1991 in spaceflight

For launches in the first half of the year, see 1991 in spaceflight (January–June), for launches in the second half, see 1991 in spaceflight (July–December).

This was the final year of the Soviet Union, and thus the end of the Cold War competition between the two space superpowers. The number of launches subsequently declined in the 1990s, and 2018 was the first year since 1990 to have more than 100 orbital launches.

1991 in spaceflight
The crew of STS-37 deploys the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory.
Orbital launches
First8 January
Last28 December
Total91
Successes86
Failures3
Partial failures2
National firsts
Space traveller Austria
 United Kingdom
Rockets
Maiden flightsAriane 4 44P
Atlas II
RetirementsVostok-2M
Crewed flights
Orbital8
Total travellers36

Deep Space Rendezvous in 1991

Date (GMT) Spacecraft Event Remarks
29 October Galileo First flyby of asteroid - 951 Gaspra Closest approach: 1,600 kilometres (990 mi)

EVAs

Start Date/Time Duration End Time Spacecraft Crew Remarks
7 January
17:03 		5 hours
18 minutes 		22:21 Mir EO-8 Soviet UnionViktor Afanasyev
Soviet UnionMusa Manarov 		Successfully repaired the damaged hatch on the Kvant-2 airlock and also positioned equipment for installation in a later EVA.
23 January
10:59 		5 hours
33 minutes 		16:32 Mir EO-8
Kvant-2 		Soviet UnionViktor Afanasyev
Soviet UnionMusa Manarov 		Installed the new Stela boom on the base block.
26 January
09:00 		6 hours
20 minutes 		15:20 Mir EO-8
Kvant-2 		Soviet UnionViktor Afanasyev
Soviet UnionMusa Manarov 		Installed supports on Kvant-1 to hold the solar arrays installed on Kristall.
7 April 4 hours
26 minutes 		STS-37
Atlantis 		United StatesJerry L. Ross
United StatesJerome Apt 		When the boom antenna on the GRO satellite would not extend, Ross and Apt exited the shuttle on an unplanned EVA to extend the boom to prepare for final release into orbit.[1]
8 April 5 hours
47 minutes 		STS-37
Atlantis 		United StatesJerry L. Ross
United StatesJerome Apt 		Installed and tested several monorail-type mobility tools for future space station construction.[1]
25 April
20:29 		3 hours
34 minutes 		26 April
00:03 		Mir EO-8
Kvant-2 		Soviet UnionViktor Afanasyev
Soviet UnionMusa Manarov 		Inspected and filmed the Kurs antenna on Kvant-1, finding that one of the antenna dishes was missing and then re-installed the camera on Kvant-2 that was removed and repaired.
24 June
21:11 		4 hours
58 minutes 		25 June
02:09 		Mir EO-9
Kvant-2 		Soviet UnionAnatoly Artsebarsky
Soviet UnionSergei Krikalyov 		Replaced the damaged Kurs antenna on Kvant-1 and performed assembly tests on an experimental structural joint.
28 June
19:02 		3 hours
24 minutes 		22:26 Mir EO-9
Kvant-2 		Soviet UnionAnatoly Artsebarsky
Soviet UnionSergei Krikalyov 		Attached TREK, a type of cosmic ray detector developed at the University of California, to the outside of Mir.[2]
15 July
11:45 		5 hours
56 minutes 		17:41 Mir EO-9
Kvant-2 		Soviet UnionAnatoly Artsebarsky
Soviet UnionSergei Krikalyov 		Moved ladders and the base platform parts for the Sofora girder using the Strela boom from the airlock at Kvant-2 and installed them on Kvant-1.
19 July
11:10 		5 hours
28 minutes 		16:38 Mir EO-9
Kvant-2 		Soviet UnionAnatoly Artsebarsky
Soviet UnionSergei Krikalyov 		Started construction of the Sofora girder by installing three of 20 structural pieces.
23 July
09:15 		5 hours
42 minutes 		14:57 Mir EO-9
Kvant-2 		Soviet UnionAnatoly Artsebarsky
Soviet UnionSergei Krikalyov 		Continued the construction of the Sofora girder by installing eleven more of the 20 girder pieces.
27 July
08:44 		6 hours
49 minutes 		15:33 Mir EO-9
Kvant-2 		Soviet UnionAnatoly Artsebarsky
Soviet UnionSergei Krikalyov 		Completed assembly of the Sofora girder and mounted a small Russian flag on top of the structure. Artsebarsky had trouble with fogging on his visor, due to overexertion, but Krikalyov was able to lead him back to the airlock.

References

  • Bergin, Chris. "NASASpaceFlight.com".
  • Clark, Stephen. "Spaceflight Now".
  • Kelso, T.S. "Satellite Catalog (SATCAT)". CelesTrak.[dead link‍]
  • Krebs, Gunter. "Chronology of Space Launches".
  • Kyle, Ed. "Space Launch Report". Archived from the original on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  • McDowell, Jonathan. "GCAT Orbital Launch Log".
  • Pietrobon, Steven. "Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive".
  • Wade, Mark. "Encyclopedia Astronautica".
  • Webb, Brian. "Southwest Space Archive".
  • Zak, Anatoly. "Russian Space Web".
  • "ISS Calendar". Spaceflight 101.
  • "NSSDCA Master Catalog". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
  • "Space Calendar". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.[dead link‍]
  • "Space Information Center". JAXA.[dead link‍]
  • "Хроника освоения космоса" [Chronicle of space exploration]. CosmoWorld (in Russian).
Generic references:

Spaceflight portal

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b "Space Shuttle Flight 39 (STS-37)". Space Shuttle Video Library. National Space Society. 2008. Archived from the original on 27 November 2008. Retrieved 27 February 2009.
  2. ^ Price, P. B.; Lowder, D. M.; Westphal, A. J.; Wilkes, R. D.; Brennen, R. A.; Afanasyev, V. G.; Akimov, V. V.; Rodin, V. G.; Baryshnikov, G. K.; Gorshkov, L. A.; Shvets, N. I.; Tsigankov, O. S. (1992). "TREK: A cosmic-ray experiment on the Russian space station MIR". Astrophysics and Space Science. 197 (1): 121–143. Bibcode:1992Ap&SS.197..121P. doi:10.1007/BF00645077. S2CID 122308810.


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