Xu Fu

For the Chinese speed skater, see Xu Fu (speed skater).
In this Chinese name, the family name is Xu.
A statue of Xu Fu in Weihai, Shandong

Xu Fu (Hsu Fu; Chinese: 徐福 or 徐巿[1]; pinyin: Xú Fú; Wade–Giles: Hsu2 Fu2; Japanese: 徐福 Jofuku or 徐巿 Jofutsu; Korean: 서복 Seo Bok or 서불 Seo Bul) was a Chinese alchemist and explorer. He was born in 255 BC in Qi, an ancient Chinese state, and disappeared at sea in 210 BC. He served as a court sorcerer in Qin dynasty China. Later, he was sent by Qin Shi Huang to the eastern seas twice to look for the elixir of life.[2] His two journeys occurred between 219 BC and 210 BC. It was believed that the fleet included 60 barques with soldiers, ship crewmen, and 3,000 boys and 3,000 girls,[2] and craftsmen of different fields. After he embarked on a second mission in 210 BC, he never returned.[3]

Voyage

The expedition in search of the medicine for immortality.

The ruler of Qin dynasty, Qin Shi Huang, feared death and sought a way to live forever. He entrusted Xu Fu with the task of finding the secret elixir of immortality. In 219 BC, Xu Fu was sent with three thousand virgin boys and girls to retrieve the elixir of life from the immortals on the Mount Penglai, including Anqi Sheng, who was purportedly a magician who was already a thousand years old. Xu sailed for several years without finding the mountain. In 210 BC, when Qin Shi Huang questioned him, Xu Fu claimed there was a giant sea creature blocking the path, and he asked for archers to kill the creature. Qin Shi Huang agreed, and sent archers to kill a giant fish. Xu then set sail again, but he never returned from this trip. The Records of the Grand Historian says he came to a place with "flat plains and wide swamps" (平原廣澤) and proclaimed himself king, never to return.

Later historical texts were also unclear on the location of Xu's final destination. Records of the Three Kingdoms and Book of the Later Han, and Guadi Zhi all state that he landed in "Danzhou" (亶州), but the whereabouts of Danzhou are unknown. Finally, more than 1,100 years after Xu Fu's final voyage, monk Yichu wrote during the Later Zhou (AD 951–960) of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period that Xu Fu landed in Japan, and also said Xu Fu named Mount Fuji as Penglai. This is the "Legend of Xu Fu" in Japan as evidenced by the many memorials to him there.

Legacy

Xu is said to have brought new farming techniques and knowledge that improved the quality of life of the ancient Japanese people and Xu Fu is said to have introduced many new plants and techniques to ancient Japan, although the texts are written much later. The local worship of Xu Fu as the "god of farming", "god of medicine" and "god of silk" by the Japanese is attributed to these achievements. Numerous temples and memorials of Xu can be found around Japan. In Xuzhou, there is a Xu Fu Research Institute attached to Xuzhou Teachers College.[2]

The Japanese historian Ino Okifu identifies Emperor Jimmu of Japan with Xu Fu.[3] The Yayoi period started around the time of his supposed arrival.[4]

Jofuku Park in Shingu, Wakayama Prefecture is dedicated to him.[5]

Legacy in Japan

According to the tradition of Saga City, Saga Prefecture, when Xu Fu came to the Ariake Sea, he decided to float a cup in the water and go ashore where it made landfall. As such, the place where he is said to have landed is known as "Bubai", which literally means "floating cup".

Xu Fu is said to have reached the top of Mount Kinryu, where he met a hermit and obtained the elixir of immortal life. The elixir is said to have been made from a plant called furofuki, which still grows on Mount Kinryu today. The name "furofuki" is said to come from the word "furofushi", which means "not grow old, not die" in Japanese.[6]

In October 2008, the Saga Xu Fu International Symposium was held in the city of Saga. Many researchers from Japan, mainland China, Taiwan, and South Korea participated and made presentations. A lecture was also given on the relationship with the Yoshinogari site.[7]

Historicity

Some modern scholars consider the legend of Xu Fu's settlement in Japan a historical possibility, while other scholars say the account has numerous inconsistencies and a lack of compelling evidence.[8] Genetic research shows the Japanese people are an admixture of the indigenous Jōmon people and later migrants.[9] The Jōmon originated from Southeast Asia and migrated to the Japanese archipelago around 14000 BC during the Paleolithic. The Yayoi people are thought to have migrated from Northeast Asia (likely from Korea[10][11]) to Japan much later. The Yayoi period is generally accepted to date from around 300 BC to 300 AD.[12][13][14][15][16] Highly controversial radiocarbon evidence may suggest a date up to 500 years earlier, between ca. 1000 BC and 800 BC.[17][18][19] The Qin dynasty was established in 220 BC,[20] so depending on the estimate for the Yayoi period, the voyage of Xu Fu might have occurred many centuries after the Jōmon and Yayoi had already settled in Japan.[improper synthesis?]

