Галактыка Андрамеды

Галактыка
Гісторыя даследавання
Дата адкрыцця вядомая са старажытнасці
Наглядальныя даныя
(Эпоха J2000.0)
Тып SAb
Прамое ўзыходжанне 00гадз 42,8мін
Схіленне 41° 16′
Чырвонае зрушэнне ?0,001
Адлегласць 2,52±0,14 млн св. гадоў (772±44 тыс. пк)[1]
Бачная зорная велічыня mV +3,44
Бачныя памеры 3,2 × 1,0°
Сузор’е Андрамеда
Фізічныя характарыстыкі
Радыус 110 тыс. св. гадоў
Абсалютная зорная велічыня (V) -21,5
Уласцівасці Найбуйнейшая галактыка Мясцовай групы

M31 (каталог Месье), Галактыка Андрамеды, Тума́ннасць Андраме́ды — гіганцкая спіральная галактыка (тып Sb) у сузор’і Андрамеды.

Са­мая яр­кая га­лак­тыка Паўночнага паўшар’я не­ба, ад­на з найбліжэйшых да на­шай Га­лак­тыкі. Бачная простым вокам як сла­бая святлівая ту­ман­ная плямка ў сузор’і Ан­драме­ды (паблізу зоркі ν Ан­драме­ды).

Гісторыя вывучэння

Упершыню згадваецца як «маленькае воблачка» ў сачыненні арабскага астранома ас-Суфі. У 1614 годзе незалежна адкрыта нямецкім астраномам С. Марыусам пры дапамозе тэлескопа. Зоркавая прырода Туманнасці Андрамеды выяўлена ў 1925 годзе, тады з дапамогай 2,5-метровага тэлескопа ў ёй упершыню ўбачылі зоркі.

Сярод астраномаў прынята абазначэнне Туманнасці Андрамеды М31 (паводле каталога Ш. Месье) або NGC224 (згодна каталогу Ё. Дрэера).

Фізічныя характарыстыкі

Туманнасць Андрамеды шмат у чым падобная да нашай Га­лак­тыкі. Абедзве зорныя сістэмы належаць да ліку гіганцкіх, маюць спіральную структуру і прыблізна аднолькавы ўзрост. Яны ўваходзяць у склад Мясцовай групы галактык, з’яўляючыся яе найбольш буйнымі і масіўнымі членамі, прычым Туманнасць Андрамеды большая і масіўнейшая за нашу Галактыку.

Памеры галактыкі, разлічаныя па фотаздымках, складаюць каля 44×20 кпк. Яе марфалагічны тып абазначаюць як Sb, такім чынам, гэта спіральная галактыка з даволі магутным сфераідальным кампанентам і добра развітымі спіральнымі рукавамі. Туманнасць Андрамеды бачная амаль з рабра, што надае ёй эліптычную форму. У вобласці спіральных галін выступаюць у выглядзе цёмных плям скопішчы газава-пылавых міжзоркавых воблакаў. У Туманнасці Андрамеды двайное ядро; яго кампаненты раздзелены адлегласцю каля 2 пк, прычым адзін з кампанентаў ядра, імаверна, утрымлівае ў сваім цэнтры чорную дзірку масай каля 50 млн мас Сонца. У гало Туманнасці Андрамеды выяўлены каля 400 шаравых зорных скопішчаў, а ў яе атачэнні — дзесяць карлікавых галактык, з якіх адна (M32) эліптычная, а астатнія сфераідальныя; усе яны разглядаюцца як спадарожнікі Туманнасці Андрамеды.

Адлегласць ад Зямлі складае каля 700 кпк. Маса галактыкі ацэньваецца ў (3—5)·1011 мас Сонца.

Зноскі

  1. I. Ribas, C. Jordi, F. Vilardell, E.L. Fitzpatrick, R.W. Hilditch, F. Edward (2005). "First Determination of the Distance and Fundamental Properties of an Eclipsing Binary in the Andromeda Galaxy". Astrophysical Journal. 635: L37–L40. doi:10.1086/499161. ISSN 0004-637X.{{cite journal}}: Папярэджанні CS1: розныя назвы: authors list (спасылка)

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