In 1964, while operating as an aircraft ferry, Card was sunk with explosives planted by two Viet Cong commandos in the Harbor of Saigon, South Vietnam. She was refloated 17 days later and returned to service after extensive repairs.
She was acquired by the U.S. Navy on 1 May 1942 and redesignated AVG-11 (Aircraft Escort Vessel #11), later reclassified as ACV-11 (Auxiliary Aircraft Carrier 11) on the 20 August 1942 and converted into an escort carrier. She was commissioned on 8 November 1942.[3]
Aircraft carried
Card had capacity for up to 24 fighter and anti-submarine aircraft, normally a mixture of GrummanWildcats and Avengers, with composition dependent upon mission. The squadron had the callsign VC-1 USN (Composite Squadron One).
Service history
World War II
Departing San Diego, California on 18 January 1943, Card arrived at Hampton Roads, Virginia on 1 February for training in the Chesapeake Bay.[3]CaptainArnold J. Isbell assumed command of the Card on April 17, 1943.[4] Her initial mission began in May 1943 as she escorted slow convoy UGS-8A of troopships and supply vessels to Casablanca in French Morocco. This convoy shipped six months after the Allied invasion of North Africa and was assembled in preparation for the subsequent invasion of Sicily. With 129 merchant ships and 19 escorts, it was the largest convoy of the war to date.[5]
During this crossing, Card and her escorting destroyers provided daily anti-submarine patrols against U-boats by air and by sea while remaining close to the convoy. When escorting the return convoy GUS-8 back to Norfolk, however, Card's orders permitted her to operate more freely against reported concentrations of U-boats as long as she could get back to the convoy in time to protect it. Thus began the evolution toward totally independent Hunter-killer Group (HKG) operations.[6]
On 15 July Card was reclassified from an Auxiliary Aircraft Carrier (ACV) to an Escort Carrier (CVE). She became one of the first of fourteen US CVEs around which US anti-submarine HKGs would be based.[7] These groups became feasible as increasing numbers of CVEs became available, along with more and better escort ships and aircraft.[7]
They became increasingly effective with the development of improved anti-submarine weapons including Mark 24 (FIDO) homing torpedoes and Hedgehog forward-throwing depth charges. Like other US HKGs, those based on Card operated independently of convoys but, unlike UK HKGs, she operated without centralized control.[8]
These groups used Ultra intelligence from Enigma signals to locate and destroy U-boats and their replenishment vessels. These intercepts were involved in sinking all 11 submarines sunk by Card's HKGs and all but one of the U-boats sunk in the Battle of the Atlantic by US HKGs during the war.[9]Card steamed from Norfolk on 27 July as flagship for TG 21.14, an HKG formed for offensive operations against German submarines. This deployment lasted until 10 September.[3]
On 7 August her Avenger aircraft attacked U-117 while refueling U-66 at 39°32′N38°21′W / 39.533°N 38.350°W / 39.533; -38.350. The Avengers dropped depth charges and an acoustic homing torpedo (codenamed "FIDO") near U-117 and U-66. Two more Avengers and two Wildcats arrived later and forced U-117 to dive before dropping more depth charges and another FIDO. U-117 was hit by one of two acoustic torpedoes and sank with the loss of all hands. U-66 escaped and returned to the boat's homeport, Lorient.
On 8 August 1943 U-664 fired three torpedoes at the escort carrier but all missed. The following day Aircraft from Card sank U-664 in position 40°12′N37°29′W / 40.200°N 37.483°W / 40.200; -37.483, west-southwest of Corvo Island, with depth charges from Avengers. Seven crew members were killed and 44 rescued by USS Borie.
