Madinar Tunis ita ce kwata ta madina ta Tunis, babban birnin kasar Tunisia. Ya kasance wurin Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO tun a shekarar 1979.[1] Madina na kunshe da abubuwan tarihi guda 700 da suka hada da fadoji, masallatai, kabarbare, madrasa da mabubbuga tun daga zamanin Almohad da Hafsid.[2]
Tarihi
An kafa shi a cikin 698 a kusa da ainihin ainihin Masallacin Zitouna, Madinar Tunis ta ci gaba a cikin Tsakanin Zamani.[3] Babban madaidaicin shine tsakanin masallacin da cibiyar gwamnati zuwa yamma a cikin kasbah. Zuwa gabas wannan babbar hanya ta miƙe zuwa Bab el Bhar. Fadada arewa da kudu ya raba babbar madina gida biyu arewa (Bab Souika) da kudu (Bab El Jazira).[4]
Kafin Khalifancin Almohad, wasu garuruwa irin su Mahdia da Kairouan sun kasance manyan birane. A karkashin mulkin Almohad, Tunis ta zama hedkwatar Ifriqiya,[5] kuma a zamanin Hafsid ta bunkasa ta zama cibiyar addini, ilimi da tattalin arziki.[6] A zamanin Hafsid ne madina kamar yadda muka sani a yanzu ta dauki nauyinta mai muhimmanci.[7] A hankali ta sami wasu gine-gine da abubuwan tarihi waɗanda suka haɗa nau'ikan Ifriqiya, Andalusian da tasirin Gabas, amma kuma ta ari wasu ginshiƙai da manyan abubuwan tarihi na Roman da Rumawa.
Tsarin zamantakewa da na birni
Hanyar sadarwa ta Tunis madina
Tare da fadin kadada 270 (kadada 670)[8] (tare da kadada 29 (kadada 72) na gundumar kasbah) kuma kusan mazaunan 110,000, Madina tana da kashi goma na yawan al'ummar Tunis kuma kashi shida na yankin birni na kasar. agglomeration.
Rukunin tsarin gine-ginen birni ya rura wutar gabaɗayan wallafe-wallafen mulkin mallaka na Madina mai haɗari, tashin hankali da rikice-rikice, da yankin kwanto. Duk da haka, tun daga shekarun 1930, tare da isowar masana ilimin ƙabilanci na farko, bincike ya nuna cewa faɗar yankunan Madina ba da gangan ba ne, kuma ana gina gidaje bisa ga ƙa'idodin zamantakewar al'umma, waɗanda aka tsara su bisa ga hadaddun nau'ikan dangantakar ɗan adam. Yawancin wallafe-wallafen sun yi cikakken bayani game da ci gaban tsarin Madina da tsarin ba da fifiko ga wuraren jama'a da masu zaman kansu, wuraren zama da kasuwanci, masu tsarki da ƙazanta.
Tsarin birni na Madina na Tunis yana da bambanci na rashin biyayya ga shimfidu na geometric ko na yau da kullun kamar gridlines. Duk da haka gatari arewa-kudu da gabas-maso-yamma suna kwatankwacin kwatankwacin kado na Roman kado da decumanus (Sidi Ben Arous, Jemaa Zitouna da Pasha Streets) da ke haduwa a harabar masallacin Zitouna, gidan sallah da karatu. Manyan tituna sun hada da manyan tituna; titunan sakandare kuma a ƙarshe, ƙananan cul-de-sacs. Wani lokaci ana keɓe gabaɗayan wuraren masu zaman kansu don mata. Yanayin da aka gina gabaɗaya yana da alaƙa da juxtaposition na manyan filaye (600 m2) da mallakar haɗin gwiwa.
