The area was granted to Adriaen van der Donck, the patroon of Colendonck, in July 1645. Van der Donck was known locally as Jonkheer ('young gentleman'), an honorific title derived from the Dutch jonk ('young') and heer ('lord'). The title, similar to "esquire", is linguistically comparable to the German Junker. Jonkheer was shortened to Jonker (possessiveJonkers), from which the name Yonkers derives.[8]: 91 The city's residents are known as Yonkersonians, Yonkersites, Yonkers, or Yonks.[2]: 549
History
Early settlements
The indigenous Native American village of Nappeckamack was located near the Neperah stream (now the Saw Mill River, also known as Nepperhan Creek), which flowed into the Shatemuck (Hudson River).[9] The land on which the city is built was once part of Colen Donck, a 24,000-acre (97-square-kilometer) Dutch land grant. It ran 12 miles (19 km) north from the present-day Manhattan–Bronx border at Marble Hill, and from the Hudson River east to the Bronx River.[10]
Adriaen van der Donck (d. 1655) built a saw mill near the confluence of Nepperhan Creek and the Hudson River.[11] Near the site of Van der Donck's mill is the Philipse Manor Hall State Historic Site, a manor house owned by Dutch colonists. The historic house museum is also an archive. The original structure was built by white workers and enslaved people for Frederick Philipse and his wife, Margaret Hardenbroeck de Vries, around 1682. Philipse was a wealthy Dutchman who, at his death, had amassed an estate which included present-day Yonkers and several other Hudson River towns.[12] Philipse's great-grandson, Frederick Philipse III, was a prominent loyalist during the American Revolution who had economic and political ties to English businesspeople. Because of his political leanings, he fled to England. American colonists in New York State confiscated and sold all lands and property belonging to the Philipse family.[13]
Gentrification and redlining
Yonkers has undergone several changes to neighborhoods in an effort to revitalize the city, which has included gentrification. Changes were made to its waterfront, which included revitalizing its green space; this improved the quality of life for wealthier residents.[7]
Residents of the western area of downtown Yonkers opposed the Pierpointe, a condominium-complex development proposal that would build over 1,900 condominiums (including six 38-story towers), during the 1980s struggle against segregation. According to critics, the development would bring homelessness and gentrification to the area.[14]
Downtown gentrification has raised concerns that poorer residents might be forced out of the city.[15] A Yonkers Arts Gallery painting, But It’s Ours: The Redline Between Poverty and Wealth by Shanequa Benitez, illustrates the effects of gentrification on Yonkers.[16]
In an effort to combat redlining, the city announced the Yonkers Greenway: a $14 million rail trail along former railways such as the New York and Putnam Railroad. The 3.1-mile (5.0 km) greenway will run from Van Cortlandt Park to Getty Square.[17] Construction, expected to begin in spring 2024, is planned to be completed in 2026.[18]
Incorporation and growth
The Village of Yonkers was incorporated in the western Town of Yonkers in 1854, and incorporated as a city in 1872. In 1873, the southern Town of Yonkers (outside the City of Yonkers) became the Town of Kingsbridge; this included Woodlawn Cemetery and the present-day neighborhoods of Kingsbridge, Riverdale, and Woodlawn Heights. The Town of Kingsbridge was annexed by New York City the following year as part of the Bronx. In 1898, Yonkers, Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island voted on a referendum to determine if they wanted to become part of New York City. Although the referendum passed elsewhere, Yonkers and neighboring Mount Vernon were not included in the consolidated city and remained independent.[19] Some residents call Yonkers "the sixth borough" because of its location on the New York City border, its urban character, and the merger referendum.[20]
A 1942 subway connection was planned between Getty Square and the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line, which terminates in Riverdale at 242nd Street (slightly south of the city line). The plan was dropped.[21][22]
In 1937, a 175-foot (53 m) water tower collapsed in the Nodine Hills area; nine people were initially injured.[23]: 1 : 4–5 The injury total increased by three after the collapse, bringing the number to 12.[24]: 1 About 100,000 U.S. gallons (380,000 L) of water from the tower spilled, causing flooding in the area that crushed cars and damaged homes. Construction of a new tower began in 1938, and it became operational the following year.[25]