The population increased by 4 million people in Japan between the Jomon and Yayoi periods. Rice cultivation was already introduced with an agricultural society.[21] Xu Fu's entourage of 3,000 children[2] would be too small and inexperienced to influence or dominate the millions of Yayoi and Jomon people.[citation needed] If Xu Fu had settled in Japan then Japanese would presumably speak a Chinese dialect. However, the Japanese language has no genetic relationship with Chinese and it belongs to a different language family called Japonic languages.[8][22] The native Japanese religion Ko-Shintō was a diverse animism of the Jōmon period which predates Xu Fu. Furthermore, there are no records of where Xu Fu ended up, or if he even survived. The Kojiki and Nihon Shoki lack specific records of Xu Fu. The written stories about Xu Fu came at least 100 years after his disappearance.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ Note: Not to be confused with the character 市
  2. ^ a b c d Lee, Khoon Choy Lee. Choy, Lee K. [1995] (1995). Japan--between Myth and Reality: Between Myth and Reality. World Scientific publishing. ISBN 981-02-1865-6, ISBN 978-981-02-1865-2.
  3. ^ a b Liu, Hong. The Chinese Overseas: Routledge Library of Modern China. Published by Taylor & Francis, [2006] (2006). ISBN 0-415-33859-X, 9780415338592.
  4. ^ Lee, Khoon Choy Lee. Choy, Lee K. [1995] (1995). Japan--between Myth and Reality: Between Myth and Reality. World Scientific publishing. ISBN 981-02-1865-6.
  5. ^ "Jofuku Park | Wakayama Attractions | Travel Japan | JNTO".
  6. ^ "Legend of Xu Fu". Saga Trip Genius. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  7. ^ "徐福国際シンポジウム". inoues.net. Retrieved 2020-10-03.
  8. ^ a b Major, John S. (1978). "Christy G. TurnerII, "Dental Evidence on the Origins of the Ainu and Japanese." Science193 (3 091976):911–913. - Marvin J. Allison, "Paleopathology in Peru". Natural History88.2 (02, 1978):74–82". Early China. 4: 78–79. doi:10.1017/S0362502800005988. S2CID 163764133.
  9. ^ Hideaki Kanzawa-Kiriyama; Kirill Kryukov; Timothy A Jinam; Kazuyoshi Hosomichi; Aiko Saso; Gen Suwa; Shintaroh Ueda; Minoru Yoneda; Atsushi Tajima; Ken-ichi Shinoda; Ituro Inoue; Naruya Saitou1 (February 2017). "A partial nuclear genome of the Jomons who lived 3000 years ago in Fukushima, Japan". Journal of Human Genetics. 62 (2): 213–221. doi:10.1038/jhg.2016.110. PMC 5285490. PMID 27581845.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Mark J. Hudson (1999). Ruins of Identity Ethnogenesis in the Japanese Islands. University Hawai'i Press. ISBN 0-8248-2156-4.
  11. ^ Jared Diamond (June 1, 1998). "Japanese Roots". Discover Magazine. 19 (6, June 1998). Retrieved 2008-05-12. Unlike Jomon pottery, Yayoi pottery was very similar to contemporary South Korean pottery in shape. Many other elements of the new Yayoi culture were unmistakably Korean and previously foreign to Japan, including bronze objects, weaving, glass beads, and styles of tools and houses.
  12. ^ Hays, J. (n.d.). Yayoi people, life, and culture (400 B.C.-A.D. 300). Facts and Details. https://factsanddetails.com/japan/cat16/sub105/entry-5285.html
  13. ^ "Yayoi Period (300 BCE – 250 CE)". Japan Module. Pitt.
  14. ^ "Timelines: Japan". Asia for Educators. Columbia University.
  15. ^ "Bronze mirror". Pitt Rivers Museum Body Arts. Oxford.
  16. ^ Keally, Charles T. (2006-06-03). "Yayoi Culture". Japanese Archaeology. Charles T. Keally. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
  17. ^ Shōda, Shinya (2007). "A Comment on the Yayoi Period Dating Controversy". Bulletin of the Society for East Asian Archaeology. 1.
  18. ^ Shoda, Shin'ya (2010). "Radiocarbon and Archaeology in Japan and Korea: What has Changed Because of the Yayoi Dating Controversy?". Radiocarbon. 52 (2). Cambridge University Press (CUP): 421–427. Bibcode:2010Radcb..52..421S. doi:10.1017/s0033822200045471. ISSN 0033-8222.
  19. ^ Nanta, Arnaud (2008). "Physical Anthropology and the Reconstruction of Japanese Identity in Postcolonial Japan". Social Science Japan Journal. 11 (1): 29–47. doi:10.1093/ssjj/jyn019. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
  20. ^ Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D". Social Science History. 3 (3/4): 121. doi:10.2307/1170959. JSTOR 1170959.
  21. ^ Mizoguchi, Koji (2013). The Archaeology of Japan: From the Earliest Rice Farming Villages to the Rise of the State. Cambridge University Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-521-88490-7.
  22. ^ Deal, William E. (2005). Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan. Infobase Publishing. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-8160-7485-3. Japanese has no genetic affiliation with Chinese, but neither does it have any clear affiliation with any other language.