Ma'anar sararin samaniya yana da shakku a cikin Madina inda ake daukar tituna a matsayin fadada gidaje da kuma bin abubuwan zamantakewa. Tunanin mallakar mutum ɗaya ba shi da ƙarfi kuma nuni a cikin souks galibi suna zubewa kan babbar hanya. An ƙarfafa wannan ra'ayin ta wurin wurin shago (kimanin 3 m2) da ɗakin kwana (10m2)
Maraice a Ramdhane Bey Square
Ramdhane Bey Square
Titin El Halfaouine
Titin Bir lahjar
Dangane da gine-ginen cikin gida, yayin da ake mayar da gini baya daga shagunan, ana samun ƙarin darajarsa. Manufar janyewa da keɓantawa shine mafi mahimmanci. Ƙarshen ƙaddamar da tsarin magudanar ruwa yana nufin cewa har yanzu ruwan sharar gida da yawa yana gudana a cikin titunan Madina. Manyan gidaje da wurare masu daraja gabaɗaya suna cikin gundumar da take da tsayi mafi tsayi, kwata na Kasbah. Filayen rufin Madina kuma wuri ne mai mahimmanci ga zamantakewa, kamar yadda fim din Halfaouine na Férid Boughedir ya bayyana.
A zamanin yau, kowace gunduma tana riƙe da al'adunta kuma fafatawa na iya yin ƙarfi. Don haka, yankin arewa na goyon bayan kulob din kwallon kafa na Espérance Sportive de Tunis yayin da bangaren kudancin ke zama gunduma na kishiyar Club Africain. Madina ta kuma shaida rabuwar zamantakewa: gundumomin Tourbet el Bey da kasbah sun fi wadata, masu alƙalai da ƴan siyasa, titin Pasha sojoji ne da ƴan kasuwa ('yan kasuwa da manyan mutane), da ƙananan al'ummomi irin su Hafisa. al'ummar Yahudawa sun rayu a al'ada.
Gine-gine
Facade na mausoleum na Hammouda Pasha, wani bangare na masallacin saKofa a madina
Daular Muradin sun kasance manyan magina a Madina. Hammouda Pasha (1631 – 1666) shi ne ke da alhakin gina wasu souks da yawa a cikin Madina, da kuma fadoji da dama, ciki har da Dar Hammouda Pacha da wanda ya gabaci Dar El Bey na zamani. A shekara ta 1655, ya sa masu gine-ginen Daular Usmaniyya suka gina masallacin Hammouda Pacha a cikin salon Turkawa, tare da wata katafaren minarat mai ban sha'awa, wanda a karkashinta ya gina katafaren danginsa.[9] Ɗansa Murad II Bey (1666-1675) ya gina Madrasah na Mouradia, wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga mazhabar shari'ar Musulunci ta Maliki.[10] Dan Murad Mohamed Bey El Mouradi (1686-1696) ya gina abubuwan tarihi da dama a kasar Tunisiya da suka hada da (Masallacin Sidi Mahrez), wanda aka kera a masallatan Istanbul tare da babban kubba na tsakiya.
Sarkin Husaini Ali II ibn Hussein (1759-1782) ya gina Tourbet el Bey a kudancin Madina a matsayin makabarta ga danginsa,[11][12] ita ce abin tunawa mafi girma a Tunis.[13]
A zamanin Muhammad III as-Sadik (1859-1882) ganuwar Madina ta yi mugun gyare-gyare ta yadda a wasu wuraren suka yi barazanar rugujewa. A shekara ta 1865 ya fara rusa su, tare da wasu ƙofofin tarihi na Madina: Bab Cartagena, Bab Souika, Bab Bnet da Bab El Jazira.
