Coahuilaceratops

Coahuilaceratops Temporal range: Late Cretaceous (early Maastrichtian) ~71.5–70.5 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Skull of Coahuilaceratops
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Clade:	†Ornithischia
Clade:	†Neornithischia
Clade:	†Ceratopsia
Family:	†Ceratopsidae
Subfamily:	†Chasmosaurinae
Genus:	†Coahuilaceratops Loewen et al., 2010
Species:	†C. magnacuerna
Binomial name
†Coahuilaceratops magnacuerna Loewen et al., 2010

Coahuilaceratops (meaning "horned face from Coahuila") is a genus of chasmosaurine ceratopsian dinosaur that lived during the early Maastrichtian age of the Late Cretaceous epoch, about 71.5 to 70.5 million years ago in what is now northern Mexico.^[1] It contains a single species, Coahuilaceratops magnacuerna.^[2]

Discovery and naming

Fossils of Coahuilaceratops were discovered by Claudio de Leon near the town of Porvenir de Jalpa in the south of Coahuila, Mexico in 2001 and excavated in 2003.^[3] The deposits where the remains were found were originally assigned to the Cerro del Pueblo Formation^[2] (upper Campanian; ca. 73–72.5 Ma), but in a 2024 stratigraphic revision they were assigned to the overlying Cerro Huerta Formation (lower Maastrichtian; about 71.5–70.5 million years). This makes Coahuilaceratops the first dinosaur described from the Cerro Huerta Formation. The lower Maastrichtian age of the deposits is consistent with the relatively derived phylogenetic position of Coahuilaceratops.^[1]

Over the course of two years, the Coahuilaceratops fossils were prepared by volunteer preparator Jerry Golden at the Natural History Museum of Utah.^[3] The holotype CPC 276 is represented mainly by unarticulated bones of the skull of an adult individual: rostral bone, left premaxilla, right maxilla, fused nasal bones, incomplete left and right supraorbital horncores, part of the parietosquasomal frill, predentary, both dentaries, and unprepared postcranial material. Another specimen, CPC 277, contains unarticulated juvenile skeletal elements, including predentary, dentary, and unprepared postcranial material.^[2]

The name of the dinosaur was mentioned in the press in 2008 as an informal designation (nomen nudum).^[4] Coahuilaceratops magnacuerna was formally described by paleontologists Mark A. Loewen, Scott D. Sampson, Eric K. Lund, Andrew A. Farke, Martha C. Aguillón Martínez [es], Claudio A. de Leon, Rubén A. Rodríguez de la Rosa, Michael A. Getty, and David A. Eberth in 2010. The generic name combines "Coahuila", the state of origin, with the Ancient Greek suffix "-ceratops", meaning "horned face", which is common for ceratopsians. The specific name refers to the large size of horns and comes from the Latin word "magna", meaning "great", and the Spanish word "cuerna", meaning "horn".^[2]

• 
  Geographic and stratigraphic setting of the site where the fossils of Coahuilaceratops were found (belonging to the Cerro Huerta Formation)
• 
  Skull reconstruction
• 
  Diagram of the holotype skull with known material in white.

Description

Life restoration

According to estimates given in a press release from the Natural History Museum of Utah (2010), an adult Coahuilaceratops was about 22 ft (6.7 m) long, 6 to 7 ft (1.8 to 2.1 m) tall at the shoulders and hips, with a 6 ft (1.8 m) skull and 3 to 4 ft (0.91 to 1.22 m) horns, and probably weighed about four to five tons.^[3] Gregory S. Paul estimated its length at 4 meters (13 ft) m and weight at 1 metric ton (1.1 short tons) ton in 2016 and 1.5 metric tons (1.7 short tons) tons in 2024.^[5][6]

Although the horns of Coahuilaceratops are not completely preserved, their absolute size is comparable to the size of the horns of the largest chasmosaurines, such as Triceratops and Torosaurus. The hyperrobust morphology of the horns of Coahuilaceratops (relative lack of constriction in the distal region) is more reminiscent of large specimens of Pentaceratops than of Agujaceratops.^[2]

Classification

In the phylogenetic analysis performed by the authors of the Coauilaceratops description, Loewen et al. (2010), it was found in a polytomy with Anchiceratops and Arrhinoceratops, with which it was found in a sister clade of Triceratopsini.^[2] Triceratopsins include Triceratops and all taxa closer to Triceratops than to Anchiceratops and Arrhinoceratops.^[7]

