Grafički korisnički interfejs

Prvi[mrtav link] GUI: Dynabook (Smalltalk-76, Xerox Alto)

Grafički korisnički interfejs ili GUI (engleski: graphical user interface) jeste metod interakcije sa računarom kroz manipulaciju grafičkim elementima i dodacima uz pomoć tekstovnih poruka i obavještenja.[1][2][3] Izgovara se približno kao gooey na engleskom jeziku, tj. gui, na bosanskom jeziku.[4]

GUI programi prikazuju vizuelne elemente poput ikone, prozora i drugih elemenata.

Historija

Prethodnici GUI programa su izumljeni na Stanford univerzitetu, na čelu sa Douglasom Englebartom i koristili su tekstualne linkove za upravljanje. Kasnije su istraživači na Xerox PARC-u unaprijedili i otišli dalje od samo tekstualnih linkova i počeli da koriste grafički interfejs za njihov Alto računar.[5][6] To je bila preteča svih današnjih grafičkih interfejsa, pa se tako ponekad i danas koristi skraćenica PUI (PARC User Interface). PUI je i tada koristio prozore, menije, dugmiće, štrih kockice, ikone kao i uključivanje nekog pokaznog uređaja kao što je miš.

Prvi put ga je iskoristio Apple na svojim Macintosh računarima i operativnim sistemima, dok je kasnije Microsoft kopirao Appleove ideje u njihovim prvim verzijama Windows operativnog sistema.[7] Primjeri nekih grafičkih interfejsa su macOS, Microsoft Windows, NEXTSTEP i X Window System od kojeg su nastali Qt (KDE), GTK+ (GNOME), i Motif (CDE).

Pomoću grafičkog interfejsa korištenje današnjih računara je mnogo jednostavnije nego u doba DOS operativnog sistema koji je bio prilično negostoljubljiv prema novim korisnicima računara. Većina današnjih operativnih sistema se upravlja preko grafičkog interfejsa, dakle pomoću kursora, ikona, prozora i drugih elemenata.

iPhone je 2007. godine[8] popularizirao ekrane osjetljive za dodir i odstupio od interfejsa sa prozorima i smatra se prekretnicom za razvoj mobilnih uređaja i mobitela.[9][10]

Grafički interfejsi poznati većini ljudi u kasnim 2010-im su Microsoft Windows, macOS i X Window sistem za desktop i laptop računare, te Android, Apple iOS, BlackBerry OS, Windows Mobile, i Tizen za mobilne uređaje.[11]

Vrste grafičkih interfejsa

Slojevi[mrtav link] GUI-a bazirana na "windwing" sistemu.

Grafički interfejsi koji se ne temelje na PUI-u se najčešće susreću u računarskim igrama kao i u naprednim interfejsima temeljenim na virtualnoj stvarnosti. Danas se istražuje novi interfejs nazvan Zooming User Interface ili ZUI koji kombinira 3-dimenzionalno kretanje sa 2D slikom.

Neki grafički interfejsi su napravljeni isključivo za jednu namjenu, to je bio primjer sa Atari ST računarom u 1986. godini kada je predstavljen grafički interfejs sa ekranom osjetljivim na dodir. Danas se grafički interfejs ne koristi samo u računarima, danas ga iskorištavaju i razne govorne mašine, informacijski kioski kao i monitori u industrijskim postrojenjima koji pokreću operativne sisteme u realnom vremenu (RTOS). Neki najnoviji mobiteli također imaju grafičke interfejse sa ekranima osjetljivim na dodir.

GUI protiv CLI

U interfejsu komandne linije dostupne su mnoge komande koje mogu izvoditi kompleksne operacije koristeći kratke sekvence riječi i simbola. To omogućava veću efikasnost i produktivnost nakon što se komande nauče.[12][13] Taj način rada, iako efikasniji, je teže naučiti i za to je potreban određeni period vremena.

Grafički interfejs je predstavljen kao lakši način korištenja računara za obične korisnike u odnosu na Command Line Interfaces (CLI) ili interfejs koji je računarom upravljao isključivo preko teksta i komandne linije. CLI je bio manje upotrebljiv nego GUI te je bio mnogo komplikovaniji jer je koristio tekstualne naredbe (kao u DOS operativnom sistemu). Neki današnji operativni sistemi sadrže oba interfejsa, iako se grafički mnogo više koristi.

U Linuxu se najviše koristi XFCE, GNOME, i KDE grafičko okruženje.

Primjeri

Također pogledajte

Reference

  1. ^ "Graphical user interface". ScienceDaily (jezik: engleski). Pristupljeno 9. 5. 2019.
  2. ^ Levy, Steven. "Graphical User Interface (GUI)". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2019-06-12.
  3. ^ "GUI". PC Magazine Encyclopedia. pcmag.com. Pristupljeno 12. 6. 2019.
  4. ^ The Jargon Book, "Chrome"
  5. ^ Lieberman, Henry. "A Creative Programming Environment, Remixed", MIT Media Lab, Cambridge.
  6. ^ Salha, Nader. "Aesthetics and Art in the Early Development of Human-Computer Interfaces" Arhivirano 7. 8. 2020. na Wayback Machine, October 2012.
  7. ^ A Windows Retrospective, PC Magazine Jan 2009. Ziff Davis. januar 2009.
  8. ^ Mather, John. iMania, Ryerson Review of Journalism, (February 19, 2007) Retrieved February 19, 2007
  9. ^ "The iPad's victory in defining the tablet: What it means". InfoWorld. 5. 7. 2011.
  10. ^ Bright, Peter Ballmer (and Microsoft) still doesn't get the iPad, Ars Technica, 2010
  11. ^ Hanson, Cody W. (17. 3. 2011). "Chapter 2: Mobile Devices in 2011". Library Technology Reports. 47 (2): 11–23. ISSN 0024-2586.
  12. ^ Computerhope.com
  13. ^ "Technet.com". Arhivirano s originala, 12. 6. 2018. Pristupljeno 29. 2. 2020.

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