1988 Tour de France

1988 Tour de France
Route of the 1988 Tour de France
Route of the 1988 Tour de France
Race details
Dates4–24 July 1988
Stages22
Distance3,286 km (2,042 mi)
Winning time84h 27' 53"
Results
Winner  Pedro Delgado (ESP) (Reynolds)
  Second  Steven Rooks (NED) (PDM–Ultima–Concorde)
  Third  Fabio Parra (COL) (Kelme)
Points  Eddy Planckaert (BEL) (AD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia)
Mountains  Steven Rooks (NED) (PDM–Ultima–Concorde)
Youth  Erik Breukink (NED) (Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu)
Combination  Steven Rooks (NED) (PDM–Ultima–Concorde)
Sprints  Frans Maassen (NED) (Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago)
  Combativity  Jérôme Simon (FRA) (Z–Peugeot)
  Team PDM–Ultima–Concorde
  Team points PDM–Ultima–Concorde
← 1987
1989 →

The 1988 Tour de France was the 75th edition of the Tour de France, taking place from 4 to 24 July. It consisted of 22 stages over 3,286 km (2,042 mi). The race was won by Pedro Delgado with the top three positions at the end of the race being occupied by specialist climbers. This Tour was nearly 1,000 km shorter than the previous few editions, which were over 4,000 km, but by no means easier as it included five consecutive mountain stages including a mountain time trial.

The points classification was won by Eddy Planckaert, while Steven Rooks won the mountains classification and the combination classification. The young rider classification was won by Erik Breukink, and Frans Maassen won the intermediate sprints classification. Both team classifications were won by the PDM team. During the race, Delgado failed a doping test, but because the product was not yet on the doping list from the Union Cycliste International, he was not penalised.

Teams

For a more comprehensive list, see List of teams and cyclists in the 1988 Tour de France.

The UCI had also introduced a rule that limited the number of cyclists in a race to 200. In 1987, the Tour had started with 207 cyclists, so because of this rule, the number of teams in the 1988 Tour was reduced from 23 to 22, of 9 riders, a total of 198.[1] 22 teams were announced two weeks before the Tour.[1][2] The Tour organisation named three reserve teams, in case one of the 22 teams was unable to start: Postobón–Ryalcao, Roland–Colnago and TVM–Van Schilt.[1]

Of the 198 cyclists starting the race, 42 were riding the Tour de France for the first time.[3] The average age of riders in the race was 27.56 years,[4] ranging from the 21-year-old Jean-Claude Colotti (RMO–Cycles Méral–Mavic) to the 39-year-old Hennie Kuiper (Sigma–Fina).[5] The Caja Rural–Orbea cyclists had the youngest average age while the riders on AD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia had the oldest.[6]

The teams entering the race were:[7]

Pre-race favourites

The winner of the 1987 Tour de France, Stephen Roche, was unable to defend his title as he was coming back from knee surgeries. The winner from 1986, Greg LeMond, had still not fully recovered from the hunting accident that caused him to miss the 1987 Tour, and did not start this Tour.[8] Remaining favourites were Pedro Delgado, who had finished in second place in 1987, and Andrew Hampsten, the winner of the 1988 Giro d'Italia, several weeks before the Tour.[8]

Route and stages

The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) introduced the rule that a cycling race could not span three weekends. The Tour de France could only start on Monday 4 July, and therefore the usual prologue was removed. The Tour organisers, who were not happy with this restriction, lately had the idea to add to the Tour an unofficial short time trial on sunday 3 July called 'prelude' or 'preface'. Each team would ride for 3.8 kilometres (2.4 mi), and one cyclist per team would then finish one kilometre on his own. Of course, the recorded times of the 'preface' were not used for the Tour, but the cyclist with the fastest time would wear the yellow jersey at the start of the Tour de France (first stage).[9]

The total length of this Tour was 3,286 kilometres (2,042 mi), which was the shortest since 1906.[8] Since 1910, Belgian cyclists had won at least one stage in every Tour, but in 1988 they did not win any stages.[8] There was one rest day, during which the cyclists were transferred from Villard-de-Lans to Blagnac.[10] The highest point of elevation in the race was 2,115 m (6,939 ft) at the summit of the Col du Tourmalet mountain pass on stage 15.[11][12]

