Hindi-urdu

Hindustani, u svojoj standardnoj formi, je službeni jezik Indije (Hindi) i Pakistana (Urdu)

Hindi-Urdu ili Hindustanski jezici ili Hindustani je podgrupa indoarijskih jezika jezika raširenih po dijelovima Indije i Pakistana, te u raznim državama širom svijeta. Gledajući iz južnoslavenske perspektive, situacija s Hindi-Urdu jezikom je veoma slična situaciji s srpskohrvatskim jezikom pošto njega čine Hindi i Urdu jezik koji se smatraju jednim jezikom s razlikom što su u Hindi verziju ušli neki indijski pojmovi, dok su u Urdu verziju ušli perzijsko-arapski pojmovi. Hindi-Urdu jezik je službeni jezik u Indiji gdje se zove Hindu i u Pakistanu gdje se zove Urdu.

Broj govornika ovih jezika iznosi preko 240.000.000, od čega najviše otpada na hindi (181.676.620) [1].

Koncept hindustanskog jezika kao "jezika ujedinjenja" ili "jezika fuzije" koji bi mogao nadmašiti zadružne i vjerske podjele širom potkontinenta je podržao Mahatma Gandhi,[2] jer se nije smatralo da je povezan ni s hinduističkim ni s muslimanskim zajednicama kao što je to bio slučaj sa hindskim i urduskim jezikom, a takođe se smatralo jednostavnijim jezikom za ljude za učenje.[3][4] Pretvaranje sa hindskog na urdu (ili obrnuto) uglavnom se postiže samo transliteracijom između dva pisma, umjesto prijevoda koji je općenito potreban samo za vjerske i književne tekstove.[5]

Neki naučnici prate prvu pisanu poeziju ovog jezika, u obliku starog hindija, već 769. godine nove ere.[6] Međutim, ovo gledište nije općenito prihvaćeno.[7][8][9] Tokom perioda Delhijskog sultanata, koji je pokrivao većinu današnje Indije, istočni Pakistan, južni Nepal i Bangladeš[10] i koji je rezultirao kontaktom hinduističke i muslimanske kulture, osnova na sanskritu i prakritu starog hindija obogaćena je posuđenicama iz perzijskog, koji je evoluirao u sadašnji oblik Hindustani.[11][12][13][14][15][16] Hindustanski narodni jezik postao je izraz indijskog nacionalnog jedinstva tokom pokreta za nezavisnost Indije,[17][18] i nastavlja da se govori kao zajednički jezik naroda sjevernog indijskog potkontinenta,[19] što se odražava u hindustanskom rječniku bolivudskih filmova i pjesama.[20][21]

