Henry Kissinger

Henry Kissinger
56. Državni sekretar SAD
Vrijeme na dužnosti 22. septembar 1973 – 20. januar 1977.
Prethodnik	William Rogers
Nasljednik	Cyrus Vance
Lični podaci
Rođenje	(1923-05-27) 27. maj 1923. Fürth, Bavarska, Vajmarska Republika
Smrt	29. novembar 2023(2023-11-29) (100 godina) Kent, Connecticut, SAD
Nacionalnost	Amerikanac
Etnicitet	Jevrejin[1]
Politička stranka	Republikanska stranka

Henry Alfred Kissinger (rođen kao Heinz Alfred Kissinger; 27. maj 1923 – 29. novembar 2023) bio je američki diplomat jevrejskog porijekla, utjecajan u američkoj politici od 1969. do 1977. Od 1973. do 1977. obavljao je dužnost 56. državnog sekretara SAD-a i bio je savjetnik za nacionalnu sigurnost u predsjedničkim administracijama Richarda Nixona i Geralda Forda.^[2]

Biografija

Rođen je kao Heinz Alfred Kissinger u Fürthu (Bavarska). Otac mu je bio školski učitelj. Potječe iz jevrejske porodice.^[1] Pobjegao je iz Njemačke pred nacističkim progonom 1938. Godine 1943. postao je naturalizirani Amerikanac. Ženio se dva puta. Ima dvoje djece. U poslijeratnoj Njemačkoj pokazao je legendarnu sposobnost hapšenja Gestapovih agenata. Briljirao je akademski i diplomirao je s pohvalom na Harvardu 1950. godine, gdje je i magistrirao i doktorirao filozofiju 1951. i 1954.

Kissinger je igrao istaknutu ulogu u vanjskoj politici Sjedinjenih Država između 1969. i 1977. godine, pionir politike detanta sa Sovjetskim Savezom tokom Hladnog rata, orkestrirajući otvaranje odnosa sa Kinom, angažirajući se u onome što je postalo poznato kao šatl diplomatija na Bliskom istoku koji je okončao Jomkipurski rat i pregovarao o Pariskom mirovnom sporazumu, koji je okončao američko učešće u Vijetnamskom ratu. Kissinger je također bio povezivan s takvim kontroverznim politikama kao što su američko bombardiranje Kambodže tokom Vijetnamskog rata, umiješanost SAD u čileanski državni udar 1973, dao je "zeleno svjetlo" argentinskoj vojnoj hunti za njihov Prljavi rat i američka podrška Pakistanu tokom Bangladeša rata za nezavisnost uprkos genocidu koji je počinio Pakistan.^[3] Nakon što je napustio vladu, osnovao je Kissinger Associates, međunarodnu geopolitičku konsultantsku firmu. Kissinger je napisao više knjiga o diplomatskoj historiji i međunarodnim odnosima.

Kissingerovo nasljeđe je polarizirajuća tema u američkoj politici. Naučnici ga naširoko smatraju efikasnim državnim sekretarom^[4] i osuđuju ga zato što je zatvarao oči pred ratnim zločinima koje su počinili američki saveznici zbog njegove podrške pragmatičnom pristupu politici zvanom Realpolitik.^[5][6][7][8] Za svoje akcije u pregovorima o prekidu vatre u Vijetnamu, Kissinger je 1973. dobio Nobelovu nagradu za mir pod kontroverznim okolnostima.^[9] Nasuprot tome, Kissinger je izuzetno omiljena ličnost u Kini, a China News Service ga je u svojoj čitulji opisala kao nekoga "ko je imao oštru viziju i temeljno razumijevanje svjetskih poslova".^[10][11]

Umro je 29. novembra 2023. u 100. godini života.