Stage characteristics and winners[2][10][13][14]
Stage Date Course Distance Type Winner
P 3 July Pornichet to La Baule 3.8 km (2.4 mi) Team/Individual time trial  Guido Bontempi (ITA)
1 4 July Pontchâteau to Machecoul 92 km (57 mi) Plain stage  Steve Bauer (CAN)
2 4 July La Haie-Fouassière to Ancenis 48 km (30 mi) Team time trial  Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu
3 5 July Nantes to Le Mans 213 km (132 mi) Plain stage  Jean-Paul van Poppel (NED)
4 6 July Le Mans to Évreux 158 km (98 mi) Plain stage  Acácio da Silva (POR)
5 7 July Neufchâtel-en-Bray to Liévin 148 km (92 mi) Plain stage  Jelle Nijdam (NED)
6 8 July Liévin to Wasquehal 52 km (32 mi) Individual time trial  Sean Yates (GBR)
7 9 July Wasquehal to Reims 225 km (140 mi) Plain stage  Valerio Tebaldi (ITA)
8 10 July Reims to Nancy 219 km (136 mi) Plain stage  Rolf Gölz (FRG)
9 11 July Nancy to Strasbourg 161 km (100 mi) Hilly stage  Jérôme Simon (FRA)
10 12 July Belfort to Besançon 149 km (93 mi) Hilly stage  Jean-Paul van Poppel (NED)
11 13 July Besançon to Morzine 232 km (144 mi) Stage with mountain(s)  Fabio Parra (COL)
12 14 July Morzine to Alpe d'Huez 227 km (141 mi) Stage with mountain(s)  Steven Rooks (NED)
13 15 July Grenoble to Villard-de-Lans 38 km (24 mi) Mountain time trial  Pedro Delgado (ESP)
16 July Blagnac Rest day
14 17 July Blagnac to Guzet-Neige 163 km (101 mi) Stage with mountain(s)  Massimo Ghirotto (ITA)
15 18 July Saint-Girons to Luz Ardiden 187 km (116 mi) Stage with mountain(s)  Laudelino Cubino (ESP)
16 19 July Tarbes to Pau 35 km (22 mi) Plain stage  Adri van der Poel (NED)
17 19 July Pau to Bordeaux 198 km (123 mi) Plain stage  Jean-Paul van Poppel (NED)
18 20 July Ruelle-sur-Touvre to Limoges 94 km (58 mi) Plain stage  Gianni Bugno (ITA)
19 21 July Limoges to Puy-de-Dôme 188 km (117 mi) Hilly stage  Johnny Weltz (DEN)
20 22 July Clermont-Ferrand to Chalon-sur-Saône 223 km (139 mi) Plain stage  Thierry Marie (FRA)
21 23 July Santenay 46 km (29 mi) Individual time trial  Juan Martinéz (ESP)
22 24 July Nemours to Paris (Champs-Élysées) 173 km (107 mi) Plain stage  Jean-Paul van Poppel (NED)
Total 3,286 km (2,042 mi)[15]

Race overview

Main articles: 1988 Tour de France, Prelude to Stage 11 and 1988 Tour de France, Stage 12 to Stage 22
Pedro Delgado (pictured at the 1993 Tour), winner of the general classification

The prelude before the official start was won by Guido Bontempi, and the first real stage was won by Steve Bauer. Bauer lost the lead in the next stage, a Team Time Trial, to Teun van Vliet.[8] The favourites for the overall victory did not lose time in the first stages. The individual time trial of stage six did not change that, although some outsiders (Sean Kelly and Laurent Fignon) lost two minutes.[8]

In the eleventh stage, in hilly conditions, the first serious attacks were seen. Most contenders were able to stay in the main group, but Laurent Fignon and Jean-François Bernard lost a lot of time and were no longer seen as contenders.[8] The twelfth stage included higher climbs. Delgado escaped on the climb of the Glandon, and he was joined by Steven Rooks. On the descent, they were joined by Gert-Jan Theunisse and Fabio Parra; the other cyclists were unable to get to them. Close to the finish, Rooks escaped and won the stage, and Delgado became the new leader of the general classification.[8] Delgado won the next stage, an uphill individual time trial, and solidified his lead.[8]