During World War I, 6,909 Yonkers residents (about seven percent of the city's population) entered military service.[27]: vi Most Yonkers men joined the 27th Division or the 77th Division.[27]: 6 One hundred thirty-seven city residents were killed during the war.[27]: 77 In the 1918 sinking of the USS President Lincoln, seventeen sailors from Yonkers survived.[27]: 15 Civilians helped the war effort by joining organizations such as the American Red Cross. The Yonkers chapter of the Red Cross had 126 members in 1916; by the end of the war, 15,358 Yonkers residents belonged to the chapter. Mostly women, they prepared surgical dressings, created hospital garments for the wounded, and knit articles of clothing for refugees and soldiers. In addition to joining the Red Cross, Yonkers residents donated $19,255,255 to a number of war drives.[27]: 23–24
The city's factories were converted to produce items for World War II, such as tents and blankets from the Alexander Smith and Sons carpet factory and tanks from the Otis Elevator factory. Increased competition from less-expensive imports resulted in a decline in manufacturing in Yonkers after the war, and a number of industrial jobs were lost.[28]
Industry
Yonkers was originally a small farming town which produced peaches, apples, potatoes, oats, wheat, and other agricultural goods to be shipped to New York City along the Hudson River. Water power created manufacturing jobs.[29]: 2 Elisha Otis invented a safety elevator in 1853, and the Otis Elevator Company opened the world's first elevator factory on the Hudson near present-day Vark Street.[30][31]: 66 The company moved to larger quarters during the 1880s, which later became the Yonkers Public Library.[32]: 12
Around that time, the Alexander Smith and Sons Carpet Company in the Saw Mill River Valley expanded to 45 buildings, 800 looms, and more than 4,000 workers. It was known as one of the world's premier carpet-producing centers.[33]: 15
In addition to manufacturing, Yonkers played a key role in the development of recreational sports in the United States. Scottish-born John Reid founded Saint Andrew's Golf Club in the city in 1888; it was the first golf course in the United States.[34] That year, the New York City and Northern Railway Company (later the New York Central Railroad) connected Yonkers to Manhattan and points north. A three-mile spur to Getty Square operated until 1943.[35][36]Bakelite, the first completely-synthetic plastic, was invented c. 1907 in Yonkers by Leo Baekeland and was manufactured there until the late 1920s.[37]
During the early 20th century, Yonkers hosted the Brass-Era automaker Colt Runabout.[38]: 63 Although the vehicle reportedly ran well, the company went out of business. Yonkers was the headquarters of the Waring Hat Company, the nation's largest hat manufacturer when it opened.[39] On January 4, 1940, Yonkers resident Edwin Howard Armstrong transmitted the first FM radio broadcast (on station W2XCR) from the Yonkers home of co-experimenter C. R. Runyon.[40] Yonkers had the longest-running pirate radio station, which was owned by Allan Weiner and operated during the 1970s and 1980s.[41]
The Alexander Smith Carpet Company, one of the city's largest employers, ceased operations during a June 1954 labor dispute.[28] In 1983, the Otis Elevator factory closed.[42] A Kawasaki railcar-assembly plant opened in 1986 in the former Otis plant. With the loss of manufacturing jobs, Yonkers became a commuter town.[43] Some neighborhoods, such as Crestwood and Park Hill, became popular with wealthy New Yorkers who wanted to live outside Manhattan without giving up urban conveniences. Yonkers' transportation infrastructure, which included three commuter railroad lines and five parkways and thruways, made it a desirable city in which to live. A 15-minute drive from Manhattan, it has a number of prewar homes and apartment buildings. Yonkers' manufacturing sector has also revived during the early 21st century.[44]
Racial discrimination and United States v. Yonkers
In 1960, the population of Yonkers was 95.8 percent white and four percent Black.[45] The city developed a national reputation for racial tension during the 1980s and 1990s, based on a long-term battle between the city and the NAACP over the construction of subsidized, low-income housing projects. Yonkers planned to use federal funding for urban renewal exclusively downtown; other groups, led by the NAACP, believed that the resulting concentration of low-income housing in traditionally-poor neighborhoods would perpetuate poverty. Although the city had been warned in 1971 by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development about further construction of low-income housing in west Yonkers, it continued to support subsidized housing in this area between 1972 and 1977.[46]
