Primaza

Toprim domen
Identifikatori
SimbolToprim
PfamPF01751
Pfam klanToprim-like
InterProIPR006171
SCOP22fcj / SCOPe / SUPFAM
Dostupne proteinske strukture:
Pfam  strukture / ECOD  
PDBRCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsumsažetak strukture
Toprim katalitsko jezro
Identifikatori
SimbolToprim-N
PfamPF08275
InterProIPR013264
SCOP21dd9 / SCOPe / SUPFAM
Dostupne proteinske strukture:
Pfam  strukture / ECOD  
PDBRCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsumsažetak strukture
Mala podjedinica AEP DNK-primaze
Identifikatori
SimbolDNK-primaza-S
PfamPF01896
Pfam klanAEP
InterProIPR002755
SCOP21g71 / SCOPe / SUPFAM
Dostupne proteinske strukture:
Pfam  strukture / ECOD  
PDBRCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsumsažetak strukture
Velika podjedinica AEP DNK-primaze
Identifikatori
SimbolDNK-primaza-lrg
PfamPF04104
Pfam klanCL0242
InterProIPR007238
SCOP21zt2 / SCOPe / SUPFAM
Dostupne proteinske strukture:
Pfam  strukture / ECOD  
PDBRCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsumsažetak strukture

DNK-primaza je enzim uključen u replikaciju DNK i tip je RNK-polimeraza. Primaza katalizira sintezu kratke RNK (ili DNK u nekim živim organizmima,[1]) segment koji se naziva prajmer komplementaran šablonu ssDNK (jednolančana DNK). Nakon ove elongacije, komad RNK se uklanja pomoću 5' do 3' egzonukleaza i ponovo se puni DNK.

Funkcija

Asimetrija u sintezi vodećih i zaostalih lanaca, s prikazanom ulogom DNK primaze
Koraci u sintezi DNK, s prikazanom ulogom DNK-primaze

U bakterijama, primaza se vezuje za DNK-helikazu, formirajući kompleks zvani primosom. [Primazu aktivira helikaza, gdje zatim sintetiše kratki prajmer RNK, dug približno 11 ±1 nukleotida, kojem se novi nukleotidi mogu dodati DNK-polimerazom. Arhejske i eukariotske primaze su heterodimerni proteini sa jednom velikom regulatornom i jednom minijaturnom katalitskom podjedinicom.[2]

Segmente RNK prvo sintetiše primaza, a zatim produžava DNK-polimeraza.[3] Zatim DNK-polimeraza formira proteinski kompleks sa dvije podjedinice primaze da bi se formirao kompleks primaze DNK-polimeraze alfa. Primaza je jedna od polimeraza koje su najviše sklone greškama i sporije.[3] Primaze u organizmima kao što je E. coli sintetiziraju oko 2000 do 3000 prajmera brzinom od jednog prajmera u sekundi.[4] Primaza također djeluje kao mehanizam zaustavljanja, kako bi spriječio vodeći lanac da nadmaši zaostajući lanac zaustavljanjem progresije replikacijske viljuške.[5] Korak koji određuje brzinu u primazi je kada se prva fosfodiesterska veza formira između dvije molekulr RNK.[3]

Mehanizmi replikacije razlikuju se između različitih bakterija i virus, gdje se primaza kovalentno vezuje za helikazu u virusima kao što je bakteriofag T7.[5] U virusima kao što je kao herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), primaza može formirati komplekse sa helikazom.[6] Kompleks primaza-helikaza se koristi za odmotavanje dsDNK (dvolančane) i sintetizira zaostali lanac koristeći RNK prajmere.[6] Većina prajmera koje sintetiše primaza duga je dva do tri nukleotida.[6]

Tipovi

Postoje dvija glavna tipa primaza: G-DNK koji se nalazi u većini bakterija i natporodic AEP (Archaeo-Eukariote Primase) pronađena u arhejskim i eukariotskim primazama. Dok se bakterijske primaze (G-DNK-tip) sastoje od jedne proteinske jedinice (monomera) i sintetiziraju RNK prajmere, AEP primaze se obično sastoje od dvije različite primazne jedinice (heterodimer) i sintetiziraju dvodijelne prajmere s komponente i RNK i DNK.[7] Iako su funkcionalno slične, dvije natporodice primaza evoluirale su nezavisno jedna od druge.