Her second deployment was from 25 September to 9 November 1943. Lt. (j.g.) Robert. L. Sterns spotted three submarines, U-264, U-422, and U-455, refueling from the Type XIV supply and replenishment ("Milchkuh") U-460, on 4 October, north of the Azores. Coming under heavy anti-aircraft fire from the three U-boats, Lt. Sterns radioed for reinforcements and three more TBM Avengers joined the battle. Sterns dropped a "Fido" acoustic torpedo that sunk U-46043°13′N28°58′W / 43.217°N 28.967°W / 43.217; -28.967 with 62 crew lost and two rescued, and U-422 was sunk at 43°18′N28°58′W / 43.300°N 28.967°W / 43.300; -28.967 with all hands.[3][12][13][14]
For her antisubmarine activities from 27 July to 25 October, as part of TG21.14, Card and her task group were awarded the Presidential Unit Citation.[3]Card became the first escort carrier to receive such an award for combating German submarines.[18]
The escort Leary, was sunk by the combined efforts of U-275 and U-382 at 45°00′N22°00′W / 45.000°N 22.000°W / 45.000; -22.000, 585 nmi (1,083 km; 673 mi) west northwest of Cape Finisterre, Spain.[20]Card dodged submarines all night with only Decatur as screen, while Schenck rescued survivors from Leary. The task group returned to Norfolk base on 2 January 1944.[3]
From 18 March to 17 May 1944, Card operated on transport duty between Norfolk and Casablanca. She then underwent overhaul until 4 June, when she steamed for Quonset Point, to hold pilot qualification exercises. She returned to Norfolk, 21 June, to serve as the nucleus of TG 22.10. The hunter-killer unit departed Norfolk, 25 June, and on 5 July, two of her escorts, Thomas and Baker, sank U-233 at 42°16′N59°49′W / 42.267°N 59.817°W / 42.267; -59.817. Thirty survivors, including the mortally wounded commanding officer of the submarine, were taken on board Card and put ashore at Boston, Massachusetts, the next day.[3]
Her next anti-submarine cruise was in the Caribbean, and uneventful, 10 July – 23 August 1944. She sortied 18 September as the flagship of TG 22.2 for patrol off the Azores, during which she cooperated with British Escort Group 9 to attack a submarine on 12 October. After another patrol with TG 22.2, 1 December 1944 – 22 January 1945, Card entered Philadelphia Naval Shipyard for overhaul until 7 February.[3]
She then transported Army aircraft and Army and Navy personnel to Liverpool, returning to Norfolk 12 March. From 21 March to 24 May, Card was based on Quonset Point, conducting carrier pilot qualifications. She ferried men and aircraft to Guantanamo Bay, 21–24 June, then transited the Panama Canal, to transport materiel to Pearl Harbor and Guam, returning to San Diego, 14 August.[3]
By the end of World War II, Card's aircraft and escorts destroyed a total of 11 German submarines, making her, along with USS Bogue with 9 German and 2 Japanese submarines, the most successful ships of her class.[18]
Assigned to "Magic Carpet" duty, she made two voyages to Pearl Harbor, and one to the western Pacific, from 21 August to 16 December, returning servicemen to the west coast. Card departed Alameda, California, 7 January 1946, for the east coast where she was placed out of commission in reserve at Norfolk, 13 May.[3]
She was reclassified as a helicopter escort carrier CVHE-11, 12 June 1955; a utility carrier CVU-11, 1 July 1958; and an aviation transport AKV-40, 7 May 1959.[3]
Awards
In addition to her Presidential Unit Citation, Card received three battle stars for service in World War II.[3]
On 2 May 1964, while Card was moored dockside in Saigon, a Viet Congfrogman planted an explosive charge that blew a hole in the hull, killing five crewmen. Card settled in 20 ft (6.1 m) of water. She was patched, pumped out, and raised on 19 May, before being towed to Subic Bay, and then Yokosuka for repairs. Card returned to service on 11 December. The attack has parallels to the suicide bombing of Cole, in terms of being an example of "cost-effective" asymmetric warfare.[22]
During the latter part of 1967, and early part of 1968, Card brought US military helicopters to the Republic of South Vietnam. These helicopters were assembled on board the ship by members of the 388th Transportation Company, 765th Transportation Battalion, and then flown to the US Army airfield at Vũng Tàu. From there the helicopters were assigned to aviation units.
^Y'Blood, William (1983). Hunter-Killer US Escort Carriers in the Battle of the Atlantic. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. p. 65. ISBN0-87021-286-9.
^ abStubblebine, David. "Card". World War II Database. C. Peter Chen, Lava Development, LLC. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
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