In 1980, the NAACP and the federal government filed suit against the city of Yonkers and its board of education in United States v. Yonkers.[47][48] After a 1985 decision and an unsuccessful appeal, Yonkers' schools were integrated in 1988.[49]: 1 Federal judge Leonard B. Sand ruled that Yonkers had engaged in institutional segregation in housing and school policies for over 40 years. He tied the illegal concentration of public housing and private-housing discrimination to the city's resistance to ending racial isolation in its public schools.[50]
Yonkers gained national and international attention during the summer of 1988, when it backed out of its previous agreement to build municipal public housing in the eastern parts of the city (an agreement it had made in a consent decree after losing its appeal in 1987). After its reversal, the city was found in contempt of the federal courts. Sand imposed a fine on Yonkers which began at $100 and doubled every day, capped at $1 million per day by an appeals court,[51] until the city capitulated to the federally-mandated plan. The city remained in contempt of court until September 9, 1988, when its city council relented as the financial impact threatened to close a library and reduce sanitation. The city also considered massive layoffs, which would have adversely affected its ability to provide services to the upper classes it was trying to retain.[52]Nicholas C. Wasicsko, Yonkers' youngest mayor (elected at age 28), struggled in city politics. He helped end the city's contempt-of-court ruling, but was voted out of office as a result.[53][54] Wasicsko's story, subject of the 2015 miniseries Show Me a Hero, was adapted from a 1999 nonfiction book of the same name by Lisa Belkin.[55] The 2007 documentary Brick by Brick: A Civil Rights Story also covers racial discrimination and housing segregation in Yonkers.[56]
As as a result of the federal lawsuit, Yonkers' public-school enrollment dropped from 54 percent of the city's eligible population to under 30 percent as thousands of white families left the city for its suburbs or enrolled their children in private schools; this effectively gutted the city's middle class and tax base. The school district's estimated cost of integration was over $262 million. Forced to cut programs, Yonkers schools fell steeply in national rankings as test scores sharply declined. By 1995, The New York Times called the city's desegregation effort "a profound disappointment to blacks and whites alike." Michael Sussmann, the NAACP's lawyer during the case, blamed Sand for failing to allocate federal funds to help relieve the cost of integration.[57]
21st century
Areas of Yonkers which bordered similar neighborhoods in Riverdale began seeing an influx of Orthodox Jews during the 2000s, and the Riverdale Hatzalah volunteer ambulance service began serving neighborhoods in the southwest part of the city.[58] The Sherwood Park Cemetery is a small Jewish cemetery.[59]
The city has been used as a location for films and television series,[70] and the City Hall courtroom is used for film scenes and commercials.[71] The city along with neighboring Mount Vernon saw a increase in revenue grow from 2016.[72]Catch Me If You Can (2002) and Mona Lisa Smile (2003) were partially filmed in the city.[73][74] Yonkers is the setting of two feature films by local filmmaker Robert Celestino: Mr. Vincent (1997) and Yonkers Joe (2008).[75][76] The city is the setting for the 2005 film A Tale of Two Pizzas,[77] and Tyler, the Creator released "Yonkers" in 2011. Neil Simon's play, Lost in Yonkers, and its film version are set in the city.[78] A new Lionsgate Studios facility hosts the Spanish multimedia communications group Mediapro, and a planned $500 million expansion would make it the largest such facility in the Northeast.[79]
Geography
Yonkers covers an area of 20.3 square miles (53 km2), including 18.1 square miles (47 km2) of land and 2.2 square miles (5.7 km2) of water. The Bronx River separates Yonkers from Mount Vernon, Tuckahoe, Eastchester, Bronxville, and Scarsdale on the east. The town of Greenburgh is on the north, and the Hudson River forms the western border. On the south, Yonkers borders the Riverdale, Woodlawn, and Wakefield sections of The Bronx.[80]: 2 The city is spread over hills rising from near sea level on the east bank of the Hudson River to 416 feet (127 m) above sea level at Sacred Heart Church, whose spire can be seen from Long Island, New York City, and New Jersey.
