Karbonáty (geologie)

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Karbonáty neboli uhličitany jsou v geologii velmi rozšířenými minerály nekovového vzhledu, většinou světlých barev, snadno rozpustné v kyselinách (kalcit a aragonit i za studena). Tvoří se v nejrůznějších podmínkách, převážně jsou sedimentárního původu (vápence, dolomity), mnoho jich vzniká hydrotermálními pochody a také při zvětrávání (Pb, Cu, Zn a jiné karbonáty). Odpařováním solanek v tropických nebo pouštních podmínkách krystalují různé hydratované uhličitany.[1]

Členění karbonátů

Dělí se podle různých hledisek.

Zjednodušeně rozdělení

1. hexagonální karbonáty, vyznačující se nápadnou romboedrickou štěpností, ke kterým patří kalcit, dolomit, magnezit, ankerit, siderit, rodochrozit, smithsonit a jiné. Jejich kationty se často vzájemně zastupují.

2. kosočtverecné karbonáty s méně výraznou prizmatickou štěpností, které reprezentují především aragonit, witherit, cerusit a jiné.

3. jednoklonné (bázické) karbonáty, například malachit, azurit.[1]

Karbonátové horniny

se z převážné části skládají z uhličitanů, obvykle z kalcitu, dolomitu, magnezitu nebo sideritu. Podle původu rozlišujeme:

1. karbonátové horniny sedimentární, které jsou v přírodě zastoupeny nejhojněji a k nimž patří vápence, dolomity, některé siderity a jiné.

2. karbonátové horniny metamorfované, na příklad mramory.

3. karbonátové horniny metasomatické, většinou to jsou magnezity.[2]

Členění podle struktutních typů

Karbonáty řady kalcitu

Karbonáty řady aragonitu

Karbonáty skupiny dolomitu

Karbonáty s jiným typem struktury

Reference

  1. ↑ a b PETRÁNEK, Jan. Encyklopedie geologie. 1. vyd. Praha: Česká geologická služba, 2016. 352 s. ISBN 978-80-7075-901-1. S. 128. 
  2. ↑ SVOBODA, Josef F. Naučný geologický slovník, II. díl: N – Ž. 1. vyd. Praha: Ústřední ústav geologický, Československá akademie věd, 1961. 832 s. S. 547. 
  3. ↑ Systematická mineralogie - 7.7. Karbonáty. www.sci.muni.cz [online]. [cit. 2021-09-13]. Dostupné online. 

Externí odkazy

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