Transaminaza

Reakcija aminotransfera između aminokiseline i alfa keto kiseline. Amino (NH2) i keto (=O) grupa su razmijenjene.
Aspartat transaminaza E. coli sa piridoksal 5' fosfatnim kofactorom

Transaminaza ili aminotransferaza – u biohemiji – je enzim koji katalizira reakciju između aminokiseline i alfa;-keto kiseline. Značajna je u sintezi aminokiselina, koje grade proteine. U medicini, važan je pokazatelj oštećenja jetre.[1][2][3]

Aminokiselina sadrži amin (NH2), a keto kiselina keto (=O) grupu. U transaminaciji, NH2 grupa na nekoj molekuli se zamijeni =O grupom na drugoj molekuli. Aminokiselina postaje keto kiselina, a ova aminokiselina. Neke transaminacijske aktivnosti na ribosomu katalizirane su putem tzv. ribozima (RNK enzima). Primeri su čekićasti ribozim, VS ribozim i ukosnica ribozim.

Transaminazni enzimi su važni u proizvodnji raznih aminokiselina, a mjerenje koncentracija raznih transaminaza u krvi je važno u dijagnostici i praćenju mnogih bolesti. Transaminaze zahtijevaju koenzim piridoksal-fosfat, koji se, u prvoj fazi reakcije, pretvara u piridoksamin, kada se aminokiselina pretvara u keto kiselinu. Enzim vezan piridoksamin zauzvrat reagira s piruvatom, oksaloacetatom ili alfa-ketoglutaratom, dajući alanin, asparaginsku kiselinu ili glutaminsku kiselinu. Mnoge reakcije transaminacije koje se odvijaju u tkivima s katalizirane su transaminazama, specifičnim za određeni par amino / keto kiselina. Reakcije su lako reverzibilne, pravac određuje koja je od reaktanti u suvišku. Specifični enzimi se nazvivaju po jednom od reaktantnih parova; primjerice: reakcije između glutaminske kiseline i piruvata, kada nastaje alfa ketoglutarna kiselina i alanin, a zove se glutaminska-piruvat transaminaza ili skraćeno GPT.[4][5][6]

Tkivne transaminazne aktivnosti mogu biti istraženi inkubacijom homogenata s raznim parovima amino/keto kiselina. Transaminacija se javlja ukoliko se formiraju odgovarajuće nove aminokiseline i keto kiselina, što otkriva čak i papirna hromatografija. Reverzibilnost se ispoljava pomoću komplementarne keto/amino kiseline kao para za pokretanje reaktanata. Prema hromatograma se uzima otapalo, pa se tretira ninhidrinom za lociranje mjesta enzima.[7][8][9]

Prisustvo povišene transaminaze može biti pokazatelj oštećenja jetre. Dva važna transaminazna enzima su aspartat transaminaza (AST), poznat i kao serum glutaminska oksalosirćetna transaminaza (SGOT) i alanin transaminaza (ALT), koja se naziva i alanin aminotransferaza (ALAT) ili serum glutamat-piruvat transaminaza (SGPT). Do ovog otkrića je došao Fernando De Ritis, Mario Coltorti i Giuseppe Giusti u 1955., na napuljskom unuverzitetu (University of Naples).[10][11][12]

Također pogledajte

Reference

  1. ^ Voet D., Voet J. (1995): Biochemistry, 2nd Ed. Wiley, http://www.wiley.com/college/math/chem/cg/sales/voet.html.
  2. ^ Bugg T. (1997): An introduction to enzyme and coenzyme chemistry. Blackwell Science, Oxford, ISBN 0-86542-793-3.
  3. ^ Međedović S., Maslić E., Hadžiselimović R. (2000): Biologija 2. Svjetlost, Sarajevo, ISBN 9958-10-222-6.
  4. ^ Lindhorst T. (2007): Essentials of carbohydrate chemistry and biochemistry. Wiley-VCH, 3527315284.
  5. ^ Bajrović K, Jevrić-Čaušević A., Hadžiselimović R., Ed. (2005): Uvod u genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju. Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju (INGEB), Sarajevo, ISBN 9958-9344-1-8.
  6. ^ Hunter G. K. (2000): Vital Forces. The discovery of the molecular basis of life. Academic Press, London 2000, ISBN 0-12-361811-8.
  7. ^ Nelson D. L., Cox M. M. (2013): Lehninger principles of biochemistry. W. H. Freeman and Co., ISBN 978-1-4641-0962-1.
  8. ^ Hall J. E., Guyton A. C. (2006): Textbook of medical physiology, 11th edition. Elsevier Saunders, St. Louis, Mo, ISBN 0-7216-0240-1.
  9. ^ Kapur Pojskić L., Ed. (2014): Uvod u genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju, 2. izdanje. Institut za genetičko inženjerstvo i biotehnologiju (INGEB), Sarajevo, ISBN 978-9958-9344-8-3.
  10. ^ http://vecchiosito.bnnonline.it/news/serata.htm
  11. ^ http://notizie-segreteria-liver-pool.blogspot.it/2009/01/e-morto-il-prof-coltorti-scopr-le.html
  12. ^ "Arhivirana kopija". Arhivirano s originala, 13. 5. 2013. Pristupljeno 18. 12. 2015.CS1 održavanje: arhivirana kopija u naslovu (link)

Vanjski linkovi

Transaminases na US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

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