It is considered a City of Seven Hills: Park, Nodine, Ridge, Cross, Locust, Glen, and Church Hills.[81][82] Much of the city developed around the Saw Mill River, which enters Yonkers from the north and flows into the Hudson River at Getty Square.[83] Portions of the river had been buried in flumes under parking lots, but have been uncovered (daylighted).[84] Daylighting promotes the restoration of habitat for plants, fish, and other fauna, and helps develop an understanding of where Native Americans camped in spring and summer.[85]
In the 2010 census,[92] there were 195,976 people in Yonkers and its population density was 10,827.4 people per square mile (4,180.5 people/km2). There were 80,839 housing units, with an average density of 4,466.2 per square mile (1,724.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 55.8 percent white, 18.7 percent African American, 0.7 percent Native American, 5.9 percent Asian, 0.1 percent Pacific Islander, 14.7 percent from other races, and 4.1 percent from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any racial background were 34.7 percent of the population. Non-Hispanic whites were 41.4 percent of the population in 2010,[93] down from 89.9 percent in 1970.[45]
Data from the 2020 census indicated that Yonkers' population grew by eight percent from 2010 to 2020, an increase from 195,976 to 211,569. Yonkers surpassed Rochester as the third-most populous city in New York, behind New York City and Buffalo.[94] The Hispanic population increased, as the non-Hispanic population decreased to 33 percent from 41.4 percent in 2010.[95] The Hispanic and Latino population increased to 40 percent, and the Asian population increased to 5.9%. The city reported a decrease in its white population from 55.8 to 46.3 percent.[96]
Yonkers includes several small residential enclaves and communities which form four quarters, demarcated by the Saw Mill River. There are at least 38 neighborhoods, but many of their original names are rarely used except by older residents and real-estate brokers.[97]
Northeast Yonkers
Northeast Yonkers is a primarily Irish-American and Italian-American area. House sizes vary, from small houses set close together to larger homes in neighborhoods such as Lawrence Park West and mid-rise apartment buildings along Central Avenue (NY 100). Central Avenue (officially Central Park Avenue) is a shopping area. Notable former residents include Steven Tyler of Aerosmith, whose childhood home was at 100 Pembrook Drive.[98]
The area contains the affluent neighborhoods of Crestwood, Colonial Heights, and Cedar Knolls, and the wealthy enclaves of Beech Hill and Lawrence Park West. It includes a gated community off the eastern Grassy Sprain Reservoir, known as Winchester Villages. Landmarks include St. Vladimir's Seminary, Sarah Lawrence College and the Tanglewood Shopping Center, former home of the Tanglewood Boys gang.[99] Northeast Yonkers is somewhat more expensive than the rest of the city and, due to the proximity of several Metro-North commuter railroad stations, its residents generally work for Manhattan corporations.
Northwest Yonkers
Northwest Yonkers neighborhoods vary, spanning from the Hudson River to the New York State Thruway (I-87) and from Ashburton Avenue north to the Hastings-on-Hudson border. With the Hudson River bordering it on the west, northwest Yonkers has many Victorian-era homes with panoramic views of the Palisades. The Victorian architecture and number of 19th-century estates in northwest Yonkers has attracted filmmakers.[74]
An interest in historic preservation has developed, demonstrated on streets such as Shonnard Terrace, Delavan Terrace, and Hudson Terrace. On Delavan Terrace, the 1854 Smith-Collins House was included in a 1983 article in The New York Times.[100] The house was demolished in 2007, and former city-council president Chuck Lesnick called for legislation which would make the demolition of a 75-year-old landmark in the city subject to the landmark-review process.[101]
The two-block section of Palisade Avenue between Chase and Roberts Avenues in northwest Yonkers is colloquially known as "the north end" or "the end". The only retail area in northwest Yonkers, it was known for its soda fountain, Urich's Stationery, and Robbins Pharmacy.[103] It was the end of the #2 trolley line, which has been replaced by a Bee-line Bus route. Nepperhan Avenue in Nepera Park is a shopping district in the area.
Southeast Yonkers
Residents of southeast Yonkers are primarily Irish- and Italian-American. A number of recent immigrants from Ireland live in the area.[104][105] Its architecture more closely resembles that of parts of the Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island than of points north. Southeast Yonkers is within walking distance of the Woodlawn and Wakefield neighborhoods of the Bronx.
Getty Square is Yonkers' downtown and its civic center and central business district. Much of southwest Yonkers grew along the railroad and trolley (now bus) lines along South Broadway and in Getty Square which run to New York City. Clusters of apartment buildings surrounded the stations of the Yonkers branch of the New York and Putnam Railroad and the Third Avenue Railway trolley lines; these buildings are now served by the Bee-Line Bus System. The railroad companies built neighborhoods of mixed housing which ranged from apartment buildings to large mansions in areas such as Park Hill, where a funicular accessed the train station in the valley.[110]
Off South Broadway and Yonkers Avenue are residential neighborhoods such as Lowerre, Nodine Hill, Park Hill, and Hudson Park. They have a mixture of architectural styles which include dense clusters of apartment buildings, blocks of stores with apartments above, multifamily row houses, and detached single-family homes.[111] The Ludlow Park, Hudson Park, and Van Cortlandt Crest neighborhoods have a larger number of detached houses.[112]
Southwest Yonkers, traditionally home to African American and white residents, has seen an influx of immigrants from Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, South Asia, and the Middle East. Many residents are of African, Caribbean, Italian, Polish, or Mexican descent. Some neighborhoods on the Riverdale border contain an increasing number of Orthodox Jews.