G-DNK

Kristalna struktura primaze u E. coli sa jezgrom koje sadrži G-DNK protein utvrđena je 2000. godine.[4] Kompleks G-DNK i primaze je oblika indijskog oraha i sadrži tri poddomene.[4] Centralni poddomen formira toprimski nabor koji je napravljen od mješavine pet beta-listova i šest alfa heliksa.[4][8] Toprim nabor se koristi za vezivanje regulatora i metala. Primaza koristi domen fosfotransfera za koordinaciju transfera metala, što je čini različitom od ostalih polimeraza.[4] Bočne podjedinice sadrže NH2 i COOH terminal napravljen od alfa-heliksa i beta-listova.[4] NH2 terminal je u interakciji sa cinkovim veznim domenom i COOH-terminalnom regijom koja je u interakciji sa DnaB-ID-om.[4]

Toprimski nabor se takođe nalazi u topoizomerazama i mitohrondrijskoj Twinkle primazi/helikazi.[8] Nešto nalik G-DNK-u (slično bakterijama; {{InterPro|IPR020607} }) primaze su pronađene u arhejskim genomima.[9]

Reference

  1. ^ Bocquier AA, Liu L, Cann IK, Komori K, Kohda D, Ishino Y (mart 2001). "Archaeal primase: bridging the gap between RNA and DNA polymerases". Current Biology. 11 (6): 452–6. doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(01)00119-1. PMID 11301257.
  2. ^ Baranovskiy AG, Zhang Y, Suwa Y, Babayeva ND, Gu J, Pavlov YI, Tahirov TH (februar 2015). "Crystal structure of the human primase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 290 (9): 5635–46. doi:10.1074/jbc.M114.624742. PMC 4342476. PMID 25550159.
  3. ^ a b c Griep MA (august 1995). "Primase structure and function". Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics. 32 (4): 171–8. PMID 8655184.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Keck JL, Roche DD, Lynch AS, Berger JM (mart 2000). "Structure of the RNA polymerase domain of E. coli primase". Science. 287 (5462): 2482–6. Bibcode:2000Sci...287.2482K. doi:10.1126/science.287.5462.2482. PMID 10741967.
  5. ^ a b Lee JB, Hite RK, Hamdan SM, Xie XS, Richardson CC, van Oijen AM (februar 2006). "DNA primase acts as a molecular brake in DNA replication" (PDF). Nature. 439 (7076): 621–4. Bibcode:2006Natur.439..621L. doi:10.1038/nature04317. PMID 16452983. S2CID 3099842.
  6. ^ a b c Cavanaugh NA, Kuchta RD (januar 2009). "Initiation of new DNA strands by the herpes simplex virus-1 primase-helicase complex and either herpes DNA polymerase or human DNA polymerase alpha". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 284 (3): 1523–32. doi:10.1074/jbc.M805476200. PMC 2615532. PMID 19028696.
  7. ^ Keck JL, Berger JM (januar 2001). "Primus inter pares (first among equals)". Nature Structural Biology. 8 (1): 2–4. doi:10.1038/82996. PMID 11135655. S2CID 17108681.
  8. ^ a b Aravind L, Leipe DD, Koonin EV (septembar 1998). "Toprim--a conserved catalytic domain in type IA and II topoisomerases, DnaG-type primases, OLD family nucleases and RecR proteins". Nucleic Acids Research. 26 (18): 4205–13. doi:10.1093/nar/26.18.4205. PMC 147817. PMID 9722641.
  9. ^ Hou L, Klug G, Evguenieva-Hackenberg E (mart 2013). "The archaeal DnaG protein needs Csl4 for binding to the exosome and enhances its interaction with adenine-rich RNAs". RNA Biology. 10 (3): 415–24. doi:10.4161/rna.23450. PMC 3672285. PMID 23324612.

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