In the fourteenth stage, the favourites stayed together, and other cyclists were allowed to go for the stage victory. Philippe Bouvatier and Robert Millar,[16] who had led over the previous two cols, were in the uphill sprint to win, until Bouvatier allowed himself to be misdirected by a gendarme 200 metres before the finish (at the point where the team cars were separated from the cyclists)[17] followed by Millar, and the victory went to Massimo Ghirotto. Ghirotto offered his prize (a new car) to Bouvatier[8] though Millar maintained he would have overhauled Bouvatier to win[18] and told CyclingNews in 2010 that "I don't know if the gendarme was to blame, I don't think he was, I know I would have come round Bouvatier in the sprint but then I ought to have dropped him before we got to that stage".[19]

In the fifteenth stage, Delgado increased his lead. He let Laudelino Cubino get away and claim the victory, because Cubino was no threat for the general classification, and finished in third place, gaining time on all his direct competitors.[8] Delgado further increased his lead in the nineteenth stage, by leaving the other cyclists behind him on the final climb of the day.[8] Delgado was aiming to win the twenty-first stage, an individual time trial, and was leading at all the intermediate check points, but lost time in the final part of the stage, finishing in fourth place. This was more than enough to secure the overall victory.[8]

Doping

During the race, it was announced that doping tests of Pedro Delgado and Gert-Jan Theunisse indicated they had used doping products.

In Delgado's case, it was probenecid. Probenecid was a doping product according to the International Olympic Committee not yet on the doping list of the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), so Delgado was not sanctioned, and he remained the winner of the Tour.[10] Tour director Louy tried to convince Delgado to leave the race voluntarily, but Delgado refused.[20] Delgado admits that he took probenecid, but with the intention to assist the kidneys, not to mask anabolic steroids.[21]

Theunisse was found to have a high testosterone-level, which was on the UCI doping list. Theunisse received a penalty of ten minutes, which dropped him from fifth place to eleventh place in the general classification.[22]

One other cyclist was penalised during this Tour: Spanish cyclist Roque de la Cruz failed a doping test after the sixth stage, and was given the same penalty as Theunisse.[23]

In 2013, a notebook from the team doctor of the PDM team showed that all but one of the PDM cyclist were given doping in the 1988 Tour de France.[24]

The owners of the Tour de France thought that director Louy had handled the Delgado affair in the wrong way, and they fired him later that year. They appointed Jean-Marie Leblanc as his replacement.[20]

Classification leadership and minor prizes

Pedro Delgado's yellow jersey of the 1988 Tour

There were several classifications in the 1988 Tour de France, six of them awarding jerseys to their leaders.[25] The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey; the winner of this classification is considered the winner of the Tour.[26]

Additionally, there was a points classification, where cyclists were given points for finishing among the best in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a green jersey.[27]

There was also a mountains classification. The organisation had categorised some climbs as either hors catégorie, first, second, third, or fourth-category; points for this classification were won by the first cyclists that reached the top of these climbs first, with more points available for the higher-categorised climbs. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and wore a white jersey with red polka dots.[28]

There was also a combination classification. This classification was calculated as a combination of the other classifications, its leader wore the combination jersey.[29]

Another classification was the intermediate sprints classification. This classification had similar rules as the points classification, but only points were awarded on intermediate sprints. Its leader wore a red jersey.[30]

The sixth individual classification was the young rider classification. This was decided the same way as the general classification, but only riders under 25 years were eligible, and the leader wore a white jersey.[29]

For the team classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time. The riders in the team that led this classification were identified by yellow caps.[30] For the last time, there was also a team points classification. Cyclists received points according to their finishing position on each stage, with the first rider receiving one point. The first three finishers of each team had their points combined, and the team with the fewest points led the classification. The riders of the team leading this classification wore green caps.[30]

In addition, there was a combativity award given after each mass-start stage to the cyclist considered most combative. The decision was made by a jury composed of journalists who gave points. The cyclist with the most points from votes in all stages led the combativity classification.[31] Jérôme Simon won this classification, and was given overall the super-combativity award.[10] The Souvenir Henri Desgrange was given in honour of Tour founder Henri Desgrange to the first rider to pass the summit of the Col du Tourmalet on stage 15. This prize was won by Laudelino Cubino.[32]