The area is home to historical and educational institutions which include Philipse Manor Hall, the Science Barge, the Beczak Environmental Education Center, and a 2003 Yonkers Public Library building.[113] The revitalization of Getty Square has helped facilitate the growth of southwest Yonkers. During the early 21st century, several luxury apartment buildings were built along the Hudson River. A Victorian-era pier was renovated, and a new public library was housed in the remodeled Otis Elevator factory. Peter X. Kelly's restaurant, X20 Xaviar's on the Hudson, is on the renovated pier.[114] In 2020, several more rental buildings were placed at the river's edge on Alexander Street. Sawyer Place is an 18-story building on the site of the original old mill.[115][116] New proposals and current projects are intended to revitalize downtown Yonkers.
Government
Phillipse Manor Hall was the site of the first Yonkers Village Hall and City Hall from 1868 to c. 1906.[102] Yonkers is governed by a strong mayor–council system. The Yonkers City Council has seven members: six, elected from each of the six districts, and a president. The mayor and city-council president are elected in a citywide vote. The mayor is DemocratMike Spano, and the council president is Lakisha Collins-Bellamy.[117]
Yonkers has the eleventh-highest rate of public-transit ridership among cities in the United States, and 27 percent of the city's households do not own a car.[128] Bus service is provided by the Westchester County Bee-Line Bus System (the state's second-largest bus system), and the MTA Bus Company has express routes to Manhattan. Yonkers is the top terminus of the Bee-Line Bus service area, which includes Westchester and the northern Bronx, and the Getty Square intermodal hub serves millions of passengers per year.[129]
The area was served by the commuter New York and Putnam Railroad from the late 19th century until its closure in 1958. Its right-of-way has been paved and is used as a public park and part of the Empire State Trail, which spans 750 miles (1,210 km) from New York City to Buffalo and Rouses Point via Albany.[131] Until December 2009, New York Water Taxi operated a ferry service from downtown Yonkers to Manhattan's Financial District.[132] From 2018 to 2020, Yonkers had a dockless bikeshare program operated by LimeBike.[133] It has an electric-scooter program which was begun in August 2020 by Bird, making Yonkers the first city in New York with such a program.[134]
The main line of the former New York and Putnam Railroad has been converted into the South County Trailway, a paved walking and bicycling path. It runs north–south in Yonkers from the Hastings-on-Hudson border in the north to the Bronx border in the south at Van Cortlandt Park, where it is known as the Putnam Greenway.[135] The Croton Aqueduct tunnel has a hard-packed dirt trail, the Old Croton Aqueduct Trailway, running above it for most of its length in Yonkers; a few on-street routes are on the edge of the Getty Square neighborhood.[136]
Fire department
The city is served by the Yonkers Fire Department (YFD), which has 459 firefighters under the command of a fire commissioner and three deputy chiefs. Founded in 1896, the YFD operates from 14 fire stations throughout the city in two battalions commanded by two assistant chiefs for each shift.[137] The department responds to about 16,000 emergency calls annually. In its fire apparatus fleet, the YFD has 10 engine companies, six ladder companies, one squad (rescue-pumper) company, one rescue company, one fireboat, one air cascade unit, one USAR (urban search and rescue) collapse unit, one foam unit, one hazmat unit, and several special, support, and reserve units.[138]
Economy
Yonkers is home to several brewing companies, most notably the Simple Motive Brewing Company and Yonkers Brewing Company.[139] The Yonkers Brewing Company opened in 2015 in the Yonkers Trolley Barn, a former trolley station which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Before its opening, brewing in the city had been associated with former mobster Dutch Schultz.[140] The Simple Motive Brewing Company opened in the Carpet Mills Art District at the Mills, a 55,000-square-foot (5,100 m2) former warehouse, in 2023 after years of delays.[141][139]
The city had an unemployment rate of 18.7 percent during the COVID-19 pandemic, with about 17,800 people out of work.[142] The unemployment rate increased to 19.4 percent in July 2020, the highest in Yonkers history. Unemployment was 2.8 percent in April 2023, the lowest in city history.[143]
Principal employers
According to Yonkers' 2023 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[144] its principal employers were:
^ abMansuda Arora (October 20, 2020). "Follow the River, Follow the Money: On Development in Yonkers". Chronogram Media. Archived from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved August 29, 2021. Arts and environmental initiatives have driven a campaign to attract wealthier residents to the riverfront city. It could be a sign of things to come in the Hudson Valley.