Tun zamanin Hafsid an fara samun madrasa a madina ta Tunis wacce ta fito da salon Gabashin Larabawa. An kafa ta don yi wa Almohads hidima ta hanyar haɓaka ma'aikata don ayyukan jama'a. Sarakunan Hafsidu ne suka dauki nauyin kafa makarantun, kuma sarakunan sarakunan sun halarci wannan yunkurin da kuma shirye-shiryen malamai da limamai a wannan fanni, inda madrastoci da dama suka bullo a matsayin hanyar da za a bi wajen hada kai. An ci gaba da kafa makarantu bayan mamaye kasar Tunusiya da Daular Usmaniyya ta yi, sai dai makasudin kafa wadannan makarantun ya canza a tsawon lokaci. Tun a karni na 17 da Daular Usmaniyya suka iso, suka yi amfani da wadannan madrasas don yada mazhabar Hanafiyya. Duk da haka a cikin karni na 20, rawar da waɗannan madrasas ke takawa ya ta'allaka ne ga masaukin ɗaliban da ke karatu a Jami'ar Ez-Zitouna.
Masallatai
Minaret masallacin Hammouda-Pacha
Madina ta kunshi galibin manya manyan masallatai na babban birnin kasar, wadanda duk an gina su tun kafin ma'aikatar tsaron Faransa.
An gina babban masallacin Zitouna a shekara ta 732 a tsakiyar birnin Madina, sannan aka sake gina shi a shekara ta 864. Haka nan kuma ya kasance wuri mai muhimmanci na al'adu da ilimi na tsawon lokaci, wanda ya kasance gidan jami'ar Zitouna har zuwa lokacin da kasar Tunisia ta samu 'yancin kai. Har yanzu dai tana gudanar da bukukuwan tunawa da manyan ranakun kalandar musulmi da shugaban kasar ke halarta akai-akai.
Masallacin Kasbah da aka gina a tsakanin shekara ta 1231 zuwa 1235, shi ne masallaci na biyu da aka gina a Madina, wanda aka yi wa masu mulki da kansu, wadanda ke zaune a Kasbah da ke kusa. An bambanta shi musamman da kubba a cikin stalactites da ke gaban mihrab da kuma minaret da ke tunawa da na Koutoubia na Marrakech kuma ita ce mafi girma a cikin Madina.
Masallacin Ksar na ibadar Hanafiyya da ke gaban Dar Hussein (Bab Menara), an gina shi ne a karni na 12 a karkashin daular Khurasanid.[14]
Masallacin Youssef Dey ya fara aiki ne a matsayin larabci kafin ya zama masallaci a shekara ta 1631, kuma shi ne masallacin farko na zamanin Daular Usmaniyya da Turkiyya. Masallacin Hammouda-Pacha, wanda aka gina a shekara ta 1655, shi ne masallaci na biyu na ibadar Hanefite da aka gina a kasar Tunisiya yayin da masallacin Sidi Mahrez ya kasance masallaci mafi girma da irin wannan a kasar. An gina shi daga shekara ta 1692 zuwa 1697, wanda Ottoman ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, kuma yana tunawa da wasu masallatan Istanbul kamar Blue Mosque (wanda aka gina tsakanin 1609 zuwa 1616) da Yeni Valide (aka kammala a 1663). Masallacin El Jedid, wanda wanda ya kafa daular Hussein Hussein the Ist Bey ya gina tsakanin 1723 zuwa 1727, yana da, kamar masallatan Youssef Dey da Hammouda-Pacha, minaret octagonal na Ottoman.
Masallacin Zaytuna
Kotun Masallacin Zitouna
Masallacin El Ksar wanda ya samo asali daga karni na 12 (ban da minaret da aka gina a karni na 17)
Masallacin Youssef Dey ( Rabin farko na karni na 17)
Dakin sallah na masallaci Sidi Mahrez (Karshen karni na 17)
Duban masallacin Saheb Ettabaâ (farkon karni na 19)
Fadaje
Fadaje ko Dars na daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan tarihi na tsohon birnin Tunis, wadanda 'yan siyasa, masu hannu da shuni da manyan mutane ke zaune a birnin.
