Svjetlosni refleks zjenice

Reakcija zjenice na svjetlost
Kada se ugasi svjetlo, zjenica sipe (u obliku slova W) se širi
Za ispitivanje svjetlosnog refleksa zjenice, upotrebljava se medicinska halogena lampa

Svjetlosni refleks zjenice, poznatiji kao pupilarni svjetlosni refleks, zjenični svjetlosni refleks ili fotopupilarni refleks je refleks koji kontrolira promjer zjenice, kao odgovor na intenzivno (blještavo) svjetlo koja pada na ganglijske ćelije mrežnjače, čime pomaže u adaptaciji na različite razine svjetlosti/tame.[1][2]

Veći intenzitet svjetlosti uzrokuje stiskanje zjenica (miozu), što omogućava prolaz manje svjetlosti, dok manji intenzitet svjetlosti uzrokuje širenje zjenica (midrijazu, koja omogućava više svjetlosti). Dakle, ovaj refleks zjenice je reguliran intenzitetom svjetlosti koja ulazi u oči.[3]

Put zjeničnog svjetlosnog refleks ima aferentnu (unutar vidnog živca (CN II) i eferentnu granu (u okulomotornom živcu – CN III). Fotoosjetljive ganglijske ćelije mrežnjače se projiciraju dvostrano u pretkrovno jezgo (pretektalno jezgro). Ono se projicira ukršteno, a neukrštena vlakna idu u Edinger-Westphalovo jezgro, što daje preganglijska parasimpatička vlakna. Ova vlakna izlaze iz srednjeg mozga sa CN III i sinapse sa postganglijskim parasimpatičkim neuronom cilijarne ganglije, koji inervira kružni mišić (sfinkter) mišića irisa.[4]

Mehanizam

Put u cilijarnoj gangliji. Zeleno = parasimpatikus; Crveno = simpatikus; plavo = senzorno

Očni živac, preciznije, fotoosjetljive ganglijske ćelije, preko hipotalamusnog trakta, je odgovornan za uzlaznu (aferentnu) ktak svjetlosnog refleksa zjenice. Za eferentni je krak je odgovoran okulomotorni nerv zjeničnog refleksa, koji grči (kontrahira) mišiće zjenice.[3]

Neuron 1 (mrežnjača)

Put svjetlosnog refleksa zjenice počinje sa fotoosjetljivim ganglijskim ćelijama mrežnjače, koji prenose informacije putem vidnog živca, pretežno periferno, distalno, dijelom koji je optički disk. Neki aksoni vidnog nerva se povezuju sa pretektumskim jezgrom donjeg dijela srednjeg mozga, umjesto ćelija bočnog koljenastog jezgra (koje se projicira na primarni vidni korteks ).

Ove suštinski fotoosjetljive ganglije se također nazivaju i melanopsini – koji sadrže ćelije, a one utiču na dnevnonoćne ritmove, kao i svjetlosni refleks.zjenice

Neuron 2 (pretkrovna jezgra)

Od neuronskog tijela ćelija u nekim od pretektumskih jezgara, aksonske sinapse za vezu sa neuronom u Edinger-Westphalovom jezgru. Ovi neuroni su preganglijske ćelije sa aksonima koji su u okulomotornom živcu ka cilijarnoj gangliji.

Neuron 3 (Edinger-Westphalova jezgra)

Aksoni parasimpatikusnih vlakana su u okulomotornom živcu, u sinapsi na neuronima cilijarne ganglije.

Neuron 4 (cilijarna ganglija)

Kratki postganglijski cilijarni živac izlazi iz cilijarne ganglije i inervira sfinkterni mišič šarenice.[3]

Također pogledajte

Reference

  1. ^ Međedović S., Maslić E., Hadžiselimović R. (2002). Biologija 2. Svjetlost, Sarajevo. ISBN 9958-10-222-6.CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Hadžiselimović R., Maslić E. (1996). Biologija 1. Sarajevo: Federecija Bosne i Hercegovine – Ministarstvo obrazovanja, nauke, kulture i sporta.
  3. ^ a b c Purves, Dale, George J. Augustine, David Fitzpatrick, William C. Hall, Anthony-Samuel LaMantia, James O. McNamara, and Leonard E. White (2008). Neuroscience. 4th ed. Sinauer Associates. str. 290–1. ISBN 978-0-87893-697-7.CS1 održavanje: više imena: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Kaufman, Paul L.; Levin, Leonard A.; Alm, Albert (2011). Adler's Physiology of the Eye. Elsevier Health Sciences. str. 508. ISBN 0-323-05714-4.

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