Classification leadership table[33][34][35]
Stage Stage winner General classification
 Points classification
 Mountains classification
 Young rider classification
 Combination classification
 Intermediate sprints classification
 Team classifications Combativity award
By time By points
P Guido Bontempi[a] no award[a] no award[a] no award no award no award no award no award no award no award
1 Steve Bauer Steve Bauer Steve Bauer Nico Verhoeven Wiebren Veenstra Nico Verhoeven Søren Lilholt Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster Hitachi–Bosal–B.C.E. Snooker Søren Lilholt
2 Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu Teun van Vliet Erik Breukink Teun van Vliet Teun van Vliet Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu no award
3 Jean-Paul van Poppel Eric Vanderaerden Roger Ilegems
4 Acácio da Silva Eddy Planckaert Bruno Cornillet Frans Maassen Stefano Giuliani
5 Jelle Nijdam Henk Lubberding Frans Maassen PDM–Ultima–Concorde Jérôme Simon
6 Sean Yates Jelle Nijdam Eric Vanderaerden Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago no award
7 Valerio Tebaldi Philippe Casado Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu Michel Vermote
8 Rolf Gölz Steve Bauer Michel Vermote
9 Jérôme Simon Jérôme Simon Frédéric Vichot Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster Federico Echave
10[b] Jean-Paul van Poppel Patrice Esnault
11[b] Fabio Parra Pascal Simon Ludo Peeters
12[b] Steven Rooks Pedro Delgado Steven Rooks Raúl Alcalá Steven Rooks Eddy Planckaert PDM–Ultima–Concorde Pedro Delgado
13 Pedro Delgado no award
14 Massimo Ghirotto Philippe Bouvatier
15 Laudelino Cubino Erik Breukink Laudelino Cubino
16 Adri van der Poel Adri van der Poel
17 Jean-Paul van Poppel Frans Maassen Jean-Paul van Poppel
18 Gianni Bugno Gianni Bugno
19 Johnny Weltz Johnny Weltz
20 Thierry Marie Dag Otto Lauritzen
21 Juan Martinéz no award
22 Jean-Paul van Poppel no award
Final Pedro Delgado Eddy Planckaert Steven Rooks Erik Breukink Steven Rooks Frans Maassen PDM–Ultima–Concorde PDM–Ultima–Concorde Jérôme Simon
  1. ^ a b c The prelude was an unofficial race, but the winner Bontempi received a yellow jersey, and second-placed Peter Stevenhaagen received the green jersey, to wear at the start of the Tour de France.[36]
  2. ^ a b c In stage 10, 11 and 12, Steven Rooks wore the technicolour jersey.

Final standings

Legend
A yellow jersey. Denotes the winner of the general classification A green jersey. Denotes the winner of the points classification
A white jersey with red polka dots. Denotes the winner of the mountains classification A white jersey. Denotes the winner of the young rider classification
A multi-coloured jersey. Denotes the winner of the combination classification A red jersey. Denotes the winner of the intermediate sprints classification

General classification

Final general classification (1–10)[37]
Rank Rider Team Time
1  Pedro Delgado (ESP) A yellow jersey. Reynolds 84h 27' 53"
2  Steven Rooks (NED) A white jersey with red polka dots. A multi-coloured jersey. PDM–Ultima–Concorde + 7' 13"
3  Fabio Parra (COL) Kelme + 9' 58"
4  Steve Bauer (CAN) Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster + 12' 15"
5  Éric Boyer (FRA) Système U–Gitane + 14' 04"
6  Luis Herrera (COL) Café de Colombia + 14' 36"
7  Ronan Pensec (FRA) Z–Peugeot + 16' 52"
8  Álvaro Pino (ESP) BH + 18' 36"
9  Peter Winnen (NED) Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu + 19' 12"
10  Denis Roux (FRA) Z–Peugeot + 20' 08"

Points classification

Final points classification (1–10)[38][39]
Rank Rider Team Points
1  Eddy Planckaert (BEL) A green jersey. AD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia 278
2  Davis Phinney (USA) 7-Eleven–Hoonved 193
3  Sean Kelly (IRE) Kas–Canal 10 183
4  Steven Rooks (NED) A white jersey with red polka dots. A multi-coloured jersey. PDM–Ultima–Concorde 154
5  Mathieu Hermans (NED) Caja Rural–Orbea 153
6  Jean-Paul van Poppel (NED) Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago 141
7  Etienne De Wilde (BEL) Sigma–Fina 133
8  Adri van der Poel (NED) PDM–Ultima–Concorde 132
9  Manuel Jorge Domínguez (ESP) BH 114
10  Steve Bauer (CAN) Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster 108

