Nadeschda Simonowna Smirnizkaja

Nadeschda Smirnizkaja (ca. 1883)

Nadeschda Simonowna Smirnizkaja (russisch Надежда Симоновна Смирницкая, * 1852 im Gouvernement Kiew, Russisches Kaiserreich; † 7. November 1889 in Daurien)[1][2] war eine Revolutionärin der Narodnaja Wolja.

Biografie

Ihr Vater war ein Priester.[1] Von 1876 bis 1879 war sie in den Kiewer Kreisen der Narodniki aktiv und wurde dafür verhaftet.[3][4] Sie wurde nach Solwytschegodsk verbannt und floh von dort im März 1880.[1][4]

Sie arbeitete mit ihrem Ehemann Iwan Kaljuschnyj in Moskau in den dortigen Kreisen der Narodnaja Wolja. In ihrer Wohnung wurde ein Passbüro für die Narodnaja Wolja eingerichtet.[1]

Im März 1882 wurde Smirnizkaja erneut verhaftet und zu 15 Jahren Zwangsarbeit verurteilt. Daraufhin wurde sie zu einem zum Katorgasystem gehörenden Gefängnis bei Ust-Karsk geschickt, das sich mehr als 1000 Meilen südlich von Jakutsk in den daurischen Ausläufern östlich des Baikalsees befand.[1][2][5]

Im Gefängnis nahm sie an einem Hungerstreik teil, bei dem gegen die Isolationshaft einer ihrer Mitgefangenen demonstriert und die Entlassung des Kommandanten des Gefängnisses gefordert wurde. Eine andere Gefangene wurde als Strafe dafür, dass sie versucht hat, den Kommandanten ins Gesicht zu schlagen, 100 Mal mit einer Rute geschlagen und beging bald darauf Selbstmord. Aus Protest dagegen begingen Smirnizkaja und einige Mitgefangene mit einer tödlichen Dosis Morphin ebenfalls Selbstmord.[2][6][7][8] Das Vorgehen der Frauen führte letztlich zu einer Änderung der Politik bezüglich der körperlichen Züchtigung von Frauen in russischen Gefängnissen.[9]

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d e СМИРНИЦЬКА Надія Симонівна. In: Ukrainische Sowjetenzyklopädie. Abgerufen am 1. Mai 2024.
  2. a b c Ben Phillips: Siberian Exile and the Invention of Revolutionary Russia, 1825–1917 - Exiles, Émigrés and the International Reception of Russian Radicalism. Taylor & Francis, 2021, ISBN 978-1-00-051615-9, Kapitel 3: The siberian agitation, 1890-1895.
  3. R. M. Shust: Довідник з історії України - А-Я. Вид-во "Генеза", 2001, ISBN 978-966-504-179-5, S. 788.
  4. a b Хроника социалистического движения в России. 1878-1887. Directmedia, 2013, ISBN 978-5-4460-8953-6, S. 245.
  5. Anatoli Tkatschenko: Российские деятели украинского происхождения история отношений Украины и России в лицах за 337 лет (1654-1991) : энциклопедический справочник. Аристей, 2005, ISBN 978-966-8458-30-9, S. 161.
  6. Anna Hillyar, Jane McDermid: Revolutionary Women in Russia, 1870-1917 - A Study in Collective Biography. Manchester University Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-7190-4838-8, S. 52.
  7. Nikolai Dwornitschenko: Край в котором ты живешь по дорогам и селам Забайкалья. Заметки краеведа. Читинское книжное изд-во, 2006, OCLC 18880778, S. 108.
  8. Wadim Solod: Обойтись без Бога. Лев Толстой с точки зрения российского права. У Никитских ворот, 2021, ISBN 978-5-04-337456-1, Kapitel 4.
  9. Natalia Pushkareva: Women in Russian History - From the Tenth to the Twentieth Century. 9781315480435, 2016, ISBN 978-1-315-48043-5, Kapitel 4: The New Women of the New Epoch: Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century.

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