^Yonkers (N.Y.). (December 12, 2008). Charter of the City of Yonkers. Gazette Press. p. 5. Archived from the original on June 8, 2024. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
^Benjamin, Aline (October 30, 1977). "From Rags to Riches in 1686". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 6, 2023. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
^Schreck, Tom (September 28, 2016). "Mystery & Intrigue in Mamaroneck". Westchester Magazine. Archived from the original on September 15, 2023. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
^Atkins, Thomas Astley (1892). Yonkers in the Rebellion 1861-1965. The Yonkers Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument Association. pp. 21–73.
^ abcdeYonkers in the World War. Norwood, Mass.: The Plimpton Press. 1922. Archived from the original on November 7, 2023. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
^Yonkers Historical Society (2008). Yonkers. Arcadia Pub. p. 12. ISBN9780738557601. Archived from the original on June 8, 2024. Retrieved May 28, 2024.
^No apparent relation to Colt's Patent Firearms. Clymer, Floyd. Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877-1925 (New York: Bonanza Books, 1950), p.63.
^Yen, Marianne (August 3, 1988). "Judge Holds Yonkers in Contempt". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 30, 2023. Retrieved September 11, 2023.
^"Best Places to Live: Woodstock Park, Yonkers". Westchester Magazine. September 28, 2017. Archived from the original on June 3, 2024. Retrieved June 3, 2024. The north end of Palisade Avenue has stores, restaurants, a bar, salons, and more.
^Malone, Michael (February 25, 2016). "Visit Yonkers' McLean Avenue for Irish Fare on St. Patrick's Day". Westchester Magazine. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2023. Orla Kelleher: "From Bronx River Road to Conor Park adds up to about a mile. And it's the hub of the Irish community."
^Dunbar, William (1988). Government by Injunction. American economic association. p. 298. Archived from the original on June 8, 2024. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
^"本校の歩み"Archived January 17, 2014, at archive.today. The Japanese School of New York. Retrieved on January 10, 2012. "1980.12.22 Queens Flushing校に移転。" and "1991.8.18. Westchester Yonkers校へ移転。" and "1992.9.1 Connecticut Greenwich校へ移転。 授業開始。"
^Yonkers Historical Society (2008). Yonkers. Arcadia Pub. p. 34. ISBN9780738557601. Archived from the original on June 8, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2023.
Allison, Charles Elmer. The History of Yonkers. Westchester County, New York (1896).
Duffy, Jennifer Nugent. Who's Your Paddy?: Racial Expectations and the Struggle for Irish American Identity (NYU Press, 2013), Irish Catholics in Yonkers
Hufeland, Otto. Westchester County During the American Revolution, 1775–1783 (1926)
Madden, Joseph P. ed. A Documentary History of Yonkers, New York: The Unsettled Years, 1853–1860 (Vol. 2. Heritage Books, 1992)
Weigold, Marilyn E., Yonkers in the Twentieth Century (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2014). xvi, 364 pp.
Core cities are metropolitan core cities of at least a million people. The other areas are urban areas of cities that have an urban area of 150,000+ or of a metropolitan area of at least 250,000+. Satellite cities are in italics.
