Rožnjačna stroma

Rožnjačna stroma
Okomiti presjek ljudske rožnjače blizu ruba (Waldeyer), uvećano.
  1. Kosa vlakna u prednjem sloju substantia propria
  2. Lamele, čija su vlakna prerezana poprečno, dajući tačkasti izgled
  3. Krvna tjelašca rožnjače, koja se u presjeku pojavljuju fuziformno
  4. Lamele, čija se vlakna uzdužno režu
  5. Prijelaz na bionjaču, s izraženijom fibrilacijom, nadvišenom debljim epitelom
  6. Mali krvni sudovi presječeni blizu ruba rožnjače
Detalji
Identifikatori
Latinski'Substantia propria corneae'
MeSHD003319
TA98A15.2.02.020
FMA58306
Anatomska terminologija

Stroma rožnjače (ili substantia propria) jest vlaknasti, žilavi, nepopustljivi, savršeno prozirni i najdeblji sloj očne rožnjače. Nalazi se između Bowmanove sprijeda i Descemetove membrane otraga.

U svom središtu, ljudska stoma sastoji se od oko 200 spljoštenih lamela (slojeva kolagenih vlakana), naslonjenih jedna na drugu.[1] Svaka je debljine oko 1,5–2,5 μm. Prednje lamele se isprepliću više od stražnjih. Vlakna svake lamele međusobno su paralelna, ali pod različitim uglovima u odnosu na susjedne lamele. Lamele proizvode keratociti (ćelije vezivnog tkiva rožnjače), koje zauzimaju oko 10% supstantia propria.

Osim ćelija, glavni bezvodni sastojci strome su kolagenske fibrile i proteoglikani. Kolagena vlakna izrađena su od mješavine kolagena tip I i tip V. Ove molekule su nagnute za oko 15 stepeni prema osi fibrila i zbog toga je aksijalna periodičnost vlakana smanjena na 65 nm (u tetivama je periodičnost 67 nm). Promjer vlakana je izuzetno jednolik i varira od vrste do vrste. U ljudi je oko 31 nm.[2] Proteoglikani su napravljeni od malog proteinskskog jezgra, na koje je vezan jedan ili više glikozaminoglikana (GAG) lanaca. GAG lanci su negativno nabijeni. U rožnjači postoje dvije različite vrste proteoglikana: hondroitin-sulfat / dermatan sulfati (CD / DS) i keratan sulfati (KS). U goveđoj rožnjači, dužina CS/DS proteoglikana je oko 70 nm, dok su KS proteoglikani dugi oko 40 nm. Proteinska jezgra proteoglikana pričvršćuju se na površinu vlakana kolagena putem GAG lanaca, koji strše prema vani. GAG lanci su u stanju da formiraju antiparalelne veze sa drugim GAG lancima iz susjednih fibrila, možda posredstvom pozitivno nabijenih jona. Na taj način nastaju mostovi između susjednih kolagenskih vlakana. Ovi mostovi su podložni toplotnom kretanju što ih sprečava da poprime potpuno proširenu konformaciju. To rezultira silama koje teže međusobnom približavanju susjednih vlakana. Istovremeno, naboji na lancima GAG privlače ione i molekule vode pomoću Donnavanovog efekta. Povećana količina vode između vlakana rezultira silama koje teže njihovom razdvajanju. Postiže se ravnoteža između privlačećih i odbojnih sila za određene međufibrilskee udaljenosti, što ovisi o vrsti prisutnih proteoglikana.[3] Lokalno su razdvajanja između susjednih vlakana kolagena vrlo ujednačena.

Prozirnost strome uglavnom je posljedica izvanrednog stupnja uređenosti rasporeda kolagenih vlakana u lamelama i jednolikosti promjera fibrila. Svjetlost koja ulazi u rožnjaču raspršuje se svakom fibrilom. Raspored i promjer vlakana su takvi da raspršena svjetlost ometa konstruktivno samo u pravcu prema naprijed, propuštajući svjetlost do mrežnjače.[4]

Vlakna u lamelama su direktno kontinuirana sa vlaknima bionjače, u kojima su grupirana u snopove. Kolagenska vlakna djeluju više u sljepoočno-nosnom smjeru nego u smjeru gore-dolje.

Tokom razvoja embriona, stroma je izvedena iz nervnog grebena (izvor mezenhima u glavi i vratu.[5][6]

Poremećaji strome

Reference

  1. ^ Oyster, CW (1999). "8". The human eye: structure and function. Sinauer. OL 8562710W.
  2. ^ Meek KM; Quantock AJ (2001). "The Use of X-ray Scattering Techniques to Determine Corneal Ultrastructure". Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 20 (1, pp. 9–137): 95–137. doi:10.1016/S1350-9462(00)00016-1.
  3. ^ Lewis PN; Pinali C; Young RD; Meek KM; Quantock AJ; Knupp C (2010). "Structural Interactions between Collagen and Proteoglycans Are Elucidated by Three-Dimensional Electron Tomography of Bovine Cornea". Structure. 18 (2): 239–245. doi:10.1016/j.str.2009.11.013. PMID 20159468.
  4. ^ Meek KM; Knupp C (2015). "Corneal structure and transparency". Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 49: 1–16. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.001. PMC 4655862. PMID 26145225.
  5. ^ Hoar RM (Apr 1982). "Embryology of the eye". Environ. Health Perspect. 44: 31–34. doi:10.1289/ehp.824431. PMC 1568953. PMID 7084153.
  6. ^ Branch MJ, Hashmani K, Dhillon P, Jones DR, Dua HS, Hopkinson A (Aug 3, 2012). "Mesenchymal stem cells in the human corneal limbal stroma". Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 53 (9): 5109–16. doi:10.1167/iovs.11-8673. PMID 22736610. Arhivirano s originala, 15. 4. 2013. Pristupljeno 6. 10. 2020.

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