mandel 1976, p. 127: "Immediately after the Revolution, two small papers began to appear in the Mutasariflik: Al-Quds in Jerusalem and al-Asma'i in Jaffa."
16. Emmanuel Beska (1 January 2018). "Yusuf al-'Isa: A Founder of Modern Journalism in Palestine". Retrieved 26 March 2024.
17. Suheir Michael. "Identity in Palestinian Literature: Exile is the Antithesis of Home". San Francisco State University. p. 94. The main newspapers in Palestine were Al-Quds in Jerusalem, Al-Karmil and al-Nafa'is al-'Asriyya (1908) in Haifa and Falastin and al-Asma'i (1908) in Jaffa.
18. Ayalon 2010, p. 49.
19. Tamari 2017, p. 113.
20. Khalaf 2009, p. 55.
21. Tamari 2017, p. 101.
22. Ayalon 2010, p. 120.
23. Katz, Itamar; Kark, Ruth (4 November 2005). "The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem and Its Congregation: Dissent over Real Estate". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 37 (4). Cambridge University Press: 509–534. doi:10.1017/S0020743805052189. JSTOR 3879643. S2CID 159569868. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
24. Emmanuel Beska. "Khalil al-Sakakini and Zionism before WWI" (PDF). Institute of Palestine Studies. p. 49.
25. Muslih 1988, p. 80: "In Palestine and elsewhere, the Arabic newspapers reflected strong aversion to and fear of Zionism, particularly after the counterrevolution of April 13, 1909, which deposed Sultan Abdulhamid and brought to power a government controlled by the CUP. Four newspapers—al-Asma'i and al-Karmil of Palestine, al-Muqtabas of Damascus, and al-Mufid of Beirut—are good representatives of the four trends outlined above."
26. Dowty 2019, p. 126: "From the outset, these newspapers (and nearly all Arab publications) actively opposed Zionism. Al-Asma’i, already in its early days, leveled a searing indictment of European Jewish settlers in Palestine."
27. Abdelal 2012, p. 46: "The Al-Asmai frequently criticised the Zionist settlers and showed resentment, in particular, of the privileges that foreign immigrants enjoyed under legal concessions granted by the Ottoman Empire."
28. Morris 2011, pp. 106–107: "Al Asma'i, founded by a Jaffa businessman, Hanna 'Abdallah al-Isa, accused the Zionists of unfair competition with Arab traders and craftsmen, as, due to their foreign citizenship, they were exempt from certain taxes; and their European culture and skills gave them other advantages."
29. Abdelal 2012, p. 46.
30. Mandel 1976, p. 81.
31. Dowty 2019, p. 127.
32. Bracy 2011, pp. 25–26.

Bibliography

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• Ayalon, Ami (2010). Reading Palestine: Printing and Literacy, 1900-1948. University of Texas Press. doi:10.7560/705791. ISBN 978-0-292-79736-9. JSTOR 10.7560/705791.
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• Bracy, R. Michael (2011). Printing Class: 'Isa Al-'Isa, Filastin, and the Textual Construction of National Identity, 1911-1931. University Press of America. ISBN 978-0-7618-5375-6.
• Dowty, Alan (2019). Arabs and Jews in Ottoman Palestine: Two Worlds Collide. Indiana University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvbnm423. JSTOR j.ctvbnm423.
• Kabha, Mustafa (2007). The Palestinian Press as Shaper of Public Opinion 1929-39. Vallentine Mitchell. ISBN 978-0-85303-672-2.
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