National Basketball Association award National Basketball Association awards and honors Team awards Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy Bob Cousy Trophy Maurice Podoloff Trophy Wayne Embry Trophy Willis Reed Trophy Chuck Cooper Trophy Walter A. Brown Trophy (defunct) Oscar Robertson Trophy Nat Sweetwater Clifton Trophy Earl Lloyd Trophy Sam Jones Trophy Individual awards All-Star Game MVP Clutch Player of the Year Coach of the Year Comeback Player of the Year (defunct) Community Assist …
Mesogobius batrachocephalus Classificação científica Reino: Animalia Filo: Chordata Classe: Actinopterygii Subclasse: Neopterygii Infraclasse: Teleostei Superordem: Acanthopterygii Ordem: Perciformes Família: Gobiidae Género: MesogobiusBleeker, 1874[1] Espécie: M. batrachocephalus Nome binomial Mesogobius batrachocephalus(Pallas, 1814)[2][3] Mesogobius batrachocephalus é uma espécie de peixe da família Gobiidae e da ordem Perciformes. Morfologia Os machos podem atingir 34,5 cm de c…
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أبريل 2016) هنت أويلمعلومات عامةالجنسية الولايات المتحدة النوع عمل تجاري المقر الرئيسي دالاس، تكساس الولايات المتحدة على الخريطة موقع الويب huntoil.com (الإنجليزية) المنظ
Zeda SalimLahirZurayda Salim11 Mei 1987 (umur 36) Surabaya, Jawa Timur, IndonesiaNama lainZeda SalimPekerjaanNews AnchorHost Infotainment Zeda Salim atau Zurayda Salim (lahir 11 Mei 1987) adalah eks news anchor yang sekarang sudah berganti menjadi host infotaiment asal Indonesia. Acara Tatap Mata (Trans 7) Seputar Indonesia (RCTI) Silet (RCTI) Dua Sisi (RCTI) sebagai presenter Pranala luar Zeda Salim di Twitter lbsPembawa acara berita RCTISaat ini Rizky Hasan Ledi Marina Ryanka Putra N…
American actress and activist Not to be confused with Jill St. John. Susan Saint JamesSaint James in 1966BornSusan Jane Miller (1946-08-14) August 14, 1946 (age 77)Los Angeles, California, U.S.EducationWoodlands Academy of the Sacred HeartAlma materConnecticut CollegeOccupation(s)Actress, activistYears active1966–2011Known forKate & AllieMcMillan & WifeThe Name of the GameLove at First BiteSpouses Richard Neubert (m. 1967; div.…
Charles TrenetCharles Trenet.BiographieNaissance 18 mai 1913Narbonne (France)Décès 19 février 2001 (à 87 ans)Créteil (France)Sépulture Cimetière de l'Ouest (d)Nom de naissance Louis Charles Augustin Georges TrenetNationalité françaiseActivités Compositeur, auteur-compositeur, auteur-compositeur-interprète, chanteur, acteurPériode d'activité 1933-1999Mère Marie-Louise Caussat-Trenet (d)Autres informationsMembre de Académie des beaux-arts (1999-2001)Taille 1,8 mLabels Capitol R…
Waterloo adalah singel pertama dari album kedua grup pop Swedia ABBA, Waterloo dan berada di bawah label Epic dan Atlantic. Karya tersebut juga merupakan singel pertama dimana grup tersebut tampil dengan nama ABBA. Pranala luar Classic pop video of Waterloo Abba4therecord.com[pranala nonaktif permanen] Lirik lengkap di MetroLyrics lbsDaftar pemenang Kontes Lagu EurovisionNegara pemenang1950-an Swiss Belanda Prancis Belanda 1960-an Prancis Luxembourg Prancis Denmark Italia Luxembourg Aust…
Nigerian business person (born 1963) Tony ElumeluCFRElumelu in 2020BornAnthony Onyemaechi Elumelu (1963-03-22) 22 March 1963 (age 60)Jos, Northern Region, Nigeria (now in Plateau State, Nigeria)NationalityNigerianAlma materAmbrose Alli University,University of LagosOccupation(s)Founder, The Tony Elumelu FoundationYears active1987–presentKnown forFounding The Tony Elumelu Foundation Anthony Onyemaechi Elumelu CFR (born 22 March 1963) is a Nigerian economist, and philanthropi…
Local anesthetic of the amino amide type PrilocaineClinical dataTrade namesCitanestAHFS/Drugs.comMonographMedlinePlusa603026License data EU EMA: by INN US DailyMed: Prilocaine Pregnancycategory AU: A Routes ofadministrationSubcutaneousATC codeN01BB04 (WHO) Legal statusLegal status AU: S4 (Prescription only) US: ℞-only Pharmacokinetic dataProtein binding55%MetabolismLiver and kidneyElimination half-life10-150 minutes, longer with impaired liver or ki…
Bayou Place Bayou Place is a 130,000 square foot[1] entertainment complex that houses multiple theaters, bars, and restaurants located in Downtown Houston, Texas, United States. The complex was the former Albert Thomas convention center located in the Houston Theater District at 500 Texas Street (originally built in the late 1960s). The convention center was made obsolete with the opening in 1987 of the much larger George R. Brown Convention Center on the eastern edge of downtown. After …