Reference

1. Isaacson (1992), str. 20.
2. "The Nobel Peace Prize 1973". NobelPrize.org. Arhivirano s originala, 26. 10. 2019. Pristupljeno 4. 2. 2019.
3. Bass, Gary (21. 9. 2013). "Blood Meridian". The Economist. Arhivirano s originala, 19. 9. 2013. Pristupljeno 13. 2. 2016.
4. "TRIP Snap Poll III: Seven Questions on Current Global Issues for International Relations Scholars" (PDF). str. 9. Arhivirano (PDF) s originala, 30. 11. 2023. Pristupljeno 30. 11. 2023.
5. "Henry Kissinger: Realpolitik and Kurdish Genocide". The Kurdistan Tribune. 24. 3. 2013. Arhivirano s originala, 18. 1. 2020. Pristupljeno 1. 3. 2019.
6. Ackerman, Spencer (30. 11. 2023). "Henry Kissinger, War Criminal Beloved by America's Ruling Class, Finally Dies". Rolling Stone (jezik: engleski). Arhivirano s originala, 30. 11. 2023. Pristupljeno 30. 11. 2023.
7. "Protesters Heckle Kissinger, Denounce Him for 'War Crimes'". The Times of Israel. 30. 1. 2015. Arhivirano s originala, 22. 12. 2015. Pristupljeno 14. 12. 2015.
8. Nevius, James (13. 2. 2016). "Does Hillary Clinton see that invoking Henry Kissinger harms her campaign?". The Guardian. Arhivirano s originala, 30. 1. 2020. Pristupljeno 23. 10. 2016. many consider Kissinger a war criminal, most famously Christopher Hitchens, who, in a lengthy two-part article for Harper's in 2001 (later expanded into the book and documentary, The Trial of Henry Kissinger), laid out his case that Kissinger should be brought up on charges 'for war crimes, for crimes against humanity, and for offenses against common or customary or international law, including conspiracy to commit murder, kidnap, and torture'.
9. Feldman, Burton (2000). The Nobel Prize: A History Of Genius, Controversy, and Prestige. Arcade Publishing. str. 16. ISBN 978-1-55970-537-0. Two members publicly resigned when the peace prize was awarded to Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho in 1973 for a cease-fire in the Vietnam War.
10. Chiang, Vic (30. 11. 2023). "China pays tribute to Kissinger, 'old friend of the Chinese people'". Washington Post (jezik: engleski). ISSN 0190-8286. Pristupljeno 30. 11. 2023.
11. Bradsher, Keith; Zhao, Siyi; Chien, Amy Chang (30. 11. 2023). "To Many Chinese, Kissinger's Death Ends an Era in U.S.-China Relations". The New York Times (jezik: engleski). ISSN 0362-4331. Pristupljeno 30. 11. 2023.

Literatura

• Holger Klitzing: The Nemesis of Stability. Henry A. Kissinger’s Ambivalent Relationship with Germany. WVT, Trier 2007, ISBN 978-3-88476-942-3.
• Robert D. Schulzinger: Henry Kissinger. Doctor of diplomacy. Columbia Univ. Pr., New York 1989, ISBN 0-231-06952-9.
• Isaacson, Walter (1992). Kissinger: A Biography. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-66323-0.

Biografije

Šablon:External media

• 1973. Graubard, Stephen Richards, Kissinger: Portrait of a Mind. ISBN 0-393-05481-0
• 1974. Kalb, Marvin L. and Kalb, Bernard, Kissinger, ISBN 0-316-48221-8
• 1974. Schlafly, Phyllis, Kissinger on the Couch. Arlington House Publishers. ISBN 0-87000-216-3
• 1983. Hersh, Seymour, The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House, Summit Books. ISBN 0-671-50688-9. (Awards: National Book Critics Circle, General Non-Fiction Award. Best Book of the Year: New York Times Book Review; Newsweek; San Francisco Chronicle)
• 2004. Hanhimäki, Jussi. The Flawed Architect: Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy. ISBN 0-19-517221-3
• 2009. Kurz, Evi. The Kissinger-Saga: Walter and Henry Kissinger, Two Brothers from Fuerth, Germany. London. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-85675-7.
• 2015. Ferguson, Niall (2015). Kissinger, 1923–1968: The Idealist. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-59420-653-5.
• 2020. Runciman, David, "Don't be a Kerensky!" (review of Barry Gewen, The Inevitability of Tragedy: Henry Kissinger and His World, Norton, April 2020, ISBN 978 1 324 00405 9, 452 pp.; and Thomas Schwartz, Henry Kissinger and American Power: A Political Biography, Hill and Wang, September 2020, ISBN 978 0 8090 9537 7, 548 pp.), London Review of Books, vol. 42, no. 23 (December 3, 2020), pp. 13–16, 18. "[Kissinger] was ... a political opportunist doing his best to keep one step ahead of the people determined to bring him down. ... Unelected, unaccountable, never really representing anyone but himself, he rose so high and resided so long in America's political consciousness because his shapeshifting allowed people to find in him what they wanted to find." (p. 18.)

