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Zuniceratops; Temporal range: Late Cretaceous (Turonian – Coniacian) 90.9–88.6 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	Reconstructed skeleton
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Clade:	†Ornithischia
Clade:	†Neornithischia
Clade:	†Ceratopsia
Clade:	†Coronosauria
Superfamily:	†Ceratopsoidea
Genus:	†Zuniceratops; Wolfe & Kirkland, 1998
Species:	†Z. christopheri
Binomial name
	†Zuniceratops christopheri; Wolfe & Kirkland, 1998

Zuniceratops ('Zuni-horned face') is a genus of ceratopsian dinosaurs that lived during the Turonian stage of the Late Cretaceous in what is now New Mexico, United States. Only a single species is known, Zuniceratops christopheri.

History of discovery

Zuniceratops was discovered in 1996, by eight-year-old Christopher James Wolfe, son of paleontologist Douglas G. Wolfe, in the Moreno Hill Formation in west-central New Mexico where one skull and the bones from several individuals have been found.^[2] This discovery of Zuniceratops bonebed has been suggested as one of the evidence for the claim that grouping behavior could be a synapomorphic trait for ceratopsians.^[3] In 2001, a bone believed to be a squamosal has since been found to be an ischium of a Nothronychus.^[4]

The holotype specimen, MSM P2101, is either a juvenile or a subadult,^[5] while other specimens like MSM P2101 and MSM P3812 belong to adults.^[6] The skull is long and low with no nasal horn, but bears a well-developed pair of brow horns that are similar to those of chasmosaurs and primitive centrosaurs, showing that brow horns are plesiomorphic traits.^[5]

Description

Zuniceratops was a relatively small ceratopsian, measuring about 2.2 meters (7.2 ft) long and weighing around 175 kilograms (386 lb).^[7] The basal skull length is estimated up to 40 centimetres (1.3 ft).^[6] The partial proximal parietal is shown to have an inverted "T" shape, as in Protoceratops.^[5] Although the first specimen discovered had single-rooted teeth (unusual for ceratopsians), larger fossils had double-rooted teeth, showing that the teeth became double-rooted with age and that it is a plesiomorphic trait.^[5]

Classification

Zuniceratops is an example of the evolutionary transition between early ceratopsians and the later, larger ceratopsids that had very large horns and frills, supporting the theory that the lineage of ceratopsian dinosaurs may have been North American in origin.^[2] Re-examinations of Turanoceratops and Zuniceratops, which are known as two critical ceratopsian taxa regarding the evolutionary history of ceratopsids, showed that the origin of ceratopsids is unrelated to, and older than the fossil record of Protoceratops and relatives.^[8]^[5]

Phylogenetic analysis reveal that Zuniceratops is a non-ceratopsid neoceratopisan, closely related to Turanoceratops:^[9]

Coronosauria

Graciliceratops

Protoceratopsidae

	Bagaceratops

	Protoceratops

Zuniceratops

Turanoceratops

	Ceratopsidae

	Leptoceratopsidae

Paleoenvironment

Specimens of Zuniceratops are known from the Moreno Hill Formation which documents a time of tectonic upheaval, volcanic activities, humid paleoclimate, and North American coastal margin shifts.^[1] Other dinosaurs fossils recovered from this formation are Suskityrannus, Nothronychus, Jeyawati, and undescribed ankylosaur remains.^[10] Three groups of turtle fossils have been reported: a baenid Edowa, a helochelydrid Naomichelys and an indeterminate trionychid.^[11] Other vertebrate fossils include crocodyliform teeth, amiid teeth and gar scales.^[2]^[11]

