Palmyrenisches Aramäisch

Inschrift aus Palmyra

Das Palmyrenische ist ein ostaramäischer Dialekt, der hauptsächlich in Palmyra selbst, darüber hinaus aber auch in den westlichen Teilen des Römischen Reiches bis hin nach Britannien belegt ist. Datierte Inschriften reichen von 44 v. Chr. bis 274 n. Chr. Es sind über 4000 Inschriften bekannt, bei denen es sich meist um Ehren-, Weihe- und Grabinschriften handelt. Der Dialekt zeigt noch Anklänge an das frühere Reichsaramäisch. Das Lexikon ist sowohl vom Griechischen[1] wie auch teilweise vom Arabischen[2] beeinflusst. Wie das Onomastikon der Stadt zeigt, lebten dort viele Araber. Neben griechischen und lateinischen Namen sind ebenso aber auch einige iranische Namen belegt.[3]

Das geschriebene Palmyrenisch wurde in einer gerundeten Schrift verfasst, die später Anklänge an das Estrangelo zeigen sollte.

Im Juni 2014 wurde die Palmyrenische Schrift im Standard Unicode 7.0 als Unicodeblock Palmyrenisch (U+10860–U+1087F) aufgenommen.[4]

Literatur

  • Klaus Beyer: Aramaic Language. Its Distribution and Subdivisions. Translated from the German by John F. Healey. Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, Göttingen 1986, ISBN 3-525-53573-2, S. 27–28.
  • Jean Cantineau: Grammaire du palmyrénien épigraphique (Publications de l’Institut d’Études Orientales de la Faculté des Lettres d’Alger 4). Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, Kairo 1935 [Nachdruck Zeller, Osnabrück 1987. ISBN 3-535-02423-4].
  • Eleonora Cussini: Additions to Palmyrene Aramaic Texts, in: Studi Epigrafici e Linguistici 19 (2002), 131–135.
  • Holger Gzella: A Cultural History of Aramaic. From the Beginnings to the Advent of Islam. Handbuch der Orientalistik I,111. Brill, Leiden/Boston 2015, 248–256 (Palmyra and Palmyrene Aramaic). ISBN 978-90-04-28509-5
  • Delbert R. Hillers, Eleonora Cussini: Palmyrene Aramaic Texts (Publications of the Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project). Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore/London 1996. ISBN 0-8018-5278-1
  • Finn O. Hvidberg-Hansen: The Palmyrene Inscriptions. Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Kopenhagen 1998. ISBN 87-7452-207-8
  • David G. K. Taylor: An Annotated Index of Dated Palmyrene Aramaic Texts, in: Journal of Semitic Studies 44 (2001), 203–219.
  • ḤBL Tadmor: Studies in Palmyrene Script and Language. Kleine Untersuchungen zur Sprache des Alten Testaments und seiner Umwelt 23. Verlag Hartmut Spenner, Kamen 2018. ISBN 978-3-89991-198-5

Einzelnachweise

  1. Sebastian P. Brock: Greek and Latin Words in Palmyrene Inscriptions: A Comparison with Syriac, in: Eleonora Cussini (Hrsg.): A Journey to Palmyra. Collected Essays to Remember Delbert R. Hillers (= Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 22). Brill, Leiden 2005, 11–25; Holger Gzella: Die Palmyrener in der griechisch-römischen Welt. Kulturelle Begegnung im Spiegel des Sprachkontaktes, in: Klio 87 (2005), 445–458; Ders.: Das Aramäisch in den römischen Ostprovinzen. Sprachsituationen in Arabien, Syrien und Mesopotamien zur Kaiserzeit, in: Bibliotheca Orientalis 63 (2006), 15–39.
  2. Mohammed Maraqten: The Arabic Words in Palmyrene Inscriptions, in: ARAM 7 (1995), 89–108.
  3. Jürgen Kurt Stark: Personal Names in Palmyrene Inscriptions. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1971; dazu Ronald Zwanziger: Onomastica Palmyrenoiranica. Zu einem Buch von J. K. Stark., in: Die Sprache 21 (1975), 195–200.
  4. Unicode 7.0.0. Unicode Consortium, 16. Juni 2014, abgerufen am 17. Juni 2014 (englisch).

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