27°58′09″S 153°24′49″E / 27.9691°S 153.4135°E / -27.9691; 153.4135 Confucius statue on Young Street, 2015 Gold Coast Chinatown is a precinct in the Gold Coast's suburb of Southport, Queensland, Australia It is centered on Davenport and Young Streets but also includes the connecting laneways Regent and Davison Lanes and parts of Nerang, Garden and Scarborough Streets. The precinct is the location of Chinese restaurants and shops, and is the venue for events inc…
Australian activist and former politician This article is about the Sydney activist. For the Filipino general, see Danilo Lim. For the Malaysian journalist, see Danny Lim. Danny LimCouncillor for StrathfieldIn office2008–2012 Personal detailsBorn1944 (age 78–79)Political partyIndependentResidence(s)Sydney, New South Wales, AustraliaOccupationFormer councillorand electrician Danny Lim (born 1944) is an Australian activist and former politician. He is known for wearing political prote…
This article is about the village of Higham in the West Suffolk district of Suffolk. For the village of Higham in the Babergh district of Suffolk, see Higham, Babergh. Human settlement in EnglandHighamHigham St StephenHighamLocation within SuffolkPopulation156 (2011 Census)[1]OS grid referenceTL744646DistrictWest SuffolkShire countySuffolkRegionEastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townBURY ST. EDMUNDSPostcode districtIP28Dialling code0163…
2020 American streaming television series DummyGenreComedyCreated byCody HellerWritten byCody HellerDirected byTricia BrockStarring Anna Kendrick Meredith Hagner Donal Logue ComposerMandy HoffmanNo. of seasons1No. of episodes10ProductionExecutive producers Tricia Brock[1] Cody Heller[1] Anna Kendrick[1] Paul Lee Josh Stern ProducerDylan GoldenCinematographyCatherine GoldschmidtEditorLee HaugenProduction companies wiip Heller Highwater Pictures Let's Go Again, Inc. Origina…
This article is about the MGMT album. For its title track, see Congratulations (MGMT song). For other uses, see Congratulations (disambiguation). 2010 studio album by MGMTCongratulationsStudio album by MGMTReleasedMarch 20, 2010 (2010-03-20) (stream)April 13, 2010 (2010-04-13) (official release)RecordedFebruary 2008 - January 2010Studio Unspecified studios in High Falls, New York and Malibu, California Vacation Island (Brooklyn, New York) Blanker Unsinn (Bro…
Este artículo o sección se encuentra desactualizado.La información suministrada ha quedado obsoleta o es insuficiente.Uso de esta plantilla: {{sust:Desactualizado|tema del artículo}} Convención sobre Municiones en Racimo Estados firmantes (celeste) y estados partes (violeta).Adhesión en rosa.Redacción Del 19 al 30 de mayo de 2008En vigor 1 de agosto de 2010Condición 30 ratificaciones[1]Firmantes 108Partes 111[2]Depositario Secretario general de la ONU[1]Idiomas Árab…
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Additional sourcing and expanding. Please help improve this article if you can. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Batman: Arkham UnhingedCover of Batman: Arkham Unhinged #1Publication informationPublisherDC ComicsScheduleWeeklyFormatOngoing seriesGenre Superhero Publication dateOctober 2011 – January 2013No. of issues58 Batman: Arkham Unhinged is an…
Union CanalMap of Pennsylvania's historic canals and connecting railroadsSpecificationsLocks93StatusAbandoned except for historic interestHistoryOriginal ownerUnion Canal CompanyPrincipal engineerCanvass WhiteConstruction began1811Date completed1828Date closed1885GeographyStart pointReading, Pennsylvania, U.S.End pointMiddletown, Pennsylvania, U.S.Branch(es)Branch Canal to Pine GroveConnects toSchuylkill Canal, Pennsylvania Canal (Eastern Division) The Union Canal was a towpath canal that existe…
Bantu ethnic group Not to be confused with Badgini. BajuniWabajuniBajuni in Lamu, Kenya.Regions with significant populations Kenya91,422[1] Somalia3,000 (2009)[2] – 10,000[3]LanguagesKibajuni, SwahiliReligionIslamRelated ethnic groupsSwahili, Benadiri and Comorians The Bajuni people (Swahili: Wabajuni) are a Bantu ethnic group who live primarily in the Bajuni Islands of Somalia and coastal areas between the port city of Kismayo and the city of Mombasa in Kenya…
Bradley PrioryLocation within LeicestershireMonastery informationOrderAugustinianEstablishedC.1220-34Disestablished1536DioceseDiocese of LincolnSiteLocationNevill Holt, Leicestershire, EnglandCoordinates52°33′01″N 0°47′14″W / 52.550275°N 0.787239°W / 52.550275; -0.787239Grid referenceSK50211452Visible remainsNone. Earthworks show the boundaries of the precinct. Bradley Priory was an Augustinian priory in the parish of Nevill Holt, Leicestershire, England.[…