Sakové

Reprezentační šlechtická zbroj ve stylu katafraktů, známá také jako „Zlatý válečník“, z Issyk kurganu, historického pohřebiště poblíž bývalého hlavního města Almaty v Kazachstánu, asi 400-200 př. n. l.

Sakové (též Šakové, staropersky Sakā, starořecky Σάκαι, Sákai, latinsky Sacae) byli příslušníci podskupiny íránských nomádských kmenů Skytů, kteří se v době mezi 6. stoletím př. n. l.3. stoletím pohybovali napříč Persii až po Čínu, resp. mezi eurasijskou stepí a tarimskou pánví. V 6. století př. n. l. jim vládl Skuncha, známý z reliéfu a popisky na Behistunském nápisu.

Ačkoliv Sakové byli úzce příbuzní, často spojenci a spolubojovníci sousedních kmenů, přece se odlišovali od Skytů z pontské stepi a Massagetů z oblasti Aralského jezera,[1][2] i když jsou součástí širších skytských kultur.[3] Stejně jako Skytové jsou i Sakové nakonec spojováni s ranou andronovskou kulturou. Jejich jazyk tvořil součást skytských jazyků. Mezi významné archeologické ostatky Saků patří Aržan,[4] Tunnug,[5] pohřebiště Pazyryk[6] a Issyk kurgan, kurganské hrobky,[7] tasmolské mohyly[8] a možná Tillia tepe.

Ve 2. století před naším letopočtem bylo mnoho Saků vytlačeno Jüe-či ze stepí v Sogdianě a Baktrii, a poté pronikli na severozápad indického subkontinentu, kde byli známí jako Indoskythové.[9][10][11] Na území Indie založili království Indoskythů a později říši Západních kšatrapů. Jiná část Saků napadla Parthskou říši a nakonec se usadila v Sistánu, zatímco jiní se možná přesunuli do Dianu v Jün-nanu na území Číny. V oblasti tarimské pánve a pouště Taklamakan v severozápadní Číně se usadili v Chotanu, Jarkendu, Kašgaru a dalších místech, která byla v různých dobách vazaly větších mocností jako Říše Chan a Říše Tchang.[12]

Odkazy

Reference

V tomto článku byly použity překlady textů z článků Sakovia na slovenské Wikipedii a Saka na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. KRAMRISCH, Stella. Central Asian Arts: Nomadic Cultures [online]. [cit. 2018-09-01]. Dostupné online. 
  2. Bruno & David 2018 "Horse-riding nomadism has been referred to as the culture of 'Early Nomads'. This term encompasses different ethnic groups (such as Scythians, Saka, Massagetae, and Yuezhi)..."
  3. UNTERLÄNDER, Martina. Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe. Nature Communications. March 3, 2017, s. 14615. DOI 10.1038/ncomms14615. PMID 28256537. Bibcode 2017NatCo...814615U. 
  4. ZAITSEVA, G. I.; CHUGUNOV, K. V.; ALEKSEEV, A. Yu; DERGACHEV, V. A.; VASILIEV, S. S.; SEMENTSOV, A. A.; COOK, G. Chronology of Key Barrows Belonging to Different Stages of the Scythian Period in Tuva (Arzhan-1 and Arzhan-2 Barrows). Radiocarbon. 2007/ed, s. 645–658. ISSN 0033-8222. DOI 10.1017/S0033822200042545. (anglicky) 
  5. CASPARI, Gino; SADYKOV, Timur; BLOCHIN, Jegor; HAJDAS, Irka. Tunnug 1 (Arzhan 0) – an early Scythian kurgan in Tuva Republic, Russia. Archaeological Research in Asia. 2018-09-01, s. 82–87. ISSN 2352-2267. DOI 10.1016/j.ara.2017.11.001. 
  6. DERGACHEV, V. A.; VASILIEV, S. S.; SEMENTSOV, A. A.; ZAITSEVA, G. I.; CHUGUNOV, K. A.; SLJUSARENKO, I. Ju. Dendrochronology and Radiocarbon Dating Methods in Archaeological Studies of Scythian Sites. Radiocarbon. 2001/ed, s. 417–424. ISSN 0033-8222. DOI 10.1017/S0033822200038273. (anglicky) 
  7. PANYUSHKINA, Irina; GRIGORIEV, Fedor; LANGE, Todd; ALIMBAY, Nursan. Radiocarbon and Tree-Ring Dates of the Bes-Shatyr #3 Saka Kurgan in the Semirechiye, Kazakhstan. Radiocarbon. 2013/ed, s. 1297–1303. ISSN 0033-8222. DOI 10.1017/S0033822200048207. (anglicky) 
  8. BEISENOV, Àrman Z.; DUISENBAY, Daniyar; AKHIYAROV, Islam; SARGIZOVA, Gulzada. Dromos Burials of Tasmola Culture in Central Kazakhstan. The Anthropologist. 2016-10-01, s. 25–33. ISSN 0972-0073. DOI 10.1080/09720073.2016.11892125. 
  9. BENJAMIN, Craig. The Yuezhi Migration and Sogdia [online]. Ērān ud Anērān Webfestschrift Marshak, March 2003 [cit. 2015-03-01]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2015-02-18. 
  10. Chinese History – Sai 塞 The Saka People or Soghdians [online]. [cit. 2015-03-01]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu dne 2015-01-19. 
  11. Beckwith 2009, s. 85 "The Saka, or Śaka, people then began their long migration that ended with their conquest of northern India, where they are also known as the Indo-Scythians."
  12. SINOR, Denis; DENIS, Sinor. The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. [s.l.]: Cambridge University Press 540 s. Dostupné online. ISBN 978-0-521-24304-9. (anglicky) Google-Books-ID: ST6TRNuWmHsC. 

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