According to analysis conducted by Brown & Henderson (2015), Coahuiceratops is a sister genus of Bravoceratops within a clade that includes a number of other non-triceratopsin chasmosaurines, with Anchiceratops and Arrhinoceratops still forming a sister clade of Triceratopsini.^[8] One of the Mallon al. (2016) analyzes confirmed that Coahuilaceratops and Bravoceratops are sister taxa, but the study authors had to remove the fragmentary Bravoceratops from the analysis to obtain more meaningful results.^[9] Dalman et al. (2022) found Coahuilaceratops in a polytomy with Bravoceratops and Sierraceratops. The researchers suggested that a clade containing these three genera was endemic to southern Laramidia.^[10]

Loewen et al. (2010)[2] Chasmosaurinae Chasmosaurus Pentaceratops Agujaceratops Coahuilaceratops Anchiceratops Arrhinoceratops Triceratopsini Torosaurus Diceratops Eotriceratops Triceratops

Brown & Henderson (2015)[8] Chasmosaurinae Vagaceratops Kosmoceratops Chasmosaurus Mojoceratops Agujaceratops Utahceratops Pentaceratops Bravoceratops Coahuilaceratops Anchiceratops Arrhinoceratops Triceratopsini Regaliceratops Eotriceratops Ojoceratops Titanoceratops Nedoceratops Torosaurus Triceratops

Dalman et al. (2022)[10] Chasmosaurinae Mercuriceratops Judiceratops Chasmosaurus Agujaceratops mariscalensis Mojoceratops Agujaceratops mavericus Pentaceratops aquilonius Chasmosaurine from Williams Fork Formation Pentaceratops sternbergii Utahceratops Navajoceratops Terminocavus Kosmoceratops Spiclypeus Bisticeratops Chasmosaurine from Almond Formation Anchiceratops Bravoceratops Coahuilaceratops Sierraceratops Arrhinoceratops Triceratopsini Titanoceratops Eotriceratops Torosaurus latus Torosaurus utahensis Regaliceratops Ojoceratops Triceratops

See also

• Timeline of ceratopsian research

References

1. Barrera Guevara, D.; Espinosa Chávez, B.; Serrano Brañas, C. I.; de León Dávila, C.; Posada Martinez, D.; Freedman Fowler, E.; Fowler, D. (2024). "Stratigraphic Reassessment of the Mexican Chasmosaurine Coahuilaceratops magnacuerna as the First Diagnostic Dinosaur Remains from the Cerro Huerta Formation (Lower Maastrichtian) Supporting the Southern Origin of the Triceratopsini". Diversity. 16 (7): 390. doi:10.3390/d16070390.
2. Loewen, M. A.; Sampson, S. D.; Lund, E. K.; Farke, A. A.; Aguillón-Martínez, M. C.; de Leon, C. A.; Rodríguez de la Rosa, R. A.; Getty, M. A.; Eberth, D. A. (2010). "Horned Dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae) from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Cerro del Pueblo Formation, Coahuila, Mexico". In Ryan, M. J.; Chinnery-Allgeier, B. J.; Eberth, D. A. (eds.). New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Indiana University Press. pp. 99–116. ISBN 978-0253353580.
3. "First horned dinosaur from Mexico". EurekAlert!. 28 May 2010. Archived from the original on 13 July 2024. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
4. González, E. (20 November 2008). "Hallan en Coahuila nuevo dinosaurio". Vanguardia. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013.
5. Paul, G. S. (2016). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs (2nd ed.). Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. p. 293. ISBN 978-0-691-16766-4.
6. Paul, G. S. (2024). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs (3rd ed.). Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. p. 317. ISBN 978-0-691-23157-0.
7. Madzia, D.; Arbour, V.M.; Boyd, C.A.; Farke, A.A.; Cruzado-Caballero, P.; Evans, D.C. (2021). "The phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs". PeerJ. 9: e12362. doi:10.7717/peerj.12362. PMC 8667728. PMID 34966571.
8. Brown, C. M.; Henderson, D. M. (2015). "A new horned dinosaur reveals convergent evolution in cranial ornamentation in ceratopsidae". Current Biology. 25 (12): 1641–8. Bibcode:2015CBio...25.1641B. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.041. PMID 26051892.
9. Mallon, J. C.; Ott, C. J.; Larson, P. L.; Iuliano, E. M.; Evans, D. C. (2016). "Spiclypeus shipporum gen. et sp. nov., a Boldly Audacious New Chasmosaurine Ceratopsid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Judith River Formation (Upper Cretaceous: Campanian) of Montana, USA". PLOS ONE. 11 (5): e0154218. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1154218M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154218. PMC 4871577. PMID 27191389.
10. Dalman, S.G.; Lucas, S.G.; Jasinski, S.E.; Longrich, N.R. (2022). "Sierraceratops turneri, a new chasmosaurine ceratopsid from the Hall Lake Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of south-central New Mexico". Cretaceous Research. 130: Article 105034. Bibcode:2022CrRes.13005034D. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.105034. Archived from the original on 7 January 2022.