Također pogledajte

Reference

  1. ^ Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Western Hindi, Hindustani
  2. ^ "After experiments with Hindi as national language, how Gandhi changed his mind". Prabhu Mallikarjunan. The Feral. 3. 10. 2019.
  3. ^ Rai, Alok. "The Persistence of Hindustani". ResearchGate.
  4. ^ Lelyveld, David (1. 1. 1993). "Colonial knowledge and the fate of Hindustani". Comparative Studies in Society and History.
  5. ^ Bhat, Riyaz Ahmad; Bhat, Irshad Ahmad; Jain, Naman; Sharma, Dipti Misra (2016). "A House United: Bridging the Script and Lexical Barrier between Hindi and Urdu" (PDF) (jezik: English). Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. Pristupljeno 18. 10. 2021. Transliteracija na hindi i urdu dobila je veliku pažnju istraživačke zajednice NLP-a u Južnoj Aziji (Malik et al., 2008; Lehal i Saini, 2012; Lehal i Saini, 2014). Vidjelo se da se razbija barijera zbog koje to dvoje izgleda drugačije.CS1 održavanje: nepoznati jezik (link)
  6. ^ Delacy, Richard; Ahmed, Shahara (2005). Hindi, Urdu & Bengali. Lonely Planet. str. 11–12. Hindi i urdu se općenito smatraju jednim govornim jezikom s dvije različite književne tradicije. To znači da govornici hindi i urdu koji kupuju na istim tržištima (i gledaju iste bolivudske filmove) nemaju problema da se međusobno razumiju.
  7. ^ Dhanesh Jain; George Cardona, ured. (2007). The Indo-Aryan languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9. OCLC 648298147. Međutim, naučnici nisu općenito prihvatili tako rani datum nastanka hindu književnosti, koji je omogućen samo podvođenjem velikog dijela literature Apabhraṁśa u hindi. (p. 279).
  8. ^ Kachru, Yamuna (2006). Hindi. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. Period između 1000 AD-1200/1300 AD označen je kao Stara NIA faza jer su ovoj fazi NIA jezici kao što su asamski, bengalski, gudžarati, hindi', marati, Orija, Pandžabi preuzeli različite identitete (str. 1, naglasak dodat)
  9. ^ Dua, Hans (2008). "Hindustani". u Keith Brown; Sarah Ogilvie (ured.). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Oxford: Elsevier. str. 497–500. Hindustani kao kolokvijalni govor razvijao se tokom skoro sedam vijekova od 1100 do 1800. godine (str. 497, naglasak dodat).
  10. ^ Chapman, Graham.
  11. ^ "Women of the Indian Sub-Continent: Makings of a Culture - Rekhta Foundation" (jezik: engleski). Google Arts & Culture. Pristupljeno 25. 2. 2020. "Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb" je jedan takav primjer kompozitne kulture koja obilježava različite regije u zemlji. Preovlađujući na sjeveru, posebno u centralnim ravnicama, rođen je iz jedinstva između hinduističke i muslimanske kulture. Većina hramova bila je poređana duž Ganga, a Khanqah (sufijska škola mišljenja) bila je smještena duž rijeke Yamuna (koja se naziva i Jamuna). Tako je postao poznat kao Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb, a riječ "tehzeeb" znači kultura. Više od zajedničkog sklada, njegov najljepši nusproizvod bio je "Hindustani" koji nam je kasnije dao hindi i urdu jezik.
  12. ^ Matthews, David John; Shackle, C.; Husain, Shahanara (1985). Urdu literature (jezik: engleski). Urdu Markaz; Third World Foundation for Social and Economic Studies. ISBN 978-0-907962-30-4. Ali sa uspostavljanjem muslimanske vlasti u Delhiju, stari hindi ovog područja postao je glavni partner sa perzijskim. Ova vrsta hindskog jezika naziva se Khari Boli, 'uspravan govor'.
  13. ^ Dhulipala, Venkat (2000). The Politics of Secularism: Medieval Indian Historiography and the Sufis (jezik: engleski). University of Wisconsin–Madison. str. 27. Perzijski je postao sudski jezik, a mnoge perzijske riječi su se uvukle u popularnu upotrebu. Kompozitna kultura sjeverne Indije, poznata kao Ganga Jamuni tehzeeb, bila je proizvod interakcije između hinduističkog društva i islama.
  14. ^ Indian Journal of Social Work, Volume 4 (jezik: engleski). Tata Institute of Social Sciences. 1943. str. 264. ... more words of Sanskrit origin but 75% of the vocabulary is common. It is also admitted that while this language is known as Hindustani, ... Muslims call it Urdu and the Hindus call it Hindi. ... Urdu is a national language evolved through years of Hindu and Muslim cultural contact and, as stated by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, is essentially an Indian language and has no place outside.
  15. ^ Mody, Sujata Sudhakar (2008). Literature, Language, and Nation Formation: The Story of a Modern Hindi Journal 1900-1920 (jezik: engleski). University of California, Berkeley. str. 7. ...Hindustani, Rekhta, and Urdu as later names of the old Hindi (a.k.a. Hindavi).
  16. ^ Kesavan, B. S. (1997). History Of Printing And Publishing In India (jezik: engleski). National Book Trust, India. str. 31. ISBN 978-81-237-2120-0. It might be useful to recall here that Old Hindi or Hindavi, which was a naturally Persian- mixed language in the largest measure, has played this role before, as we have seen, for five or six centuries.
  17. ^ Hans Henrich Hock (1991). Principles of Historical Linguistics (jezik: engleski). Walter de Gruyter. str. 475. ISBN 978-3-11-012962-5. Za vrijeme britanske vladavine, hindi (u svojoj religijski neutralnoj, 'hindustanskoj' varijanti) sve više postaje simbol nacionalnog jedinstva u odnosu na Engleze stranog tlačitelja. Hindustani se naučavao naširoko širom Indije, čak i u Bengalu i na jugu Dravida. ... Nezavisnost je bila praćena podjelom bivše Britanske Indije na dvije zemlje, Pakistan i Indiju. Prva je uspostavljena kao muslimanska država i učinila je urdu, muslimansku varijantu hindi-urdu ili hindustani, svojim nacionalnim jezikom.
  18. ^ Masica, Colin P. (1993). The Indo-Aryan Languages (jezik: engleski). Cambridge University Press. str. 430 (Appendix I). ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2. Hindustani - termin koji se odnosi na zajedničku kolokvijalnu bazu HINDI-a i URDU-a i na njegovu funkciju kao lingua franca u većem dijelu Indije, koji je bio u modi tokom pokreta za nezavisnost kao izraz nacionalnog jedinstva; nakon podjele 1947. i naknadne lingvističke polarizacije pao je u nemilost; popis iz 1951. godine zabilježio je ogroman pad (86-98 posto) u broju osoba koje ga proglašavaju svojim maternjim jezikom (većina govornika HINDI i mnogi govornici URDU-a su to činili u prethodnim popisima); trend se nastavio u kasnijim popisima: samo 11.053 vratilo ga je 1971. godine...uglavnom iz Južne Indije; [vidi Khubchandani 1983: 90-1].
  19. ^ Ashmore, Harry S. (1961). Encyclopaedia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge, Volume 11 (jezik: engleski). Encyclopædia Britannica. str. 579. The everyday speech of well over 50,000,000 persons of all communities in the north of India and in West Pakistan is the expression of a common language, Hindustani.
  20. ^ Tunstall, Jeremy (2008). The media were American: U.S. mass media in decline (jezik: engleski). Oxford University Press. str. 160. ISBN 978-0-19-518146-3. The Hindi film industry used the most popular street level version of Hindi, namely Hindustani, which included a lot of Urdu and Persian words.
  21. ^ Hiro, Dilip (2015). The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan (jezik: engleski). PublicAffairs. str. 398. ISBN 978-1-56858-503-1. Govorni hindi je sličan govornom urdu, a taj jezik se često naziva hindustani. Bolivudski scenariji su napisani na hindustanskom jeziku.

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