↑Etnier, D.A. i W.C. Starnes, 1993. The fishes of Tennessee. The University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville (Tennessee), Estats Units.
↑Breder, C.M. i D.E. Rosen, 1966. Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, Nova Jersey, Estats Units. 941 p.
↑Altman, P.L. i D.S. Dittmer, 1962. Growth, including reproduction and morphological development. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology