The squadron was first activated in June 1942 as the 446th Bombardment Squadron, a medium bomber unit. After training in the United States, it deployed to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, where it engaged in combat until April 1945. It was awarded two Presidential Unit Citations for its actions over Athens, Greece in 1944 and Toulon, France in 1944. Following V-E Day, it remained in Italy, until it was inactivated in September 1945.
The squadron was briefly activated in the reserve from 1947 to 1949, but does not appear to have been fully manned or equipped with operational aircraft. It was activated in 1953 as a Strategic Air Command bomber unit, serving until 1961, when its Boeing B-47 Stratojets were replaced by Boeing B-52 Stratofortresses. It was organized in July 1965 as the 446th Strategic Missile Squadron.
After five months of training, the ground echelon of the squadron departed for the Port of Embarkation at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey on 21 January 1943.[2][6] It boarded the USS Elizabeth C. Stanton on 7 February.[7] The air echelon of the squadron remained at DeRidder Army Air Base until 12 February, when it flew to Morrison Field, Florida for staging via the South Atlantic ferry route.[6] It departed Morrison for overseas on 15 February 1943.[8]
Combat in the Mediterranean Theater
B-25J of the 446th Bombardment Squadron taking off from Pomigliano
The ground echelon landed at Oran, Algeria on 21 February 1943.[9] The air echelon arrived in Algeria at Oujda Airfield on 2 March 43.[10] On 9 March most of the ground and air echelon was united at Oujda.[11] The squadron arrived at its first combat station, Ain M'lila Airfield, Algeria, in March 1943, with the air echelon established there on 12 March.[12] The squadron flew its first combat mission, an attack on a landing ground near Mezzouna Tunisia on 15 March.[13] It initially engaged primarily in air support and interdiction missions, bombing marshalling yards, rail lines, highways, bridges, viaducts, troop concentrations, gun emplacements, shipping, harbors, and other objectives in North Africa. Later, objectives spread into France, Italy, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and Greece. It also engaged in psychological warfare missions, dropping propaganda leaflets behind enemy lines.[5]
The squadron provided air support for the Allied advance toward Rome between January and June 1944 and Operation Dragoon, the invasion of Southern France in August 1944. On 18 August, its attacks on Toulon harbor earned the squadron a second DUC.[5] The enemy had concentrated shipping in the harbor to augment harbor defense artillery. Adverse weather conditions caused other groups to turn back, but the 321st Group continued to the target. The squadron pressed its attack despite "heavy, intense, accurate" flak on the bomb run. Post strike reconnaissance showed the 321st Group heavily damaged a battleship, and sunk a cruiser and a submarine.[15]
After September 1944, it supported Allied operations in northern Italy, including Operation Strangle, the effort to choke off supplies for Axis military in Italy through air interdiction and Operation Grapeshot, the Spring 1945 offensive in Northern Italy from September 1944 to April 1945. It remained in Italy after V-E Day, reducing in size as individuals returned to the United States, being reduced to a mere cadre by August 1945[16] and was inactivated at Pomigliano Airfield on 12 September 1945.[2][5]
Reserve operations
The squadron was reactivated as a reserve unit under Air Defense Command (ADC) on 30 March 1947 at Johnstown Municipal Airport, Pennsylvania. It is not clear whether or not the squadron was fully staffed and it was equipped with only trainer aircraft during this period.[2] In July 1948 Continental Air Command (ConAC) assumed responsibility for managing reserve and Air National Guard units from ADC.[17] President Truman’s reduced 1949 defense budget required reductions in the number of units in the Air Force,[18] and the 446th was inactivated[2] and not replaced as reserve flying operations at Johnstown Municipal Airport ceased.