References

^ ^a ^b Cilliers, Charl D.; Tucker, Ryan T.; Crowley, James L.; Zanno, Lindsay E. (2021). "Age constraint for the Moreno Hill Formation (Zuni Basin) by CA-TIMS and LA-ICP-MS detrital zircon geochronology". PeerJ. 9. e10948. doi:10.7717/peerj.10948. PMC 7953880. PMID 33854833.
^ ^a ^b ^c Wolfe, D.G; Kirkland, J.I. (1998). "Zuniceratops christopheri n. gen. & n. sp., a ceratopsian dinosaur from the Moreno Hill Formation (Cretaceous, Turonian) of west-central New Mexico". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin. 14: 303–317.
^ Scott, S.H.W.; Ryan, M.J.; Evans, D.C. (2022). "Postcranial description of Wendiceratops pinhornensis and a taphonomic analysis of the oldest monodominant ceratopsid bonebed". The Anatomical Record. 306 (7): 1824–1841. doi:10.1002/ar.25045. PMID 36001492. S2CID 251766450.
^ Kirkland, J. I.; Wolfe, D. G. (2001). "First definitive therizinosaurid (Dinosauria; Theropoda) from North America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 21 (3): 410−414. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2001)021[0410:fdtdtf]2.0.co;2. JSTOR 20061971. S2CID 85705529.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Wolfe, D.G.; Kirkland, J.I.; Smith, D.; Poole, K.; Chinnery-Allgeier, B.J.; McDonald, A. (2010). "6. Zuniceratops christopheri: the North American ceratopsid sister taxon reconstructed on the basis of new data". In Ryan, M.J.; Chinnery-Allgeier, B.J.; Eberth, D.A. (eds.). New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Indiana University Press. pp. 91−98. ISBN 978-0-253-35358-0.
^ ^a ^b Farke, A.A. (2010). "Evolution, homology, and function of the supracranial sinuses in ceratopsian dinosaurs". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (5): 1486−1500. Bibcode:2010JVPal..30.1486F. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.501436.
^ Paul, Gregory S. (2010). Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13720-9.
^ Sues, H.-C.; Averianov, A. (2009). "Turanoceratops tardabilis—the first ceratopsid dinosaur from Asia". Naturwissenschaften. 96 (5): 645–652. Bibcode:2009NW.....96..645S. doi:10.1007/s00114-009-0518-9. PMID 19277598. S2CID 21951969.
^ Kim, B.; Yun, H.; Lee, Y.-N. (2019). "The postcranial skeleton of Bagaceratops (Ornithischia: Neoceratopsia) from the Baruungoyot Formation (Upper Cretaceous) in Hermiin Tsav of southwestern Gobi, Mongolia". Journal of the Geological Society of Korea. 55 (2): 179−190. doi:10.14770/jgsk.2019.55.2.179. S2CID 150321203.
^ Sterling J. Nesbitt; Robert K. Denton Jr; Mark A. Loewen; Stephen L. Brusatte; Nathan D. Smith; Alan H. Turner; James I. Kirkland; Andrew T. McDonald; Douglas G. Wolfe (2019). "Supplementary information for: A mid-Cretaceous tyrannosauroid and the origin of North American end-Cretaceous dinosaur assemblages" (PDF). Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3 (6): 892–899. Bibcode:2019NatEE...3..892N. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0888-0. hdl:20.500.11820/a6709b34-e3ab-416e-a866-03ba1162b23d. PMID 31061476.
^ ^a ^b Adrian, Brent; Smith, Heather F.; Kelley, Kara; Wolfe, Douglas G. (2022-11-23). "A new baenid, Edowa zuniensis gen. et sp. nov., and other fossil turtles from the Upper Cretaceous Moreno Hill Formation (Turonian), New Mexico, USA". Cretaceous Research. 144: 105422. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105422. ISSN 0195-6671. S2CID 253905727.

Wolfe, D. G. (2000). New information on the skull of Zuniceratops christopheri, a neoceratopsian dinosaur from the Cretaceous Moreno Hill Formation, New Mexico. pp. 93–94, in S. G. Lucas and A. B. Heckert, eds. Dinosaurs of New Mexico. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin No. 17.