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Uridine diphosphate galactose
Names
	IUPAC name Uridine 5′-(α-D-galactopyranosyl dihydrogen diphosphate)
	Systematic IUPAC name O1-{[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(2,4-Dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl} O3-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl] dihydrogen diphosphate
Identifiers
CAS Number	2956-16-3 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1743884 ;
ChemSpider	19951534 ;
MeSH	Uridine+diphosphate+galactose
PubChem CID	1166;
UNII	O2HY4WY2W1 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID60903962 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C9H12N2O6.C6H14O12P2/c12-3-4-6(14)7(15)8(17-4)11-2-1-5(13)10-9(11)16;7-1-3(9)5(10)6(18-20(14,15)16)4(2-8)17-19(11,12)13/h1-2,4,6-8,12,14-15H,3H2,(H,10,13,16);2-7,9-10H,1H2,(H2,11,12,13)(H2,14,15,16)/p-4/t4-,6-,7-,8-;3-,4+,5+,6-/m11/s1 Key: UYLAOKYVSPTOGT-UESRDHDISA-J ; InChI=1/C9H12N2O6.C6H14O12P2/c12-3-4-6(14)7(15)8(17-4)11-2-1-5(13)10-9(11)16;7-1-3(9)5(10)6(18-20(14,15)16)4(2-8)17-19(11,12)13/h1-2,4,6-8,12,14-15H,3H2,(H,10,13,16);2-7,9-10H,1H2,(H2,11,12,13)(H2,14,15,16)/p-4/t4-,6-,7-,8-;3-,4+,5+,6-/m11/s1 Key: UYLAOKYVSPTOGT-HUYLZDLQBS;
	SMILES [H]OC([H])([H])[C@]1([H])O[C@]([H])(O[P@@](=O)(O[H])O[P@](=O)(O[H])OC([H])([H])[C@]2([H])O[C@@]([H])(N3C([H])=C([H])C(=O)N([H])C3=O)[C@]([H])(O[H])[C@@]2([H])O[H])[C@]([H])(O[H])[C@]([H])(O[H])[C@@]1([H])O[H];
Properties
Chemical formula	C15H24N2O17P2
Molar mass	566.302 g/mol
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Uridine diphosphate galactose (UDP-galactose) is an intermediate in the production of polysaccharides.^[1] It is important in nucleotide sugars metabolism, and is the substrate for the transferase B4GALT5.

Sugar metabolism

Uridine diphosphate (UDP)-galactose is relevant in glycolysis. UDP-galactose is the activated form of Gal, a crucial monosaccharide building block for human milk oligosaccharide (HMO).^[2] The activated form of galactose (Gal) serves as a donor molecule involved in catalyzing the conversion of UDP-galactose to UDP-glucose. The conversion is a rate-limiting step essential to the pace of UDP-glucose production that determines the completion of glycosylation reactions.^[3]

To further explain, UDP-galactose is derived from a galactose molecule which is an epimer of glucose, and via the Leloir pathway, it is used be used as a precursor for the metabolism of glucose into pyruvate.^[4] When lactose is hydrolyzed, D-Galactose enters the liver via the bloodstream. There, galactokinase phosphorylates it to galactose-1-phosphate using ATP. This compound then engages in a "ping-pong" reaction with UDP-glucose, catalyzed by uridylyltransferase, yielding glucose-1-phosphate and UDP-galactose. This glucose-1-phosphate feeds into glycolysis, while UDP-galactose undergoes epimerization to regenerate UDP-glucose.^[5]

References

^ Los, E.; Ford, G. A. (2022). "Galactose 1 Phosphate Uridyltransferase Deficiency". StatPearls. StatPearls. PMID 28722986.
^ Mahour, R., Lee, J. W., Grimpe, P., Boecker, S., Grote, V., Klamt, S., Seidel‐Morgenstern, A., Rexer, T. F. T., & Reichl, U. (2022). "Cell‐Free Multi‐Enzyme Synthesis and Purification of Uridine Diphosphate Galactose". ChemBioChem. 23 (2): e202100361-n/a. doi:10.1002/cbic.202100361. PMC 9299652.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Hou, J., Tian, S., Yang, L., Zhang, Z., & Liu, Y. (2021). "A systematic review of the Uridine diphosphate-Galactose/Glucose-4-epimerase (UGE) in plants". Plant Growth Regulation. 93 (3): 267–278. doi:10.1007/s10725-020-00686-1.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Garrett, Reginald H.; Grisham, Charles M. (2017). Biochemistry (6th ed.). Boston, MA, USA: Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-305-57720-6.
^ Nelson, David L.; Cox, Michael M.; Nelson, David L. (2013). Lehninger, Albert L. (ed.). Lehninger principles of biochemistry (6th ed.). Basingstoke: Macmillan Higher Education. ISBN 978-1-4292-3414-6.