Ostalo

Šablon:External media

• Arablouei, Ramtin; Rund Abdelfatah (6. 7. 2023). "The Legacy of Henry Kissinger". Throughline. NPR.
• Avner, Yehuda, The Prime Ministers: An Intimate Narrative of Israeli Leadership, 2010. ISBN 978-1-59264-278-6.
• Bass, Gary. The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide, 2013. ISBN 0-307-70020-8.
• Benedetti, Amedeo. Lezioni di politica di Henry Kissinger: linguaggio, pensiero ed aforismi del più abile politico di fine Novecento, Genova: Erga, 2005 (in Italian). ISBN 88-8163-391-4.
• Berman, Larry, No peace, no honor: Nixon, Kissinger, and Betrayal in Vietnam, New York: Free Press, 2001. ISBN 0-684-84968-2.
• Dallek, Robert, Nixon and Kissinger: Partners in Power. HarperCollins, 2007. ISBN 0-06-072230-4.
• Gaddis, John Lewis. "Rescuing Choice from Circumstance: The Statecraft of Henry Kissinger". The Diplomats, 1939–1979 (Princeton UP, 1994) pp. 564–592 doi:10.2307/j.ctv8pz9nc.25.
• Graebner, Norman A. "Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy: A Contemporary Appraisal". Conspectus of History 1.2 (1975).
• Grandin, Greg, "Kissinger Still at Large at 100", The Nation, vol. 316, no. 11 (May 29/June 5, 2023), pp. 16–19. "We now know much more about Kissinger's crimes, the immense suffering he caused during his years in public office." (p. 19.)
• Grandin, Greg, Kissinger's Shadow: The Long Reach of America's Most Controversial Statesman. Metropolitan Books, 2015. ISBN 978-1-62779-449-7.
• Groth, Alexander J, Henry Kissinger and the Limits of Realpolitik, Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs 5#1 (2011)
• Hanhimäki, Jussi M. Šablon:" 'Dr. Kissinger' or 'Mr. Henry'? Kissingerology, Thirty Years and Counting". Diplomatic History (November 2003), 27#5, pp. 637–676. JSTOR /24914443. Historiography.
• Hanhimäki, Jussi. The Flawed Architect: Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy (2004) .
• Hitchens, Christopher, The Trial of Henry Kissinger, 2002. ISBN 1-85984-631-9.
• Keys, Barbara, "Henry Kissinger: The Emotional Statesman", Diplomatic History, 35#4, pp. 587–609, doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2011.00968.x.
• Ki, Youn. "Tweaking or Breaking of the International Order: Kissinger, Shultz, and Transatlantic Relations, 1971–1973". The Korean Journal of International Studies 19.1 (2021): 1–28. doi:10.14731/kjis.2021.04.19.1.1.
• Klitzing, Holger, The Nemesis of Stability: Henry A. Kissinger's Ambivalent Relationship with Germany. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier (WVT) 2007, ISBN 3-88476-942-1.
• Larson, Deborah Welch. "Learning in US–Soviet Relations: The Nixon-Kissinger Structure of Peace". in Learning in US and Soviet Foreign Policy (Routledge, 2019) pp. 350–399.
• Lord, Winston, and Henry Kissinger. Kissinger on Kissinger: Reflections on Diplomacy, Grand Strategy, and Leadership (All Points Books, 2019).
• Mohan, Shannon E. Šablon:"'Memorandum for Mr. Bundy': Henry Kissinger as Consultant to the Kennedy National Security Council", Historian, 71.2 (Summer 2009), 234–257. JSTOR 24454497.
• Morris, Roger, Uncertain Greatness: Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy. Harper and Row, ISBN 0-06-013097-0.
• Rabe, Stephen G. Kissinger and Latin America: Intervention, Human Rights, and Diplomacy (2020).
• Qureshi, Lubna Z. Nixon, Kissinger, and Allende: U.S. Involvement in the 1973 Coup in Chile. Lexington Books, 2009. ISBN 0-7391-2656-3.
• Schulzinger, Robert D. Henry Kissinger: Doctor of Diplomacy. New York: Columbia University Press, 1989. ISBN 0-231-06952-9.
• Shawcross, William, Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon, and the Destruction of Cambodia (Revised edition October 2002) ISBN 0-8154-1224-X.
• Steinmeier, Frank-Walter (23. 6. 2023). "Rede: Feier zum 100. Geburtstag von Henry Kissinger". Der Bundespräsident (jezik: njemački i engleski). Pristupljeno 2. 7. 2023. English translation (PDF).
• Suri, Jeremi, Henry Kissinger and the American Century (Harvard, Belknap Press, 2007), ISBN 978-0-674-02579-0.
• Thornton, Richard C. The Nixon-Kissinger Years: Reshaping America's Foreign Policy (2001).

Vanjski linkovi

• Henry Kissinger na Wikimedia Commonsu

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