Dar Lasram
Dar Ben Achour
Dar Al Jaziri
Fasahar zamani
Madina, tsohon birni, na Tunis yana ɗaukar nauyin manyan ayyuka biyu mafi girma na fasahar zamani a Tunisiya. Madina tana musanya kowace shekara tsakanin karbar INTERFERENCE da Dream City. Waɗannan ayyukan fasaha guda biyu suna saka hannun jari a sararin samaniya kuma suna zana ciki da waje na waɗannan tsoffin kayan gini don ƙirƙirar fasaha. Amma waɗannan kuma wurare ne inda masu sauraro za su iya samun ƙwarewa ta musamman na fasaha na zamani.
An kafa Dream City a cikin 2007 ta Salma Ouissi da Sofian Ouissi "a matsayin amsa ga yanayin siyasar Tunisiya da kuma sake dawo da filin jama'a da 'yan siyasa suka kwace". Yana ci gaba da zama aikin fasaha guda ɗaya wanda ke ƙalubalantar kyawawan abubuwan zamani a cikin ƙasar. Kowane bugu na bikin yana ba da abubuwan ƙirƙira daban-daban na Tunis a fagagen fasaha da yawa: raye-raye, fasahar filastik, bidiyo, wasan kwaikwayo, kiɗa, adabi, wasan kwaikwayo, da sauransu. Ayyukan sun sami wahayi ta jigon zamantakewa na shekara kuma an tsara su don kowane wuri.
INTERFERENCE shine aikin fasahar haske na farko na wannan sikelin da zai gudana a nahiyar Afirka. Aymen Gharbi da Bettina Pelz ne suka kafa a cikin 2016, bugu na farko ya yi nasara saboda yunƙurin haɗin gwiwar masu sa kai kusan 200, al'ummar Madina, ɗimbin ƙungiyoyi, cibiyoyi, da kamfanoni da ɗimbin masu fasaha na duniya. Dukansu Gharbi da Pelz an korisu don ƙirƙirar wannan biki ta rashin bambance-bambance a cikin damar sana'a ga matasa masu ƙirƙira a Tunisiya. A cikin martani, waɗannan masu ba da izini biyu sun samar da sarari don gina sabbin damar yin aiki tare da faɗaɗa hangen nesa na fasaha.
Tsarin birni da zamantakewa na Madina yana ba da kyakkyawar ƙasa don ƙirƙirar zane-zane na zamani da keɓantaccen wuri. Duka bukukuwa da kuma sauran shirye-shiryen al'adu a Tunis sun sami fa'ida daga yanayin zamantakewar al'ummar Madina kuma ana ci gaba da la'akari da shi a matsayin wata hanyar bunkasa fasaha da ci gaba. Masu fasaha da masu ƙirƙira suna cike da wadatar gine-ginen gine-gine da zamantakewa na tsohon birni kuma suna ganin yana da ban sha'awa da ƙarfafawa ga aikin zane-zane. Kamar yadda gentrification bai shafi Madina a kan wani babban sikelin kawai har yanzu, da zamantakewa da kuma birane nama yana ba da batutuwa da wuraren da za a gano da kuma zama wani ɓangare na m tsari na duka kasa da kasa da kuma na kasa artists don gudanar da bincike na zamani zamantakewa duniyoyin Tunisiya.
A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, fasahar zamani ta zama wani muhimmin sashi na ainihin Madina ta Tunis kanta.
↑Smart S. Baadj, Saladin, the Almohads and the Banū Ghāniya: The Contest for North Africa (12th and 13th centuries), BRILL, 2015 p.158 accessed 12/6/2017
↑Joseph W. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, Routledge, 2005 p.309 accessed 11/6/2017
↑Ibn Abi Dhiaf, Présent des hommes de notre temps. Chroniques des rois de Tunis et du pacte fondamental, vol. II, éd. Maison tunisienne de l'édition, Tunis, 1990, p. 55
↑Georges Pillement, La Tunisie inconnue, ed. Albin Michel, Paris, 1972, p. 66
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