Harlekin (riba)

Harlekin
Sistematika
CarstvoAnimalia
KoljenoChordata
RazredActinopterygii
RedPerciformes
PorodicaSerranidae
RodOthos
VrstaOthos dentex

Riba harlekin ( Othos dentex ) je vrsta morske zrakoperke ribe iz potfamilije Anthiinae, dio porodice Serranidae, škarpine i lubina. Jedini je pripadnik roda Othos. Poznata je i kao kineski fenjer, bakalar harlekin, bakalar harlekin i tigar bakalar.[1] Ova vrsta se nalazi u istočnom Indijskom okeanu i endemična je za australijske vode, u suptropskim područjima tipično stjenovitim grebenima.[2]

Opis

Riba harlekin je jedan od najvećih seranida u vodama zapadne i južne Australije,aktivna je danju a ima dug životni vijek. Obično živi na malom lokalitetu kojem je vjerna tokom života.[3][4] Vjerovatno će joj naštetiti lokalizirane antropogene promjene[5] i rekreativni ribolov, iako je njihov izlov uz obalu ograničen.[3]

Anatomija

Fizički izgled

Riba harlekin se uvelike razlikuje po veličini, ali dostiže maksimalnu dužinu od 75 cm-86 cm i težine 6 kg. Ima heterogeni uzorak boja koji varira od jedinke do jedinke, koji se stapa s bojama i okolnim koralinskim algama i inkrustirajućim spužvama u grebenu, pružajući ovim ribama kamuflažu.[3] Varijacije u boji između jedinki nastaju zbog velikih mrlja koje se kreću od žute do zelene[6] koje se nalaze iza prsne peraje na donjoj polovini tijela.[3] Dok sve jedinke imaju uzdužne plave mrlje na dorzalnoj površini tijela, kako mužjaci sazrevaju, ove mrlje postaju sve istaknutije, a njihove mrlje se mijenjaju iz žute u zelene i konačno, kada dostignu punu zrelost, u plave.[3]

Tokom sezone mrijesta, boja mrlja kod mužjaka se pojačava, dostižući vrhunac usred sezone, što igra ulogu u udvaranju.[3] Ova promjena boje također ukazuje na promjenu nivoa androgena.[7][8] O. dentex ima nezavisno pokretne oči koje su izražene na vrhu glave,[9] i velika usta.

Usta i zubi

Prednja gornja vilica O. dentexa sadrži dva para blisko postavljenih velikih, zakrivljenih i šiljastih očnjaka. Brojni, prema unutra usmjereni, vrlo mali šiljasti zubi protežu se unazad, u redovima i postepeno se smanjuju, od velikih očnjaka na rubovima obje strane gornje vilice. Dva velika zakrivljena i izdužena očnjaka smještena su naprijed u donjoj vilici, sa obje strane, a tri zuba, sličnog oblika, su pozadi. Njihove škržne bodlje su usmjerene prema nazad.[5]

Životni ciklus

Riba harlekin može živjeti do 42 godine[10] i može narasti do 75 cm.[2][11] U otolitima O. dentex godišnje se formira jedna neprozirna zona, a starost jedinke može se odrediti po broju ovih zona.[3] S obzirom na njihov dug život u dobi od 4-5 godina, prije zrelosti, i ženke i mužjaci brzo rastu,[3] s tim da mužjaci pokazuju blagu promjenu u boji kako dostižu zrelost. Prije sazrijevanja, smatra se da rani mladi borave u pukotinama i dublje u pećinama, što bi ih zaštitilo od grabežljivih riboždernih vrsta riba koje postoje u blizini.[12] Kako se mlade jedinke približavaju svojoj punoj veličini, počinju se više kretati oko grebena. Tipično, mužjaci su uglavnom samci a dolaze u dodir sa ženkama tokom sezone mrijesta.[3]

Seksualna reprodukcija

Riba harlekin je gonohoristička, ima neodređenu plodnost. Ova vrsta također pokazuje serijski mrijest što odgovara jedinkama koje su rasprostranjene na širokom prostoru i rijetke.[5][13] Za razliku od ostalih gonohorističkih pripadnika Serranidae, O. dentex ima male testise, što implicira nisku konkurenciju spermatozoida.[14][15] Sezona mrijesta za O. dentex traje od septembra do marta, a vrhunac je u periodu između novembra i januara.[3] Neodređena plodnost tokom dugog životnog vijeka, kao i njegov dugotrajan period mrijesta igraju ključnu ulogu u preživljavanju jaja i larvi. Ovi faktori garantuju da će od brojnih jaja proizvedenih tokom sezone mriještenja većina njih biti puštena u vrijeme koje je povoljno za jaje i larve.[16]

Ekologija

Rasprostranjenost i stanište

Riba harlekin je porijeklom iz umjereno toplih voda, a nalazi se iznad plitkih stjenovitih grebena i u pećinama koje uz hladnije obale voda jugozapadne Australije.[3][8] Vjeruje se da ova vrsta koja živi na grebenima ima važno mjesto u ekologiji svog okoliša jer je vrhunski grabežljivac i relativno je česta u tom području.[5]