Mountains classification

Final mountains classification (1–10)[38][39]
Rank Rider Team Points
1  Steven Rooks (NED) A white jersey with red polka dots. A multi-coloured jersey. PDM–Ultima–Concorde 326
2  Gert-Jan Theunisse (NED) PDM–Ultima–Concorde 248
3  Pedro Delgado (ESP) A yellow jersey. Reynolds 223
4  Ronan Pensec (FRA) Z–Peugeot 130
5  Jérôme Simon (FRA) Z–Peugeot 127
6  Fabio Parra (COL) Kelme 123
7  Laudelino Cubino (ESP) BH 101
8  Álvaro Pino (ESP) BH 98
9  Samuel Cabrera (COL) Café de Colombia 82
10  Luis Herrera (COL) Café de Colombia 80

Young rider classification

Final young rider classification (1–10)[38]
Rank Rider Team Time
1  Erik Breukink (NED) A white jersey. Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu 84h 50' 59"
2  Raúl Alcalá (MEX) 7-Eleven–Hoonved + 8' 08"
3  Jaanus Kuum (NOR) AD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia + 15' 47"
4  Peter Stevenhaagen (NED) PDM–Ultima–Concorde + 22' 21"
5  Philippe Bouvatier (FRA) BH + 25' 08"
6  Miguel Induráin (ESP) Reynolds + 40' 09"
7  Gianni Bugno (ITA) Chateau d'Ax + 56' 03"
8  Marc van Orsouw (NED) PDM–Ultima–Concorde + 1h 07' 30"
9  Søren Lilholt (DEN) Sigma–Fina + 1h 28' 52"
10  Jean-Claude Leclercq (FRA) Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster + 1h 34' 46"

Combination classification

Final combination classification (1–10)[38]
Rank Rider Team Points
1  Steven Rooks (NED) A white jersey with red polka dots. A multi-coloured jersey. PDM–Ultima–Concorde 84
2  Gert-Jan Theunisse (NED) PDM–Ultima–Concorde 70
3  Pedro Delgado (ESP) A yellow jersey. Reynolds 63
4  Eddy Planckaert (BEL) A green jersey. AD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia 49
5  Jérôme Simon (FRA) Z–Peugeot 47
6  Steve Bauer (CAN) Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster 47
7  Éric Boyer (FRA) Système U–Gitane 38
8  Frans Maassen (NED) A red jersey. Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago 37
9  Johnny Weltz (DEN) Fagor–MBK 30
10  Frédéric Vichot (FRA) Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster 22

Intermediate sprints classification

Final intermediate sprints classification (1–10)[38][39]
Rank Rider Team Points
1  Frans Maassen (NED) A red jersey. Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago 276
2  Eddy Planckaert (BEL) A green jersey. AD Renting–Anti-M–Bottecchia 214
3  Johnny Weltz (DEN) Fagor–MBK 64
4  Davis Phinney (USA) 7-Eleven–Hoonved 55
5  Gert-Jan Theunisse (NED) PDM–Ultima–Concorde 50
6  Ludo Peeters (BEL) Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago 35
7  Jérôme Simon (FRA) Z–Peugeot 32
8  Dag Otto Lauritzen (NOR) 7-Eleven–Hoonved 30
9  Martial Gayant (FRA) Toshiba–Look 30
10  Bruno Leali (ITA) Carrera Jeans–Vagabond 30

Team classification

Final team classification (1–10)[38][39]
Rank Team Time
1 PDM–Ultima–Concorde 253h 57' 58"
2 BH + 12' 32"
3 Z–Peugeot + 14' 43"
4 Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster + 31' 23"
5 Système U–Gitane + 32' 43"
6 Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago + 37' 49"
7 Café de Colombia + 44' 31"
8 Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu + 58' 56"
9 7-Eleven–Hoonved + 1h 03' 56"
10 Hitachi–Bosal–B.C.E. Snooker + 1h 25 28"

Team points classification

Final team points classification (1–10)[38]
Rank Team Points
1 PDM–Ultima–Concorde 1028
2 7-Eleven–Hoonved 1713
3 Weinmann–La Suisse–SMM Uster 1737
4 Système U–Gitane 1787
5 Z–Peugeot 1789
6 Hitachi–Bosal–B.C.E. Snooker 2065
7 BH 2197
8 Kas–Canal 10 2404
9 Fagor–MBK 2482
10 Panasonic–Isostar–Colnago–Agu 2526

