Pittsburgh

40°26′23″N 79°58′35″W

Pittsburgh
Grad
U smjeru kazaljke na satu, odozgo: Horizont Pittsburgha; Univerzitet Carnegie Mellon; Park PNC; Žičara Duquesne; Katedrala učenja na Univerzitetu Pittsburgh
Zastava Grb
Službeni naziv: City of Pittsburgh
Nadimak: Grad Mostova, Čelični Grad, Grad Šampiona, The 'Burgh
Država	Sjedinjene Američke Države
Savezna država	Pennsylvania
Koordinate	40°26′23″N 79°58′35″W
Površina
- Zemlje	143,4 km^2
- Voda	7,69
- Grad	151,12 km^2
- Metro	13 840 km^2
Stanovništvo	(2010[1])
- Urbana zona	1.733.853
- Metro	2.360.867
- Grad	305.704 (2010[1])
- CSA	2.659.937
Gustoća
- Metro	170,6 /km^2
- Grad	2.022,9 /km^2
Vlada
- Vrsta	Mayor-Council
- Tijelo	Pittsburgh Council
Gradonačelnik	Bill Peduto (D)
Vremenska zona	EST (UTC−5)
- ljeto	EDT (UTC−4)
Poštanski broj	15106, 15120–15121, 15201, 15203–15208, 15210–15222, 15224, 15226–15227, 15230, 15232–15235, 15237, 15239, 15289
Pozivni broj	412, 724, 878
FIPS kod	42-61000
Veb-sajt: www.pittsburghpa.gov

Pittsburgh (/ˈpɪtsbɜːrɡ/; fonol.: Pitsburg) je grad u Commonwealthu Pennsylvania u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, te sjedište okruga Allegheny. Broj stanovništva je 2017. godine iznosio 305.704, što grad čini 63. najvećim gradom u SAD-u.^[2] Metropolitenska populacija, 2.353.045, najveća je i u dolini rijeke Ohio i u Apalačiji a druga najveća u Pennsylvaniji (poslije Philadelphije), te 26. najveća u SAD-u.

Smješten na ušću rijeka Allegheny, Monongahela i Ohio, Pittsburgh je poznat i kao ”Čelični Grad” (engleski: the Steel City) zbog više od 300 objekata povezanih s proizvodnjom čelika, te kao ”Grad Mostova” (engleski: City of Bridges) zbog toga što ima 446 mostova.^[3] U gradu se nalazi 30 nebodera, dvije kose željeznice (’žičare’), predrevolucionarna utvrda i park Point State na ušću rijeka. Grad se razvio kao vitalna veza atlantske obale i Srednjeg zapada, kako su mineralima bogate planine Allegheny područje učinile poželjnim za Francusko i Britansko carstvo, Virdžinijance, pobunjenike Viski bune i napadače iz Građanskog rata u Americi.^[4]

Pored čelika, Pittsburgh je predvodio i u proizvodnji aluminija, stakla, nafte, hrane, kao i u brodogradnji, sportu, transportu, računarstvu, automobilskoj industriji i elektronici.^[5] Jedan dio 20. vijeka, Pittsburgh je po zaposlenosti u korporativnim sjedištima bio jedino poslije New Yorka i Chicaga; imao je najviše američkih akcionara per capita.^[6] Američka deindustrijalizacija iz 1980-ih izazvala je otpuštanje s posla radnike plavog ovratnika i hiljade radnika bijelog ovratnika iz centralnog dijela grada kada su dugogodišnja svjetska sjedišta locirana u Pittsburghu premještena.^[7] Ova zaostavština primorala je područje na obnovu muzeja, medicinskih centara,^[8] parkova, istraživačkih centara, te raznolik kulturni distrikt.^[9]

Danas, Google, Apple, Bosch, Facebook, Uber, Nokia, Autodesk, Microsoft i IBM nalaze se među 1.600 tehnoloških firmi koje generišu 20,7 milijardi u godišnjim platnim spiskovima Pittsburgha. Područje je poslužilo kao dugogodišnje sjedište federalne agencije za odbranu od sajber napada, softverski inžinjering, robotiku, energetska istraživanja i nuklearnu mornaricu.^[10] U oblasti je smješteno 68 koledža i univerziteta, uključujući vodeće istraživačko-razvojne centre Univerzitet Carnegie Mellon i Univerzitet Pittsburgh.^[11] Osma najveća banka u državi, osam Fortune 500 kompanija, te šest od top 300 američkih pravnih firmi ima globalno sjedište u ovom području, a RAND, BNY Mellon, Nova, FedEx, Bayer i NIOSH imaju svoja regionalna sjedišta koja su zaslužna da Pittsburgh postane šesta najbolja oblast po poslovnom rastu u SAD-u.^[12]

Pittsburgh se 2015. godine našao na spisku ’jedanaest za život najpogodnijih gradova na svijetu’;^[13] GLR The Economist-a pokazuje da je Pittsburgh bio prvi ili drugi za život najpogodniji grad u Sjedinjenim Državama 2005., 2009., 2011., 2012. i 2014. godine.^[14] U regionu je pokrenut program LEED.^[15]

