Машына пераменнага току

Машына пераменнага току: электрычная машына пераменнага току. Адрозніваюць сінхронныя, асінхронныя і калектарныя; паводле колькасці фаз адна-, дзвюх- і трохфазныя. Найбольш пашыраныя трохфазныя машыны пераменнага току, машыны з іншай колькасцю фаз (напрыклад, электрычныя мікрамашыны) выкарыстоўвацца для адмысловых мэтаў.

У сінхронных машынах ротар, на якім змешчана абмотка ўзбуджэння, верціцца з той самай хуткасцю і ў тым самым кірунку, што і вярчальнае магнітнае поле (г.зн., сінхронна). Сінхронныя машыны выкарыстоўваюцца як генератары (сінхронны генератар, турбагенератар, гідрагенератар) і як рухавікі сярэдняй і вялікай магутнасці (сінхронны рухавік).

Ротар асінхроннай машыны верціцца несінхронна (асіхронна) адносна вярчальнага магнітнага поля. Асінхронныя і калектарныя машыны пераменнага току выкарыстоўваюцца пераважна як рухавікі (асінхронны рухавік).

Найпрасцейшая схема машыны пераменнага току складаецца з пары нерухомых магнітных полюсаў, якія ствараюць нязменны ў часе магнітны паток, і змешчанага паміж імі вярчальнага незамкнёнага токаправоднага вітка з воссю вярчэння, перпендыкулярнай сілавым лініям магнітнага поля. Канцы вітка выводзяцца на кантакты, да якіх далучаны вонкавы электрычны ланцуг. Пры вярчэнні вітка ў ім індуктуецца пераменная ў часе ЭРС, якая, праз кантакты, выклікае працяканне ў вонкавым ланцугу пераменнага току, які змяняе свой кірунак 2 разы за 1 абарот вітка. Частата ЭРС у вітку прапарцыянальная яго вуглавой хуткасці і колькасці пар магнітных полюсаў.

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