Combativity classification

Final combativity classification (1–5)[40]
Rank Rider Team Points
1  Jérôme Simon (FRA) Z–Peugeot 38
2  Régis Clère (FRA) Teka 30
3  Johnny Weltz (DEN) Fagor–MBK 30
4  Pedro Delgado (ESP) A yellow jersey. Reynolds 25
5  Rolf Gölz (FRG) Superconfex–Yoko–Opel–Colnago 24

References

  1. ^ a b c "TVM-ploeg derde reserve Tour". Limburgsch Dagblad (in Dutch). Koninklijke Bibliotheek. 16 June 1988. p. 23. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
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  5. ^ "Tour de France 1988 – Youngest competitors". ProCyclingStats. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
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  7. ^ "The history of the Tour de France – Year 1988 – The starters". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 3 April 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
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  9. ^ Van den Bogaart, Ronnie. "Een merkwaardige tourstart" (in Dutch). Sportgeschiedenis. Archived from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
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  11. ^ Augendre 2016, p. 188.
  12. ^ "Herrie om voorspel op zondag" [Noise for foreplay on Sunday]. Het Vrije Volk (in Dutch). 2 July 1988. p. 20 – via Delpher.
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  15. ^ Augendre 2016, p. 110.
  16. ^ Robert Millar
  17. ^ Reliquias del Ciclismo (30 April 2013). "Tour de Francia 1988 - Etapa 14 (Guzet Neige)". Archived from the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.
  18. ^ Robert Millar#1988
  19. ^ Farrand, Stephen (22 July 2010). "CN Exclusive: Robert Millar talks about the Tour, the Tourmalet and Team Sky". Cyclingnews.com. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
  20. ^ a b Vanwalleghem, Rik (17 July 2004). "Kuitenbijter, Spelregels". De Standaard (in Dutch). Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  21. ^ "Pedro Delgado turns 50 and reflects on his career". Cycling News. 15 April 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
  22. ^ "Theunisse takes on coaching role at RusVelo". VeloNation. 5 January 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  23. ^ "Delgado drugs shock". Glasgow Herald. 21 July 1988. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
  24. ^ "Seven out of eight PDM riders doped at 1988 Tour de France". Cyclingnews. 23 January 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
  25. ^ Nauright & Parrish 2012, pp. 452–455.
  26. ^ Nauright & Parrish 2012, pp. 452–453.
  27. ^ Nauright & Parrish 2012, pp. 453–454.
  28. ^ Nauright & Parrish 2012, p. 454.
  29. ^ a b Nauright & Parrish 2012, pp. 454–455.
  30. ^ a b c Nauright & Parrish 2012, p. 455.
  31. ^ van den Akker 2018, pp. 211–216.
  32. ^ "Koersverloop" [Price trend]. Leeuwarder Courant (in Dutch). 19 July 1988. p. 9 – via De Krant van Toen.
  33. ^ "1986 Tour de France results". Gazet van Antwerpen (in Dutch). 25 July 1988. p. 17. Archived from the original on 14 February 2019.
  34. ^ Martin 1988, pp. 122–123.
  35. ^ van den Akker, Pieter. "Informatie over de Tour de France van 1988" [Information about the Tour de France from 1988]. TourDeFranceStatistieken.nl (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
  36. ^ "Groene trui voor Peter Stevenhaagen" [Green jersey for Peter Stevenhaagen]. De Telegraaf (in Dutch). Delpher. 4 July 1988. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
  37. ^ a b "The history of the Tour de France – Year 1988 – Stage 22 Nemours > Paris". Tour de France. Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  38. ^ a b c d e f g "Uitslagen en eindklassementen Tour de France" [Results and final classifications of the Tour de France]. Het Parool (in Dutch). 25 July 1988. p. 12 – via Delpher.
  39. ^ a b c d "Clasificaciones oficiales" (PDF). Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). 25 July 1988. p. 10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2019.
  40. ^ "Tour in cijfers" [Tour in numbers]. De Telegraaf (in Dutch). 25 July 1988. p. 12 – via Delpher.

Bibliography

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