Također pogledajte

• Pittsburgh Penguins

Reference

1. U.S. Census Bureau, "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files"
2. "Current Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Population, Demographics and stats in 2016, 2017". SuburbanStats.org. Pristupljeno 10. maj 2017.
3. *Pittsburgh's heart of steel still beats amid transformed city. USA Today. David J. Lynch (22. septembar 2009).
   • Just How Many Bridges Are There In Pittsburgh? Arhivirano 1. 11. 2013. na Wayback Machine (13. septembar 2006).
   • Bridges Of Pittsburgh As Varied As The City Arhivirano 14. 1. 2017. na Wayback Machine. Chicago Tribune (18. oktobar 1987).
   • Pittsburgh has Plenty of Bridges. KDKA-TV (16. juni 2006).
4. *Virginia-Pennsylvania Boundary. Virginiaplaces.org.
   • Fortifying Pittsburgh in 1863 Arhivirano 4. 2. 2012. na Wayback Machine. Bivouacbooks.com.
   • Eyewitness: 1949, TV makes Pittsburgh 'A New Promise' Arhivirano 6. 9. 2013. na Wayback Machine. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. (16. maj 2010)
   • City Cable TV Viewers Talk Back With 'QUBE'. Pittsburgh Press. (14. april 1982)
   • Cable TV firms battle to win big city contract. Pittsburgh Press. (13. august 1979)
5. *History, Beauty combined in 'Glass Country'. Janet Whritner. Sarasota Herald-Tribune. 25. jul 1976.
   • Glass museum would honor Mt. Pleasant's productive past Arhivirano 25. 7. 2013. na Wayback Machine. Debra Duncan. Post-Gazette. 17. januar 2013.
   • Petroleum Pioneers of Pittsburgh^{[mrtav link]}. Alfred Mann. Heinz Center.
   • National Park marker. Standard Oil Station.
   • Oil150.com Timelines Arhivirano 16. 7. 2019. na Wayback Machine. Neil & Lois McElwee.
   • History of Arco Arhivirano 29. 5. 2015. na Wayback Machine.
   • Oil boom: Pittsburgh was nation's 1st petroleum capital. Kim Leonard. Tribune-Review. 4. oktobar 2009.
   • Pittsburgh's brands once were talk of the town. Kim Leonard. Tribune-Review. 20. mart 2005.
   • 1st Professional Football Game. PA Historic Marker.
   • 1st World Series. PA Historic Marker.
   • 1st U.S. Olympic hockey team was formed in Pittsburgh Arhivirano 24. 5. 2012. na Wayback Machine. PittsburghHockey.net.
   • Why Super Bowl L should be Pittsburgh's. Dejan Kovacevic. Tribune-Review. 6. februar 2013.
   • Electronic Computer Rejects Wrong Data. Post-Gazette. 8. februar 1956.
   • Last of the Prototype Jeeps built in Butler goes on display Arhivirano 21. 8. 2016. na Wayback Machine. Marylin Pitz. Post-Gazette. 21. april 2003.
   • When rivers ruled the city. Donald Miller. Post-Gazette. 5. februar 1988.
   • 1st VW Rolls Off Assembly Line in US. Reginald Stuart. The New York Times. 11. april 1978.
   • West Mifflin plant closes Arhivirano 25. 7. 2013. na Wayback Machine. Jon Schmitz. Post-Gazette. 13. decembar 2008.
6. *Pittsburgh takes 3rd: Creative Wealth Arhivirano 10. 2. 2015. na Wayback Machine. Carnegie Mellon University (2. august 2008)
   • Pittsburgh still 3rd in Fortune list. Michael Schroeder. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (19. april 1983)
   • Rockwell Shifts Headquarters to Calif. Len Barcousky. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (25. maj 1988)
   • 'Bank' building short in statue, long on style. Pittsburgh Tribune-Review (19. april 2009)
   • Stock Exchange Here Closes Its Doors. Douglas Smock. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (24. august 1974)
7. *And the Wolf Finally Came: The Decline and Fall of the American Steel Industry. John P. Hoerr. University of Pittsburgh Press. 1988. ISBN 978-0-8229-5398-2.
   • Innovate or Die? Pittsburgh Chose to Innovate Arhivirano 14. 1. 2015. na Wayback Machine. Courtney Sanders U.S. Chamber of Commerce (12. februar 2014)
   • Pittsburgh's Shaky Economy In Worst Shape Since 1940s. Observer-Reporter. (9. jul 1982)
   • In desperate 1983, there was nowhere for Pittsburgh's economy to go but up Arhivirano 25. 7. 2013. na Wayback Machine. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. (23. decembar 2012)
   • East Pittsburgh crunch. Pittsburgh Press (5. maj 1987)
   • [1]. Pittsburgh Press. (14. april 1982)
   • Nullspace: Pigskin mythos Arhivirano 18. 7. 2018. na Wayback Machine. Nullspace2.blogspot (23. decembar 2011)
8. • UPMC Clinches Top-Ten Spot on U.S. News & World Report Honor Roll of America's Best Hospitals. UPMC.edu (17. juli 2012)
   • Awards and Recognitions. WestPenn Allegheny HealthSystem (13. april 2011)
