Karboniový ion

Karboniový ion je obecně jakýkoliv kation s pětivazným atomem uhlíku.[1] Označení karbonium se také používá pro nejjednodušší ion z této skupiny, což je methanium (CH +
5 ).[2]

Nejjednodušší z ostatních karboniových iontů mají dva atomy uhlíku; ethynium, tedy protonovaný ethyn (C2H +
3 ), ethenium, protonovaný ethen (C2H +
5 ) a ethanium, protonovfaný ethan ((C2H +
7 )). Ethanium bylo zkoumáno pomocí infračervené spektroskopie.[3] Dalším prozkoumaným karboniovým iontem je oktonium (C8H +
19 ).[4] Karboniové ionty mívají rovinnou geometrii.

Ve starší literatuře se pojem „karboniové ionty“ používal pro částice v současnosti nazývané karbeniové ionty. Současnou definici navrhl George Andrew Olah v roce 1972.[1]

Karboniové ionty jsou většinou nestabilní, existují však i poměrně stabilní, jako například komplex pentakis(trifenylfosfinozlato(I))methanium (PH3PAu)5C+.[5]

Příprava

Karboniové ionty lze vytvořit reakcí alkenu s velmi silnou zásadou.[6] V průmyslové výrobě vznikají při tepelném krakování ropy.[7]

Odkazy

Související články

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Carbonium ion na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. ↑ a b George Andrew Olah. Stable carbocations. CXVIII. General concept and structure of carbocations based on differentiation of trivalent (classical) carbenium ions from three-center bound penta- or tetracoordinated (nonclassical) carbonium ions. Role of carbocations in electrophilic reactions. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1972, s. 808–820. 
  2. ↑ Doo Wan Boo; Yuan T. Lee. Infrared spectroscopy of the molecular hydrogen solvated carbonium ions, CH +
    5     (H2)n) (n = 1–6). The Journal of Chemical Physics. 1995, s. 520. Dostupné online. Bibcode 1995JChPh.103..520B.     
  3. ↑ L. I. Yeh; J. M. Price; Yuan T. Lee. Infrared spectroscopy of the pentacoordinated carbonium ion C2H +
    7     . Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1989, s. 5597.     
  4. ↑ Christa Seitz; Allan L. L. East. Isomers of Protonated Octane, C8H +
    19     . The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 2002, s. 11653. Bibcode 2002JPCA..10611653S.     
  5. ↑ George Andrew Olah. Onium Ions. [s.l.]: John Wiley & Sons, 1998. ISBN 9780471148777. 
  6. ↑ J. Sommer; R. Jost. Carbenium and carbonium ions in liquid- and solid-superacid-catalyzed activation of small alkanes. Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2000, s. 2309. 
  7. ↑ Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. DOE (2006). "Energy Bandwidth for Petroleum Refining Processes"

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