Strategic bomber unit
B-47 Stratojet at McCoy AFB
The squadron was reactivated on 15 December 1953 at Pinecastle Air Force Base, Florida,[2] an Air Training Command (ATC) base, where ATC's 3540th Flying Training Wing conducted transition training on Boeing B-47 Stratojet bombers.[19] On 1 January 1954, the base and B-47 training mission were transferred to Strategic Air Command (SAC).[20][d] Under SAC's dual deputy organization, the squadron was assigned directly to the 321st Wing, with the group level organization eliminated. Over the next six months, the B-47 training mission at Pinecastle was phased out and was replaced by the 446th and other operational units of the 321st Bombardment Wing, and the squadron became operational in late May 1954.[2][21]
The squadron trained in global strategic bombardment operations with the B-47. It deployed with the 321st Wing to RAF Lakenheath, England from
December 1954 until March 1955 and to Sidi Slimane Air Base, Morocco From April through July 1956.[21] Starting in 1957, overseas deployments of entire wings to stand alert were replaced by Operation Reflex. Reflex placed Stratojets and Boeing KC-97 Stratofreighters from multiple wings at bases closer to the Soviet Union for 90 day periods, although individuals rotated back to home bases during unit Reflex deployments.[22] From 1958, SAC B-47 units began to assume an alert posture at their home bases, reducing the amount of time spent on alert at overseas bases, with an initial goal of maintaining one third of SAC’s planes on fifteen minute ground alert, fully fueled and ready for combat to reduce vulnerability to a Soviet missile strike.[23]
By 1961, SAC was relying on dispersed Boeing B-52 Stratofortress units as the backbone of its bomber force. The squadron and the rest of the 321st Wing became nonoperational on 15 September 1961 and were replaced by the 4047th Strategic Wing, a B-52 unit. The squadron was inactivated in late October 1961.[2][21]
Intercontinental ballistic missile unit
On 1 November 1963 the squadron was redesignated the 446th Strategic Missile Squadron, a SAC intercontinental ballistic missile squadron, but it was not organized at Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota until 1 July 1965.[2] The 321st Wing was the first to be equipped with LGM-30F Minuteman II missiles.[24] Squadron members trained on the new missile at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California during the second half of the year.[25] The squadron, however, did not become operational until late March 1966[26] and was declared fully operational in December 1966, with a complement of 50 missiles.[27][28] following an Operational Readiness Inspection of the 321st Wing[29]
LGM-30 Minuteman Missile Alert and Launch Facilities
Squadron missile alert facilities (A-E flights, each controlling 10 missiles) were located as follows:
In September 1991, SAC implemented the Air Force's Objective Wing Organization. With this restructuring, the squadron was assigned to the new 321st Operations Group,[2] along with the 321st Wing's other missile squadrons and a support squadron.[citation needed] With this change came a new name, the 446th Missile Squadron, as the Air Force dropped the terms "Strategic" and "Tactical" from the names of its units.[2] The following June, SAC was disestablished and the squadron was transferred to Air Combat Command, along with other intercontinental missile units. This arrangement lasted only a year, for on 1 July 1993, these missile units became part of Air Force Space Command.[32]
^The 1956 emblem was placed on a disc to comply with USAF standards for squadron emblems. The horizontal dividing line was lowered as well. USAF Fact Sheet.
^Approved 4 May 1956. Description: A shield quartered: The per fess division line enhanced; first and fourth quarters azure; second and third quarters argent; superimposed over all a sphere, land areas green, water areas light blue; encircling the sphere a modernistic wing with speed lines of the first and second colors; above the demisphere [sic] a tiger, in his proper colors, resting his paws on the top of the sphere.
^Apparently, this emblem never received official approval, although it was used by the squadron. Watkins, p. 86.
^Despite its mission of training bomber crews, the 3540th was designated as the 3540th Flying Training Wing (Fighter). Manning, p. 87. With the transfer to SAC, the 3540th became the 4240th Flying Training Wing and the fighter parenthetical was eliminated.
^This headquarters is not related to Eleventh Air Force, but was briefly active at Olmsted Air Force Base, Pennsylvania and responsible for managing reserve and National Guard air force units in the Middle Atlantic during the 1940s.
^Air Force Personnel Services lists the start date for this award as 1 July 1986, which is consistent with the end date of the previous award.
^No byline (29 September 2015). "Factsheets: 20th Air Force". Twentieth Air Force, Commander's Action Group. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
Watkins, Robert A. (2009). Insignia and Aircraft Markings of the U.S. Army Air Force In World War II. Vol. IV, European-African-Middle Eastern Theater of Operations. Atglen, PA: Shiffer Publishing, Ltd. ISBN978-0-7643-3401-6.
.svg)