Ishrana

Riba harlekin je prirodni ribožder i hrani se tokom dana. Njene zrele jedinke hrane se isključivo ribom i biraju plijen na osnovu njegove veličine, a ne vrste, te često uključuju vrste teleosta, poput Labridae i Pempheridae.[9] Budući da mladunci ne bi mogli progutati plijen velik poput drugih riba, pretpostavlja se da se hrane drugim vrstama osim teleosta.[5] Hrani se s prekidima, a njegov sastav ishrane nema sezonski karakter. Kada ova, dnevno aktivna vrsta, traži hranu, obično će se pritajiti na tvrdoj podlozi i čekati plijen, a kada je plijen u dometu, napašće iznenada.[9] Njen fizički izgled kao i anatomija izbočenih očiju pomažu u njenom uspjehu u potrazi za hranom.[17][18]

Reference

  1. ^ Othos dentax in ITIS
  2. ^ a b Fishbase.se
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k French, B., Potter, I. C., Hesp, S. A., Coulson, P. G. and Hall, N. G. (2014), Biology of the harlequin fish Othos dentex (Serranidae), with particular emphasis on sexual pattern and other reproductive characteristics. J Fish Biol, 84: 106-132
  4. ^ Bryars, S. & Rogers, P. J. (2016). Movements in the harlequin fish (Othos dentex), a large predatory serranid from southern Australia: implications for detection and protection. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 50, 600–618
  5. ^ a b c d e French, B., Platell, M. E., Clarke, K. R. and Potter, I. C. (2017), Optimization of foraging and diet by the piscivorous Othos dentex (Serranidae). J Fish Biol, 90: 1823–1841.
  6. ^ Gomon, M. F., Glover, J. C. M. & Kuiter, R. H. (2008). Fishes of Australia’s South Coast. Sydney: Reed New Holland
  7. ^ Kodric-Brown, A. (1998). Sexual dichromatism and temporary color changes in the reproduction of fishes. American Zoologist 38, 70–81.
  8. ^ a b Mank, J. E. (2007). The evolution of sexually traits and antagonistic androgen expression in actinopterygian fishes. American Naturalist 169, 143–149
  9. ^ a b c Bryars, S. & Shepherd, S. A. (2013). Ambush predators and night stalkers. Harlequin fish Othos dentex (Family Serranidae). In Ecology of Australian Temperate Reefs (Shepherd, S. & Edgar, G., eds), pp. 399–400. Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing
  10. ^ Saunders, R. J., Bryars, S. R. & Fowler, A. J. (2010). Preliminary consideration of the biology of several of South Australia’s marine fish species that have conservation or management interest. Report to the Department of Environment and Heritage. South Australian Research and Development Institute (Aquatic Sciences), Adelaide. SARDI Publication No. F2009/000693-1. SARDI Research Report Series No. 426
  11. ^ Dianne J. Bray, 2011, Harlequin Fish, Othos dentex, in Fishes of Australia, retrieved Mar. 12, 2015, http://www.fishesofaustralia.net.au/Home/species/4383 Arhivirano 2. 10. 2023. na Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Platell, M. E., Hesp, S. A., Cossington, S. M., Lek, E., Moore, S. E. & Potter, I. C. (2010). Influence of selected factors on the dietary compositions of three targeted and co-occurring temperate species of reef fishes: implications for food partitioning. Journal of Fish Biology 76, 1255–1276.
  13. ^ Hunter, J. R., Lo, N. C. H. & Leong, R. J. H. (1985). Batch fecundity in multiple spawning fishes. In An Egg Production Method for Estimating Spawning Biomass of Pelagic Fish: Application to the Northern Anchovy, Engraulis mordax (Lasker, R. ed.), pp.66–78. NOAA NMFS Technical Report 36.
  14. ^ Erisman, B. E., Craig, M. T. & Hastings, P. A. (2009). A phylogenetic test of the size advantage model: evolutionary changes in mating behaviour influence the loss of sex change in a fish lineage. American Naturalist 174, 83–99.
  15. ^ Molloy, P. P., Goodwin, N. B., Cˆot´e, I. M., Reynolds, J. D. & Gage, M. J. G. (2007). Sperm competition and sex change a comparative analysis across fishes. Evolution 61, 640–652.
  16. ^ McEvoy, L. A. & McEvoy, J. (1992). Multiple spawning in several commercial fish species and its consequences for fisheries management, cultivation and experimentation. Journal of Fish Biology 41, 125–136.
  17. ^ Gerking, S. D. (1994). Feeding Ecology of Fish. London: Academic Press.
  18. ^ Gibran, F. Z. (2007). Activity, habitat use, feeding behaviour and diet of four sympatric species of Serranidae (Actinopterygii: Perciformes) in southeastern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology 5, 387–398.

Dodatna literatura

  • Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2006). " Othos" in FishBase. April 2006 version.

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