Латыфундыя

Фазенда кавы ў Бразіліі. Гаспадарскі дом 18 ст. утварае частку вялікай латыфундыі.

Латыфундыя (лац.: lātus "прасторны" + лац.: fundus, "ферма, уладанне") — вельмі вялікае прыватнае зямельнае ўладанне. Латыфундыі ў рымскай гісторыі былі вялікімі маёнткамі, якія спецыялізаваліся на вытворчасці ў галіне сельскай гаспадаркі, прызначаных для экспарту: збожжа, аліўкавы алей, або віно. Яны былі характэрныя Вялікай Грэцыі і Сіцыліі, Егіпта і паўночнаафрыкага Магрыба і Бетыкі на поўдні Іспаніі. Старажытныя латыфундыі былі максімальна набліжаны да індустрыяльнай сельскай гаспадаркі, і іх эканоміка залежала ад рабскай працы.

Падчас каланіяльнага перыяду партугальскія і іспанскія манархі часта ўзнагароджвалі за ваенную службу вялікімі зямельнымі ўладаннямі у Бразіліі, Балівіі, Мексіцы, Венесуэле, Уругваі, Кубе, Чылі і Аргенціне. Прымусовая вярбоўка мясцовых жыхароў у якасці рабочых, дазволеных каланіяльнымі законамі, зрабіў гэтыя зямельныя ўладанні асабліва прыбытковымі для сваіх уладальнікаў. Гэтыя маёнткі: фазенды (па-партугальску) або асьенды (на іспанскай мове), былі запазычанымі ад слова "латыфундыя".

Гэтыя буйныя зямельныя ўладанні-працягвалі існаваць пасля здабыцця краінамі незалежнасці; аграрныя рэформы, накіраваныя на спыненне дамінавання сістэмы латыфундыяў былі папулярныя у некаторых нацыянальных урадаў у Лацінскай Амерыкі. Сёння, латыфундыі існуюць у некаторых краінах Лацінскай Амерыкі, на поўдні Іспаніі і Італіі.

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