9. Ritenbaugh, Stephanie (14. 5. 2014). "In The Lead: Pittsburgh leads with the most bars per person". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Arhivirano s originala, 15. maj 2014. Pristupljeno 14. maj 2014.
10. *Google, Intel and Apple. offices in Pittsburgh from CarnegieMellon.edu; Pittsburgh Post-Gazette feature
    • Eaton Electronics headquarters
    • McKesson Automation headquarters^{[mrtav link]}
    • 1,600 tech firms. NPR's December 2010: "From Steel to Tech, Pittsburgh transforms itself".
    • $20.7 billion in technology payrolls. Pittsburgh Tech Council's "About us".
    • $18.2 billion to local economy. Pittsburgh Business Journal.
    • Silicon Valley is dying. PS Magazine.
    • Federal Cyber Defense. National Cyber-Forensics & Training Alliance's "Contact Us" Arhivirano 10. 1. 2016. na Wayback Machine; CERT.org's 2011's "About Us".
    • Federal Robotics. National Robotics Engineering Center's "History" Arhivirano 30. 4. 2014. na Wayback Machine.
11. *Universities Report Highest-Ever R&D Spending of $6 Billion in FY 2011 Arhivirano 13. 11. 2018. na Wayback Machine. Ronda Britt. InfoBrief. National Science Foundation (novembar 2012)
    • Universities and Incubators Arhivirano 9. 3. 2016. na Wayback Machine. Pittsburgh Today (11. jul 2012)
    • Pittsburgh’s smart; survey says so. Debra Erdley. Tribune-Review (25. jun 2013)
12. *Pittsburgh employment numbers better than similar cities. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (10. decembar 2014)
    • Growth of jobs locally bucks nationwide trend Arhivirano 13. 2. 2011. na Wayback Machine. Joe Napsha. Pittsburgh Tribune-Review (2. august 2008)
    • Pittsburgh region sees 11th consecutive month of home sales increases Arhivirano 25. 7. 2013. na Wayback Machine. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (28. septembar 2012)
    • Warning: Your Reality is Out of Date. Samuel Arbesman. The Boston Globe (28. februar 2010)
    • Pittsburgh Booming. Jim Russell. Pacific Standard (22. juli 2013)
    • Survival Lesson in Pittsburgh: Shedding an Industrial Past. David Streitfeld. The New York Times (8. januar 2009)
    • Pittsburgh’s new housing boom stays strong. Sam Spatter. Pittsburgh Tribune-Review (9. mart 2013)
    • The NLJ 350. The National Law Journal Top 350 firms.
    • Zillow Negative Equity Map Arhivirano 13. 1. 2016. na Wayback Machine. Zillow.com.
13. "Pittsburgh Named One Of The Most Livable Cities In The World". Pristupljeno 24. septembar 2015.
14. "The Economist names Pittsburgh U.S.'s Most Livable City (on the Mainland)". ImaginePittsburgh Now. Arhivirano s originala, 6. septembar 2014. Pristupljeno 8. juni 2016.
15. *Built Green, Working Green, Everyday Arhivirano 26. 10. 2013. na Wayback Machine. David L. Lawrence Convention Center (2012)
    • Pittsburgh Is “Emerald City” with Dozens of Energy-Efficient Buildings. Phil Cynar. ImaginePittsburgh.com (20. oktobar 2012)
    • Growth with a Vision. John Conti. Tribune-Review (27. 10. 2012)
    • Natural gas locked in the Marcellus Shale has companies rushing to cash in on possibilities. Elwin Green. Post-Gazette (6. decembar 2009)
    • Pitt: Land leased for oil, gas up 322 percent. Associated Press. via Google News. (16. august 2010)
    • Chevron to Buy Atlas Energy for $4.3 Billion. Thomas Kaplan. The New York Times (9. novembar 2010)
    • CONSOL Energy to Acquire Dominion's Appalachian E&P Business for $3.475 Billion In Cash. PR Newswire (15. mart 2011)

Literatura

• Allen Dieterich-Ward, Beyond Rust: Metropolitan Pittsburgh and the Fate of Industrial America (U of Pennsylvania Press, 2016). viii, 347 pp.
• Kenneth J. Kobus, City of Steel: How Pittsburgh Became the World's Steelmaking Capital During the Carnegie Era. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2015.
• Charles McCollester, The Point of Pittsburgh: Production and Struggle at the Forks of the Ohio. Pittsburgh, PA: Battle of Homestead Foundation, 2008.

Vanjski linkovi

• Službeni sajt (en)
• Pittsburgh Convention and Visitors Bureau – Tourism (en)
• Historic Pittsburgh Maps Collection (en)
• PittsburghTODAY Regional benchmarks and statistics (en)
• Pittsburgh Daily Gazette. Google news archive. (en) —PDF-ovi 5.794 izdanja, koja datiraju otprilike iz perioda 1834.–1841. i 1850.–1863.
• U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: City of Pittsburg Arhivirano 25. 7. 2020. na Wayback Machine (en)